Volcanoes Overview and Classification
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Questions and Answers

Which type of volcano is most likely to have a long, broad, sloping shape?

  • Cinder
  • Shield (correct)
  • Composite
  • Dormant

    • Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences weather?

  • Humidity (correct)
  • Ocean Current
  • Latitude
  • Wind/Air Pressure

    • How does the elevation/altitude affect the temperature?

  • Lower elevation leads to warmer temperatures. (correct)
  • Higher elevation leads to warmer temperatures.
  • Higher elevation has no effect on temperature.
  • Higher and lower elevation both affect temperatures.

    • What is a 'parasitic cone'?

    <p>A smaller cone that forms on the side of a larger volcano (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following eruptions is characterized by the contact between water and magma?

    <p>Phreatomagmatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of relief on rainfall?

    <p>Relief causes more rainfall in mountainous areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of volcano is known for its violent eruptions and the production of pyroclastic materials?

    <p>Composite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the temperature of water utilized for heating buildings?

    <p>Warm water is pumped to the building to provide heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of volcanic hazard is a fast-moving cloud of hot ash and poisonous gases?

    <p>Nuee Ardentes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between weather and climate change?

    <p>Weather refers to short-term changes, while climate change refers to long-term changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an inactive and an extinct volcano?

    <p>An inactive volcano has erupted in the last 10,000 years, while an extinct volcano has not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a disadvantage of volcanic activity?

    <p>Increased soil fertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the fertile soil created by volcanic activity?

    <p>Laterite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Plinian eruptions?

    <p>Large columns of ash reaching up to 20km high (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of ground swells, ground tilt, and fissuring before a volcanic eruption?

    <p>Magma intrusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main sources of geothermal energy?

    <p>Geothermal power plants and geothermal heat pumps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a geothermal power plant generate electricity?

    <p>By using steam from underground to drive turbines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the potential negative effects of volcanic eruptions?

    <p>Global temperature reduction and acid rain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a natural factor that contributes to climate change?

    <p>Human activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the advantages of using geothermal energy?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name for heat within the earth?

    <p>Geothermal Energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fourth state of matter?

    <p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the trade winds during an El Nino event?

    <p>They weaken. (C), They reverse direction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the constellation Gemini signify for Filipino farmers?

    <p>The end of the planting season (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor affects the apparent brightness of a star?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a star's luminosity and apparent brightness?

    <p>Luminosity is the actual brightness of a star, while apparent brightness is how bright it appears from Earth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are the coolest stars?

    <p>Red (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a constellation and an asterism?

    <p>A constellation is formally recognized, while an asterism is not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the apparent motion of stars in the night sky?

    <p>They move from east to west. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Kelvin scale used to measure?

    <p>Surface Temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constellation signifies that it is time for Manobos to start planting?

    <p>Orion's Belt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Heat Pump System

    Transfers heat by pumping water or refrigerant through pipes.

    Climate Change

    Significant, long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns.

    Weather

    Temporary atmospheric conditions influenced by various factors.

    Latitude

    Location's distance from the equator affecting its temperature.

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    Elevation

    Height above sea level where temperature decreases with altitude.

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    Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

    Volcanic eruptions can reduce global temperatures and cause acid rain.

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    Fertile Soil from Volcanoes

    Volcanic soils, known as laterite, are very fertile and rich, aiding agriculture.

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    Geothermal Energy

    Geothermal energy is the heat from within the Earth, renewable and sustainable.

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    Signs of Imminent Eruptions

    Increased tremors, steaming, crater glows, and other indicators suggest an upcoming eruption.

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    Sources of Geothermal Energy

    Geothermal energy can be sourced from power plants and heat pumps for heating.

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    Volcanic Eruptions and Climate Change

    Volcanic eruptions are natural factors influencing climate change, along with ocean currents and human activities.

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    Geothermal Power Plant Process

    Drilling wells allows steam from deep hot water to spin turbines and generate electricity.

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    Advantages of Volcanoes

    Volcanoes can create new land, provide building materials, and promote tourism.

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    Volcano

    An opening in Earth's surface where molten rock, gases, and ash are erupted.

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    Parts of a Volcano

    Main vent, parasitic cone, side vent, magma chamber, gas & volcanic ash are the main parts of a volcano.

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    Active Volcano

    A volcano that has erupted in the last 600 years or has potential to erupt again soon.

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    Dormant Volcano

    A volcano that hasn’t erupted in a long time but may erupt again in the future.

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    Shield Volcano

    A broad, gently sloping volcano made of thin, runny lava; erupts gently.

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    Composite Volcano

    Made of layers of ash and thick lava that erupts violently, forming steep slopes.

