GE-ITE-101: Information and Communications Technology Reviewer PDF

GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER I. Introduction to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 1. Information Technology- the use of computer systems, storages, networks and tangible devices, technological infrastructure, systems and processes to...

GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER I. Introduction to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) 1. Information Technology- the use of computer systems, storages, networks and tangible devices, technological infrastructure, systems and processes to store, create, modify, process, transmit, and manage all kinds of electronic data. 2. Data- is a collection of facts, figures, symbols, or raw values that can be processed to generate meaningful information. 3. Applications of ICT- It plays a significant role in business (e-commerce), education (e-learning platforms/digital classrooms), government (digital public services), healthcare (telemedicine/remote healthcare), finance (online banking), and etc. 4. The value of IT is that although people are capable of handling data using our brains and even the old paper-and-pencil processes, this process isn’t as reliable, efficient, and effective as relying on IT. 5. Information and Communications Technology- the use of digital technologies, including computers, networks, software, and communication tools, to store, transmit, and process information. 6. IT deals with data processing, storage, and security. 7. ICT includes IT + communication technologies like the internet, mobile networks, and digital communication tools. 8. Information- Is/are fact/s provided or learned about something of someone, knowledge acquired from another, knowledge you can convey to others, and knowledge gained through study, communication, research, instruction. Methods of transfer of information: - Text - Image - Audio - Sound 9. Communication- It is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process in which information is exchanged between individuals through verbal and non- verbal means. With technology, communication is faster, more convenient, and more efficient. 10. Technology- The application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, and processes to solve problems, improve efficiency, or create new possibilities. - Technology evolves over time, shaped by human creativity and societal needs, and plays a central role in advancing economies, cultures, and lifestyles. II. Evolution of Technology The evolution of technology reflects humanity's progress in understanding and applying scientific principles to meet needs, solve problems, and improve life. 1. Prehistoric Era: Basic Tools and Discovery of Fire - Stone Age: Early humans created tools from stone, wood, and bone (e.g., hand axes, spears). - Fire: Discovery and control of fire revolutionized cooking, protection, and socialization. - Wheel: Invented around 3500 BCE, enabling transportation and shaping engineering. 2. Ancient Technology: Agriculture and Early Engineering GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER - Agriculture: Irrigation systems, plows, and seed cultivation allowed settled societies. - Metallurgy: Bronze and iron tools (e.g., weapons, construction tools) revolutionized labor. - Writing and Mathematics: Systems like cuneiform and the abacus advanced record-keeping and trade. - Structures: Pyramids, aqueducts, and roads demonstrated early engineering mastery. 3. Medieval Period: Innovation and Mechanization - Windmills and Water Mills: Key to grinding grain and powering machinery. - Navigation Tools: Compass and astrolabe enabled exploration and trade. - Printing Press: Invented by Johannes Gutenberg (~1440), it democratized knowledge. - Military Technology: Gunpowder and cannons changed warfare. 4. Industrial Revolution (18th-19th Century): Machinery and Mass Production - Steam Engine: Revolutionized transportation and industry. - Factories: Introduced assembly lines and mass production. - Electricity: Pioneered by innovators like Edison (Light Bulb) and Tesla, powering cities and machines. - Transportation: Railroads, steamships, and early automobiles. 5. 20th Century: Electrification and Digital Revolution - Telecommunications: Telephones, radios, and television transformed communication. - Computers: Early models (e.g., ENIAC) led to personal computers by the 1970s and 1980s. - Space Exploration: Satellites, moon landing (Apollo 11, Luna 2 by Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins) (1969), and ongoing space missions. - Medicine: X-rays, vaccines, antibiotics, and medical imaging saved countless lives. 6. 21st Century: Advanced Digital and Biotechnologies - Internet and Mobile Technology: Smartphones, social media, and cloud computing changed global connectivity. - Artificial Intelligence (AI): Powers applications from chatbots to self- driving cars. - Green Technology: Solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles aim to combat climate change. III. History of ICT Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has evolved over centuries, transforming the way humans communicate, store, and process information. It encompasses the development of computing, telecommunications, and digital technologies. 1. Ancient & Early Communication (Pre-19th Century) 📜 Writing Systems (3000 BCE) – The invention of writing (e.g., cuneiform, hieroglyphs) allowed for recorded information. 📜 Printing Press (1440, Johannes Gutenberg) – Revolutionized communication by making books and newspapers widely available. 📜 Postal Systems – Allowed long-distance communication through letters. GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER 📜 Semaphore & Telegraph (Late 18th - Early 19th Century) – Early long- distance communication using signals and electric pulses. 