Reviewer in Principles of Crop Production.docx

**[LESSON 1]** **Agriculture** - Systematic raising of useful plans and animals under the management of man - Purposeful work through which element of nature are harnessed to produce plants and animals to meet human needs - An art, science, and economic that deals with the raising...

**[LESSON 1]** **Agriculture** - Systematic raising of useful plans and animals under the management of man - Purposeful work through which element of nature are harnessed to produce plants and animals to meet human needs - An art, science, and economic that deals with the raising of useful plants and animals **History of Agriculture** 1\. **Middle Stone Age (8000 BC)** - Hunting, pastoral or collection economy - Man lived on the gift of nature gathering wild plants and animals - Use of bow and arrow - Catching, drying, and storage of fish - Stored seeds, nuts, and fruits 2\. **New Stone Age/Neolithic Age (6000 to 7000 BC)** - Domestication of plants and animals - Made populus and complex human societies possible - Villages began to grow - Man practice seed (cereals like rice) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Change from collection to farming by **Harlan (1992)** - Agriculture as a divine gift - Agriculture as a discovery - Agriculture as a result of stress - Agriculture as an extension of gathering --------------------------------------------------------------- 3\. **Middle East (Mesopotamia before)** \- Mesopotamia means "between rivers" in Greek \- It relied upon Euphrates and called the Tigris to produce drinking water - Earliest domestication of crops - Also known as "Fertile Cresent" (Cradle of Life) **Cushites** - Consider as **first agriculturist** - Semi nomadic **Tigris River** - One of the most important waterways in the Fertile Cresent, surrounded by Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria - 2^nd^ largest river **Euphrates** - Largest river in Southeast Asia Vegetative Diet of Early Man - Compost of carbohydrate, for energy, protein for muscle development - **Legumes** = protein (pulses) (*sitaw*, soybean, *monggo*) - **Cereals** = carbohydrate (rice, wheat, corn) **Most common crops in:** - **America** = maize, peanut - **Africa** = sorghum, beans - **Asia** = rice, and soybeans **Concept of Agriculture** - Agriculture is derived from Latin words ***Agri*** meaning "land/field", and ***Cultura*** meaning "cultivation" - Cultivation of land - It is the art, science, and business of crop production aim to produce more abundantly, and to protect it from deterioration, and misuse - Production of plants and animals for food, and fiber - **As an art** -- it involves physical, and mental skill - **As a business** -- it aims at maximum net return **Branches in Agriculture** 1\. **Agricultural Engineer** - Deals with farm mechanization 2\. **Agricultural Economics** - Deals with economic management and manufacturing of agricultural products 3\. **Agro-forestry** - Deals with integrated crop and forest plant production **Evolution of Agriculture** 1\. **Old Stone Age** - Throwing large sized stone to those animals 2\. **Fire and New Stone Age** - People were able to make fire - Make sharp, pointy objects - Burning the flesh of wild animals 3\. **Animal Domestication/Husbandry** - Man became expert in hunting wild animals - Used to hunt more than one animal - Gentle animals were kept for future use 4\. **Crop Production** - People wanted to settle down in a permanent site and nomad life was unbearable 5\. **Modern Agriculture** - Started from 18^th^ Century **Importance of Agriculture** 1\. **Food** (carbo, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals) 2\. **Clothes** (70% of the fiber comes from cotton) 3\. **House** 4\. **Industry** - Medicine - Paper Industry - Rubber Industry - Soap, candle, paint industry 5\. **Fuel** 6\. **Earning source** 7\. **Foreign currency** - Rice - Jute - Wheat - Tomato - Frozen dish - Vegetable 8\. **Industry relationship** 9\. **Revenue income** 10\. **Natural beauty** 11\. **Environmental balance** **[LESSON 2]** **Agricultural Development** - Brings about a revolution in the agriculture industry - Profit giving, eco-friendly, reduce poverty, save lives a\. Seeds b\. Fertilizer and chemicals c\. Irrigation d\. Transportation e\. Research extension, and communication f\. Credit Facilities g\. Technological Advancements **IRRI (For International)** - International Rice Research Institute **PhilRice (National -- Philippines)** - Philippine Rice Research Institute **BAR** - Bureau of Agricultural Research **GMO** - Genetically Modified Organism **History of Agricultural Development** **7000 BC:** - Sowing and harvesting reached Mesopotamia - Evidence of emmer, einkorn wheat, barley, sheep, goats, pigs **6000 BC:** - **Farming was entrenched** on the banks if Nile River **6000 -- 4500 BC:** - Archeological evidence of domestication of plants and animals found in Iberian Peninsula **5500 BC:** - **Ceide Fields** - An archeological site on the North County Mayo coast West of Ireland - It began in the 1930's, when a schoolteacher, Patrick Carlfield, noticed piles of rocks which were uncovered - Our Stone Age ancestor constructed houses **3500 BC:** - Indus Valley - Advance cotton growing and cotton advance **3000 BC:** - Farming of rice has started in the valley **3000 -- 2700:** - Maize (Zea mays) was first domesticated in the America **2500:** - Rice is an important of the staple diet **Roman Era:** - Romans laid the groundwork for the manorial economic involving serfdom, which flourished in the Middle Ages **Middle Ages (1500 -- 500 AD):** - Muslim farmers in North Africa and near East developed and disseminated agricultural technologies - Irrigation system based on hydraulic and hydrostatic principle - Use of machine as Morias - Use of water raising machines - Construction of dams/reservoirs **Middle Ages:** - Location -- specific farming manuals were developed - Wider adoption of crop including