Module 1: Introduction to Information and Communication PDF

Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Goa, Camarines Sur COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATI...

Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Goa, Camarines Sur COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE MODULE 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION by: Nicaflor P. Serrano Overview This module offers a comprehensive introduction to Information and Communication Technology (ICT), focusing on the historical evolution of computing devices, the definition and components of ICT, its applications in daily life, and the societal impacts it creates. The content explores significant milestones in the development of computers, differentiates between Information Technology (IT) and ICT, and examines both the positive and negative effects of ICT on individuals and society. Ethical considerations, including issues of plagiarism and piracy, are also discussed. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the discussion, you shall be able to: Describe the timeline of significant computing devices and their contributions to technology. Explain the concept of ICT and its various components. Differentiate between IT and ICT, particularly in academic and corporate contexts. Analyze the positive and negative impacts of ICT on society and individuals. Discuss ethical issues related to the use of ICT, including plagiarism and piracy. Lesson 1: Timeline of Computing Devices Early Computing Devices Before computers were developed, people used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools. As technology advanced and the human mind improved with time, more computing devices were developed. 2400 BC - The Abacus Description: The abacus is an ancient counting tool from China, typically made of rods with beads that facilitate arithmetic calculations, including operations such as multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square roots, and cube roots. Significance: It laid the groundwork for future computational devices. 300 BC - The Antikythera Mechanism Description: An ancient Greek analog device used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. 1|Page  Significance: Represents early mechanical computation; used to predict celestial events. 1492-1495: Leonardo da Vinci's Designs Description: Da Vinci sketched ideas for mechanical devices, including early programmable machines. Significance: Contributed to the conceptual foundation for future computing devices. Function: Proposed machines that could automate tasks through mechanical means. 1642 - The Pascaline Description: A mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal, capable of performing addition and subtraction. Significance: One of the first devices to automate calculations. 1822 - The Difference Engine Description: Designed by Charles Babbage, this mechanical calculator was intended to compute polynomial functions automatically. Significance: Considered a precursor to modern computers. Early 1830s: Morse Code Description: Developed by Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail as a means of communication for the electric telegraph. Significance: Enabled long-distance communication, paving the way for modern telecommunication. 1837: The Analytical Engine Description: Proposed by Charles Babbage, it was a mechanical general-purpose computer. Significance: The first design for a programmable computer, laid the groundwork for modern computing. 1844: First Public Demonstration of the Telegraph Description: Samuel Morse demonstrated the telegraph using Morse code. Significance: Marked the beginning of electrical communication. 2|Page 1880: The Photophone Description: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, it transmitted sound on a beam of light. Significance: An early form of wireless communication. Late 1890s: Development of Radio Communication Description: Guglielmo Marconi developed the first practical radio communication system, allowing for wireless communication using electromagnetic waves. Significance: Enabled wireless communication over long distances. 1890: Punched Card System Description: Developed by Herman Hollerith for the 1880 U.S. Census. Significance: Revolutionized data processing and led to the founding of IBM. 1911: Formation of IBM Description: IBM was formed as the Computing-Tabulating- Recording Company through the merger of four companies. Significance: Laid the foundation for one of the largest technology companies in the world. 1926: Electromechanical Television System Description: Demonstrated by John Logie Baird. Significance: Laid the foundation for future developments in television technology. 1936: Turing Machine Description: Proposed by Alan Turing, it was a theoretical model for computation. Significance: Established the principles of algorithmic processing and computability. 1939: Founding of Hewlett-Packard Description: Founded by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard in a garage in Palo Alto, California. Significance: HP became a major player in electronics and computing. 1941: Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) Description: Designed by John Atanasoff and his student, it solved simultaneous equations. Significance: Marked the first electronic computer to use binary digits for data processing. 3|Page 1943: Colossus Description: The first programmable digital electronic computer, used by British codebreakers. Significance: Played a crucial role in World War II for deciphering encrypted messages. 1945: ENIAC Description: The first general-purpose electronic computer. Significance: Capable of performing a wide range of calculations; marked the birth of modern computing. 1950: Chess Programming Theory Description: Claude Shannon developed the first comprehensive theory of chess programming. Significance: Laid the groundwork for future developments in AI and computer chess. 1951: UNIVAC Description: The first commercially available computer. Significance: Introduced computing to businesses and government. 1952: IBM 701 Description: IBM's first commercial scientific computer. Significance: Marked an important step in the development of computers for scientific applications. 1961: Unimate Description: The first industrial robot, began working in a General Motors factory. Significance: Represented a significant advancement in automation and robotics. 1964: IBM System/360 Description: A family of computers designed for business applications. Significance: Established a standard for computing across different hardware models. 1970: Intel 1103 Description: The first dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip. Significance: Revolutionized computer memory technology. 1971: Microprocessor Description: The first single-chip microprocessor was developed by Intel (4004). Significance: Marked the beginning of personal computing. 4|Page 1971: Ray Tomlinson's Email System Description: Developed the first system resembling modern email. Significance: Laid the foundation for the email systems we use today. 1972: Pong Description: The first commercial video game released by Atari. Significance: Helped establish the video game industry. 1975: Microsoft Founded Description: Founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Significance: Became a leading software company, known for its Windows operating system. 