General Chemistry 2 (3rd Quarter) Reviewer PDF

**REVIEWER IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2(3^RD^ QUARTER)** **KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL** - **SOLID** - It has a fixed shape, fixed volume, and fixed arrangement of particles - **LIQUID** - It can flow and take the shape of its container - **GAS** - Takes the shape of its container but n...

**REVIEWER IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2(3^RD^ QUARTER)** **KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL** - **SOLID** - It has a fixed shape, fixed volume, and fixed arrangement of particles - **LIQUID** - It can flow and take the shape of its container - **GAS** - Takes the shape of its container but no exact volume **TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES** **DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES** - Attractive forces between polar covalent molecules (attraction forms due to their partial charges) - Ex. HCl,[*H*~2~*S*]{.math.inline} **ION-DIPOLE FORCES** - It happens when a polar molecule is attracted to ions. - Ex. [*H*~2~O ]{.math.inline}& NaCl **DISPERSION FORCES** - dispersion forces are weak attractive forces that are present between all types of molecules. - Weakest type of intermolecular forces that occur on non-polar molecules. **HYDROGEN BONDING** - It occurs among polar covalent molecules containing hydrogen and one of three small highly electronegative elements like fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen. - Ex. [*H*~2~]{.math.inline}O,[NH~3~]{.math.inline}HF **PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS** **SURFACE TENSION** - It is the property of a liquid that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to resist an external force. - Increase TEMP.\>decrease SF and IMF - Decrease TEMP.\>increase SF and IMF - Soap weakens the cohesive forces/intermolecular forces in water molecules **VISCOSITY** - It is the resistance of a liquid to flow - It is also referred to as the thickness of a liquid. - Increase TEMP.\>decrease Viscosity and IMF - Decrease TEMP.\>increase Viscosity and IMF **VAPOR PRESSURE** - the pressure exerted by the vapor molecules above the surface of a liquid at a given temperature. - Increase TEMP.\>increase VP, decrease IMF - Decrease TEMP.\>decrease VP, increase IMF **BOILING POINT AND HEAT OF VAPORIZATION** - The boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid boils. Ex. Water=100⁰C - If the temperature increases, the boiling point also increases **DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOILING AND EVAPORATION** **BOILING --** forms bubbles, the vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure **EVAPORATION --** no bubbles are formed; vapor pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. **WATER** - Most abundant and essential liquid that covers 75% of the earth's surface. - 70%-90% of the weight of all other living things is composed of water. - The chemical reaction of life processes takes place in water. - **HYDROLYSIS** -- helps in splitting complex molecules into smaller units such as Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. - Pure water is clear, odorless, tasteless and colorless. - Any odor or taste in water can be caused by impurities like dissolved mineral particles, liquids or gases. **PROPERTIES OF WATER** **WATER REACTS WITH METALS** - Solutions formed from boiling water and active metals: **Hydrogen solutions, hydrogen gas, hydroxide solutions**. - **Hydrogen gas** -- used as a rocket fuel, welding and in filling balloons. - **Hydrogen solution** -- highly corrosive to skin and eyes. - **Very active metals** -- sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum and zinc - **Magnesium Hydroxide** -- used to treat constipation and indigestion - **Redox reaction** -- happens when the oxidizing substance reacts with the reducing substance. **WATER REACTS WITH METAL OXIDES** - **Metal oxide --** Metal and oxygen compound combined with water - Solution/s formed: soluble hydroxide solutions. - Water reacts with oxides of sodium, calcium, potassium and barium. - Calcium Hydroxide- slake lime or white powder - **Flocculant** - waste water treatment **WATER REACTS WITH NON-METALS** - Forms when non-metal elements react with cold water. - **Hydrogen Fluoride -** Very poisonous, colorless gas. It is used to make refrigerants, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals. **WATER REACTS WITH NON-METAL OXIDES** - Solutions formed: Acidic solutions - Carbonic acid -- Water reacting to carbon dioxide - production of soft drinks, beverages **WATER OF HYDRATION** - **solutions formed:** Hydrate solutions - forms when evaporation occurs in the solution - also known as water of crystallization - Each hydrate holds a definite amount of water necessary to the formation of crystal structures. - Copper (II) Sulfate -- 5 molecules of water - Salt Hydrate -- 4-6 molecules of water **SOLID AND ITS PROPERTIES** **CRYSTALLINE SOLID --** Crystalline solid have a regular arrangement or horizontal alignment of particles, its particles are compacted - Ex. Gold, diamond, salt - A type of solid that cools slowly - **Crystal lattice** -- 3-dimensional arrangement of particles with unit cell as its smallest portion **AMORPHOUS SOLID** -- random arrangement of particles, with gaps and spaces between particles - Type of solid that cools rapidly - It has a high thermal expansion which means, it will expand when exposed to heat - Ex. Plastic, rubber, glass