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    Phreatomagmatic Eruption

    An eruption caused by the contact of water and magma, resulting in fine ash and pyroclastic surges.

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    Lahar

    A violent type of mudflow or debris flow caused by volcanic activity.

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    El Niño

    A climate pattern characterized by warmer ocean water and heavy rains in South America.

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    La Niña

    A climate pattern characterized by cooler ocean water and dry conditions over certain regions.

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    Stars

    Massive balls of plasma that emit light throughout the universe.

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    Luminosity

    The total amount of light a star radiates, its true brightness.

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    Apparent Brightness

    The brightness of a star as seen from Earth, affected by distance.

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    Surface Temperature of Stars

    The temperature of a star's surface measured on the Kelvin scale.

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    Constellation

    A group of stars forming a pattern in the night sky.

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    Asterism

    A recognizable pattern of stars that is not a complete constellation.

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    Apparent Motion

    The illusion of movement of stars due to Earth's rotation.

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    Mass of Stars

    Measured in relation to the size of the sun, with one solar mass equal to our sun.

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    Study Notes

    Volcanoes

    • Volcanoes vary in height, shape, and slope, related to their magma composition.
    • A volcano is an opening in the Earth's surface where molten rock, smoke, gases, and ashes erupt.
    • Volcano parts include a main vent, parasitic cone, side vent, magma chamber, and volcanic ash.

    Volcano Classification

    • Active: Erupted within the last 600 years or 10,000 years ago.
    • Inactive: Not erupted in the last 10,000 years.
    • Dormant: Hasn't erupted for a long time, but might in the future.
    • Extinct: Hasn't erupted for at least 100,000 years.

    Volcano Types

    • Shield Volcanoes: Broad, gently sloping sides, made of thin, runny basaltic lava, formed over hotspots, and have many vents. They erupt gently.
    • Composite Volcanoes: Steep, made of layers of ash, tephra, and thick, sticky lava (andesitic). Erupt violently and have little lava flow, more pyroclastic material.
    • Cinder Cones: Small, steep volcanoes made of volcanic debris that builds up around a vent. Erupt violently and are the most common and smallest type. They don't generally have vents. All are explosive volcanoes.

    Types of Eruptions

    • Phreatic/Hydrothermal: Steam driven, caused by hot rocks' contact with water, producing ash columns.
    • Phreatomagmatic: From the contact of water and magma. Produces large ash columns and pyroclastic base surges.
    • Strombolian: Weak to violent eruptions, fountain lava.
    • Vulcanian: Tall eruption columns reaching 20 km high, lasting seconds to minutes.
    • Plinian: Explosive eruptions with high rates of magma discharge, lasting minutes to hours. The largest eruptions that occur.

    Importance of Volcanoes

    • Disadvantages:
      • Lahars (mudflows).
      • Pyroclastic flows (glowing avalanches).
      • Damage to property.
      • Effects on the environment (climate change).
      • Loss of life.
    • Advantages:
      • Fertile soil.
      • Tourism.
      • Creation of new land.
      • Building materials.
      • Geothermal energy.

    Signs of Volcanic Eruptions

    • Increased tremors.
    • Increased steaming activity.
    • Crater glows.
    • Ground swells, ground tilt, and fissuring (magma intrusion).
    • Localized landslides, rock falls, and landslides.
    • Increase in temperature of hot springs.
    • Noticeable variations in chemical content of springs.
    • Drying up of springs.
    • Development of new thermal areas.

    Climate Change and Weather

    • Weather: Short-term, fluctuating conditions influenced by various factors.
    • Factors: Latitude, ocean currents, wind and air pressure, elevation/altitude, and relief.
    • Important Elements: Temperature, humidity, rainfall, seasons, climate.
    • El Niño & La Niña: Associated with warmer (El Niño) or colder (La Niña) water temperatures. El Niño can lead to heavy rains, and La Niña to dry conditions.

    Stars

    • Plasma: Fourth state of matter, ionized gas where electrons are ripped away. Stars are made of plasma.
    • Brightness: Luminosity (total amount of light) versus apparent brightness (perceived from earth), depending on distance, affecting how we see stars in the night sky.
    • Color: Depends on surface temperature of a star. Cooler = redder; hotter = bluer or whiter.
    • Size & Mass: Stars are measured in comparison to our Sun, relative to the size and mass of our star.
    • Constellations & Asterisms Patterns of stars. Asterisms are smaller groups/patterns within constellations. Helpful for navigation and relating to seasons and agricultural methods.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of volcanoes, including their varied shapes, compositions, and classifications. Learn about active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes, as well as the specific types such as shield, composite, and cinder cone volcanoes. This quiz will enhance your understanding of volcanic structures and their dynamics.

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