1975 - The Altair 8800 Description: Often regarded as the first personal computer. Significance: Sparked the home computer revolution. 1976: Apple Computer Founded Description: Founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. Significance: Pioneered personal computers with user-friendly designs. 1977: Apple II Description: Demonstrated for the first time. Significance: One of the first successful mass-produced microcomputers. 1982: Commodore 64 Description: Released as the best-selling personal computer of all time. Significance: Achieved massive sales due to its affordability and capabilities. 1983: Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) Description: Launched as Famicom in Japan, released in North America as NES. Significance: Revitalized the video game industry after the crash of 1983. 1985: Microsoft Windows Description: A graphical operating system developed by Microsoft. Significance: Made computers more accessible to the general public. 1991: The World Wide Web Description: Developed by Tim Berners-Lee, it revolutionized information sharing. Significance: Enabled global connectivity and information access. 5|Page 1998: Google Founded Description: Founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while at Stanford University. Significance: Became the leading search engine and tech company. 2000: The Era of Smartphones Description: Introduction of advanced mobile devices with computing capabilities. Significance: Integrated computing, communication, and entertainment. 2006: Twitter Launched Description: Created by Jack Dorsey, Biz Stone, Evan Williams, and Noah Glass. Significance: Became a major social media platform with a unique microblogging format. 2010: The Rise of Tablets Description: Introduction of devices like the iPad. Significance: Changed the way people consume media and access information. 2012 - The Rise of Mobile Apps Description: The proliferation of mobile apps transformed user interaction with technology. Significance: Led to the development of a massive app economy. 2013 - The Xbox One and PS4 Description: Microsoft released the Xbox One, and PlayStation released the PS4. Significance: Marked significant advancements in gaming technology. 2015 - The Apple Watch and Windows 10 Description: Apple released the Apple Watch, and Microsoft released Windows 10. Significance: Advanced wearable technology and operating systems. 2016: Virtual Reality Description: Advancements in VR technology for immersive experiences. Significance: Transformed gaming, education, and training. Lesson 2: Understanding ICT 2.1 Definition of ICT ICT stands for Information and Communications Technology. It is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, 6|Page  computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and various services like video conferencing and distance learning. It includes products that store, process, transmit, convert, or receive electronic information. 2.2 General Understanding: Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, it generally refers to all devices, networking components, applications, and systems that allow people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments, and criminal enterprises) to interact in the digital world. 2.3 Examples of ICT Software applications and operating systems. Web-based information and applications such as distance learning. Telephones and other telecommunications products. Video equipment and multimedia products (CDs, DVDs, etc.). Office products like photocopiers and fax machines. Calculators and computer hardware. 2.4 IT vs ICT IT: Stands for Information Technology. It is the use of technology for sending, receiving, processing, and storing information, primarily in corporate setups. ICT: Known as Information Communications Technology, it is more inclined to the education setting, emphasizing effective communication and information management for academic purposes. Extension of IT: ICT is an extension of IT mainly used in academics, while IT is utilized in larger organizations, including companies and corporations. Lesson 3: Uses of ICT in Our Daily Lives Communication: Tools like email, instant messaging, and video conferencing enhance personal and professional interactions. Job Opportunities: ICT creates new job roles and necessitates digital literacy in various fields. Education: E-learning platforms and digital resources improve access to education. Socializing: Social media connects people, allowing for online communities and interactions. 7|Page Lesson 4: Impact of ICT on Society ICT positively and negatively affects individuals, organizations, and society. It improves education, access to information, and security but can limit personal interaction and physical activity, leading to employment issues. 4.1 Positive Effects: Improved access to education: New learning methods like learning management systems (LMS) enhance distance learning and online tutorials. Access to Information and Communication: The internet provides improved communication tools, increasing accessibility in various public spaces and promoting leisure activities. Security: ICT advancements allow individuals and organizations to implement security measures such as encryption and biometric systems (fingerprint, facial recognition). 4.2 Negative Effects: Reduced Personal Interaction and Physical Activity: Virtual communication reduces in- person interactions, decreasing physical activity and potential health issues. Job Loss or Increase in Unemployment: Automation and efficiency can lead to job reductions, impacting employment across various sectors. Security Threats: ICT also brings security risks, including data breaches and cyber-attacks, necessitating robust safety measures. Lesson 5: Ethical Issues in ICT Ethical principles in ICT use vary, leading to issues like plagiarism and piracy. 5.1 Plagiarism Plagiarism is copying another person's ideas, words, or writings and presenting them as one's own, which can lead to serious legal consequences. 5.2 Piracy Piracy involves installing or copying software without an end-user licensing agreement, violating copyright laws. Summary The journey of computers from early mechanical devices to modern digital systems reveals a remarkable evolution that has significantly shaped society. This module outlines the definition of a computer, emphasizing its programmable nature and data processing capabilities. Key historical milestones, such as the invention of the abacus, the development of the analytical engine, and the advent of the internet, highlight the transformative impact of computing technology. Understanding ICT as an umbrella term that encompasses various communication technologies and devices is critical. The module distinguishes between Information Technology (IT) and ICT, noting their respective roles in education and corporate environments. 8|Page  The impacts of ICT are multifaceted, offering benefits such as enhanced access to education and improved communication, while also posing challenges like reduced personal interaction and job displacement. Ethical issues, including plagiarism and piracy, underline the importance of responsible technology use. Overall, this module provides a foundational understanding of ICT's role in contemporary society, equipping learners with the knowledge to navigate its complexities and ethical implications effectively. 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