2. The Telegraph & Telephone Era (19th Century) ⚡ Telegraph (1837, Samuel Morse) – Used electrical signals to transmit messages over long distances via Morse code. 📜 Telephone (1876, Alexander Graham Bell) – Enabled voice communication over wires, replacing the telegraph. 3. The Radio & Television Age (Early 20th Century) 📜 Radio (1895, Guglielmo Marconi) – Wireless communication allowed real- time information broadcasting. 📜 Television (1927, Philo Farnsworth) – Combined sound and moving images, revolutionizing mass media. 4. The Computer Revolution (Mid-20th Century) 📜 First Computers (1940s-1950s) – Early computers (e.g., ENIAC, UNIVAC) were large machines used for calculations. 📜 Digital Storage (1950s-1960s) – Development of magnetic tape, floppy disks, and hard drives. 📜📜 Personal Computers (1970s-1980s) – Companies like Apple, IBM, and Microsoft made computers accessible to individuals and businesses. 5. The Internet & Digital Age (Late 20th Century - Present) 📜 Internet (1969, ARPANET) – The U.S. developed ARPANET, which later became the internet. ✉Email & Messaging (1970s-1990s) – Email (Ray Tomlinson, 1971) changed global communication. 📜 Mobile Phones (1980s-Present) – Cellular networks enabled wireless voice and data communication. 📜 World Wide Web (1989, Tim Berners-Lee) – Made the internet accessible through websites and browsers. 📜 Smartphones & Social Media (2000s-Present) – Devices like iPhones and platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, and TikTok transformed global communication. 6. Modern ICT & Future Trends ☁ Cloud Computing – Data storage and processing over the internet. 🤖 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – AI-powered chatbots, automation, and machine learning. 📜 5G & IoT (Internet of Things) – Faster internet speeds and interconnected smart devices. 📜 Cybersecurity – Protecting digital information from cyber threats. IV. History of Computer (1st Generation Computer 1946-1959) 1. Key Features of First Generation Computers 📜 Vacuum Tube Technology – Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. 📜 Bulky & Expensive – These machines were huge, taking up entire rooms. ⚡ High Power Consumption – Required large amounts of electricity and produced a lot of heat. ⌛ Slow Processing Speed – Performed calculations in milliseconds, much slower than modern computers. 📜 Machine Language (Binary Code) – Programs were written in machine language (1s and 0s). GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER 2. Examples of First Generation Computers - ENIAC (1946, USA) – The first general-purpose electronic computer, developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. - EDVAC (1949, USA) – Introduced the concept of stored programs, allowing greater flexibility. - UNIVAC I (1951, USA) – The first commercially available computer, used for business and government applications. - IBM 701 (1952, USA) – IBM’s first large-scale electronic computer for scientific research. 3. Advantages ✅Pioneered modern computing concepts. ✅Faster than mechanical computers. ✅Allowed automation of complex calculations. 4. Disadvantages ❌Very large and required special cooling systems. ❌Extremely expensive, used only by governments and large organizations. ❌Programming was difficult and time-consuming. The first generation of computers laid the foundation for modern computing, despite their limitations. They were soon replaced by second-generation computers that used transistors, making them smaller, faster, and more efficient. V. History of Computer (2nd Generation Computer 1959-1965) 1. Key Features of Second Generation Computers 📜 Use of Transistors – Replaced bulky vacuum tubes, reducing size and heat production. 📜 Faster & More Efficient – Could process data in microseconds (1,000 times faster than first-gen computers). 📜 Magnetic Core Memory – Replaced magnetic drum memory, improving data storage and retrieval. 📜 High-Level Programming Languages – Introduction of languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, making programming easier. 📜 More Commercial Use – Businesses, universities, and government agencies started using computers for data processing. 2. Examples of Second Generation Computers - IBM 1401 (1959, USA) – One of the most successful commercial computers, widely used in businesses. - IBM 7090 (1959, USA) – A powerful scientific computer used in space research and military applications. - UNIVAC 1107 (1962, USA) – Improved upon the UNIVAC I, used for large-scale business applications. - CDC 1604 (1960, USA) – One of the first fully transistorized computers, developed by Control Data Corporation. 3. Advantages ✅Smaller, faster, and more reliable than first-generation computers. ✅Consumed less power and generated less heat. ✅Easier programming with high-level languages like COBOL and FORTRAN. ✅More affordable for businesses and research institutions. 4. Disadvantages GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER ❌Still expensive and required special cooling systems. ❌Limited storage capacity compared to later generations. ❌Required specialized knowledge to operate and maintain. The Second Generation of Computers introduced the use of transistors, making computers more practical for businesses and scientific applications. These advancements paved the way for the Third Generation, which introduced integrated circuits (ICs), further improving speed, efficiency, and accessibility. 5. History of Computer (3rd Generation Computer 1965-1971) 1. Key Features of Third Generation Computers 📜 Use of Integrated Circuits (ICs) – Replaced transistors, allowing multiple electronic components to be placed on a single chip. 📜 Smaller & More Efficient – Computers became smaller, cheaper, and consumed less power than second-generation models. 📜 Increased Processing Speed – Could perform millions of calculations per second (microsecond & nanosecond speeds). 📜 More Reliable – Less heat generation and fewer hardware failures compared to previous generations. 