sugarcane, rice, apricots, cotton, auberges, etc. - Lemon, oranges, cotton, almond, figs, subtropical fruit such as bananas were brought to Spain **1400 -- 1500:** - Explorers introduced plants and agricultural products from Asia and the Americas into Europe **Early 1700:** - New crop rotation methods evolved in Europe's Low Countries and in England, improving previous system **1701:** - **Jethro Full (The Father of Tillage)** - Invented and introduced the seed drill to English father - Hoe-plow dug up the soil loosening it for planting while also pulling up unwanted weed roots. - Also invented the horse drawn hoe, and improved plough **Late 1700:** - **Robert Bakewell (England)** - Pioneer the selective breeding of cattle and sheep (choosing the fattest) to produce meatier animals. And it caused the livestock to double in weight **1816:** - Gregor Mendel studies in heredity were published in Austria **1831:** - **John Deere (United States)** - A blacksmith who patented the steel plow **Early 1890:** - 1^st^ gasoline -- paved tractors were built replacing steam powered tractors, and animals for draft **1890:** - Combined harvesters were built **1850's to 1900's:** - Development of railroads and steamship lines were expanded **Late 1920:** - Scientist improved the seeds from which farmers grew corn **1939:** - Introduction of DDT; it is also a beginning of agriculture's heavy use of chemical pesticides in developing countries **1943:** - **John Bennet Lawes (England)** - Founded the first factory to manufacture superphosphate (first chemical fertilizer) - N (0), P (20), K (0), S (11) **1945 -- 1970:** - Machines and increased productivity in industrialized countries sharply reduced the number of people working in agriculture **1950's -- 1960's:** - Developing countries, including Philippines, experienced Green Revolution (it is given high yielding variety fertilizer and pesticides) **1973:** - **Eli Whitney (United States)** - Invented the cotton gin, a machine that separated fiber from seed much more quickly than people that can do it by hand - **Cyrus Mc Cormick (United States)** - First practical reaper or grain harvesting machine **1980:** - Developed countries -- farmers began to use computers **1950's to Present:** - Age of genetic engineering began **Indus Valley** - Farmers in the Indus Valley were the first to spin and weave cotton - Cotton first cultivated in Pakistan (Mojendo Daro) **Nodules** - From Nitrogen (N); it is a fixing bacterium (can be found in sitaw) **Monocropping** - Safe for same insects to grow and populate - Only one crop for several years **Combined harvester** - Started in Scotland in 1826 - In 1835, in US, Hiram Moore built and patented the first combine harvester **DDT (Dicholorodiphenyl trichloroethane)** - Insecticidal action was discovered by Swiss chemist Paul Herman Müller in 1939 - Used in 2^nd^ World War, to limit malaria - First discovered by a German chemist Othmar Zeidler in 1873 - Banned in US in 1972 **4 Systems:** a\. Direct work by owner and his family b\. Slaves doing work under supervision of slave managers c\. Tenant farming of slave farming d\. Farm was leased to a tenant **Green Revolution** - Refers to assemblages of wheat and rice plants professionally bred and release primarily in Asia in the 1900's - Total fertilizer consumption rose from 668 tons in 1976 to 1,222 tons in 1988, an increase of more than 80% **Genetic Engineering (Genetic modification)** - Process that uses laboratory -- based technologies to alter DNA make-up on an organism **Precision Agriculture** - An approach to farm management that uses information technology to ensure that crops and soil receive exactly what they need for optimum health and productivity **Philippine Agriculture** - Philippine is still primarily an agricultural country - Most citizen still live in rural areas - 4 sub sectors (farming, fisheries, livestock, forestry) - Most agricultural crops: rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, banana, pineapple, coffee, mangoes, tobacco, abaca - Secondary crops: peanut, cassava, camote, garlic, onion, cabbage, eggplant, calamansi, rubber, cotton - **Export countries:** - USA, Japan, Europe, ASEAN - **Export Products:** - Coconut oil, fruits/vegetable, banana, prawns **Concept of Agriculture** - Rampant conversion of agricultural land for commercial uses - Continued alliance on chemical-based fertilizer or pesticides - Environmental damage - Lacks funding on critical projects (i.e. Irrigation System) **Introduction to Crop Science** - According to **International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)**, Philippine ranks 5^th^ in terms of species diversity (total of 39,100 species of flora (plant)/ fauna (animal) have been identified (which 67% are endemic)) **Meaning and Scope of Crop Science** - **Science** - Systematically accumulated and tested knowledge of natural phenomenon - **Plant** - Any organism belonging to kingdom Plantae, typically lacking of active locomotion - **Crop** - Domesticated/cultivated plants grown for profit - **Agronomy** - Greek word *Agros* meaning "field; *Nomos* meaning "manage" - Deals with principles of managing field crops - **Horticulture** - Latin word *Hortus* meaning "garden" (derived from Anglo-Saxon word *Gyrdan* meaning "to enclose"); *Colore* means "to cultivate" - Distinct from culture of field crops - It includes: - Pomology (fruits) - Ornamentals (floriculture) - Vegetables (olericulture) - Nursery management, and landscape gardening - **Chemical compounds:** - **Calcium Oxalate** - Causes itchiness in *gabi* - **Sulfuric Acid** - Present in onion - **Capsaicin** - White crystalline compound that causes hotness in pepper varieties - **Solanine** - Glycoalkaloid chemical present in potato tuber which causes greening when exposed to sunlight - **Monordicin** - Bitter taste - **Allicin** - Found in garlic; heal common cold, reduce/improve blood pressure and cholesterol, used to heal an-an, and warts