📜 More Advanced Operating Systems – Allowed time-sharing, multitasking, and batch processing. 📜 Introduction of Keyboards & Monitors – Replaced punch cards and paper tape for input/output. 2. Examples of Third Generation Computers - IBM 360 Series (1964, USA) – One of the most successful mainframe computers, widely used in business and scientific applications. - PDP-8 (1965, USA) – The first minicomputer, affordable for smaller businesses and institutions. - Honeywell 200 (1965, USA) – A business-oriented computer with improved data processing capabilities. - UNIVAC 9000 Series (1967, USA) – A commercial computer designed for various business applications. 3. Advantages ✅Smaller, cheaper, and more energy-efficient than previous generations. ✅Increased processing power with integrated circuits. ✅Better human-computer interaction with keyboards and monitors. ✅More reliable and durable, requiring less maintenance. ✅ Wider commercial and industrial applications, including business, research, and education. 4. Disadvantages ❌Still expensive for personal use. ❌Required cooling systems for large-scale models. ❌Software and programming were still complex compared to modern systems. The Third Generation of Computers introduced Integrated Circuits, revolutionizing computing by making it more powerful and accessible. This era set the foundation for the Fourth Generation, which brought microprocessors and led to the rise of personal computers (PCs). 5. History of Computer (4th Generation Computer 1971-1980) 1. Key Features of Fourth Generation Computers GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER 📜 Use of Microprocessors – A single integrated circuit (IC) chip contained the entire CPU, making computers faster and more compact. 📜 Smaller & More Affordable – PCs became available to individuals and small businesses. 🔹 Graphical User Interface (GUI) – Operating systems like Windows and macOS introduced user-friendly interfaces. 📜 Increased Storage Capacity – Hard drives, SSDs, and cloud storage became widely used. 📜 Networking & Internet – Computers became interconnected through LAN, WAN, and the internet. 📜 Portable Devices – Laptops, tablets, and smartphones emerged. 2. Examples of Fourth Generation Computers - Intel 4004 (1971, USA) – The first microprocessor, developed by Intel, revolutionized computing. - IBM Personal Computer (1981, USA) – One of the first widely used desktop PCs for personal and business use. - Apple Macintosh (1984, USA) – Introduced a graphical user interface (GUI), making computers more user-friendly. - Microsoft Windows (1985, USA) – Revolutionized operating systems with GUI-based computing. - Modern Computers (2000s-Present) – Smartphones, AI-driven systems, and cloud computing are key developments. 3. Advantages ✅Compact, fast, and energy-efficient compared to previous generations. ✅Affordable and accessible to individuals and businesses. ✅Highly advanced software and operating systems. ✅Massive storage capacity with hard drives, SSDs, and cloud computing. ✅Connectivity through the internet, Wi-Fi, and mobile networks. ✅Rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. 4. Disadvantages ❌Security risks like hacking, malware, and data breaches. ❌Electronic waste (e-waste) issues due to rapid technological advancements. ❌Dependence on technology, leading to potential privacy concerns. The Fourth Generation of Computers introduced microprocessors, leading to the development of modern PCs, smartphones, and the internet. This generation continues to evolve with AI, quantum computing, and IoT (Internet of Things) shaping the future. 6. History of Computer (5th Generation Computer 1980-onwards) 1. Key Features of Fifth Generation Computers 🤖 Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Machines can process information, recognize patterns, and make intelligent decisions. ⚡ Ultra-Fast Processing – Uses parallel processing and superconductors for faster computations. GE-ITE-101-LIVING IN THE IT ERA REVIEWER 📜 Internet & Cloud Computing – Data storage and processing take place in remote servers accessible via the internet. 📜 Voice & Touch Interfaces – Smart assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant improve user interaction. 📜 Quantum Computing (Emerging Technology) – Uses quantum bits (qubits) instead of traditional binary, increasing computing power exponentially. 🔹 IoT (Internet of Things) – Smart devices communicate with each other, automating homes, cities, and industries. 🤖 Neural Networks & Machine Learning – Computers learn and improve based on experience. 2. Examples of Fifth Generation Computers - IBM Watson (2011, USA) – AI-powered supercomputer capable of answering complex questions. - Google DeepMind (2014, UK) – AI that can learn games and solve real- world problems. - Quantum Computers (Ongoing Development) – Companies like Google, IBM, and D-Wave are working on practical quantum computing. - Smartphones & Smart Assistants – AI-driven iPhones, Android devices, Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant. - Supercomputers (Exascale Computing) – Used for weather prediction, medical research, and complex simulations. 3. Advantages ✅Self-learning AI systems reduce human effort. ✅Faster processing speeds with quantum and parallel computing. ✅User-friendly interfaces like voice and gesture control. ✅Cloud computing allows remote storage and access. ✅Better automation in industries, healthcare, and daily life. 4. Disadvantages ❌High development costs for AI and quantum computing. ❌Ethical concerns about AI decision-making and job displacement. ❌Cybersecurity threats due to increased connectivity. The Fifth Generation of Computers is revolutionizing technology with AI, quantum computing, IoT, and cloud computing. Future advancements may lead to fully autonomous machines, advanced robotics, and even more powerful AI.