Reviewer for Philosophy PDF

Contents of the reviewer in Philosophy: I. Lesson 1 History of Philosophy Pre-Socratic Philosophers Socratic Philosophers Medieval Philosophers Contemporary Philosophers II. Lesson 2 Philosophy as Curiosity The Goa...

Contents of the reviewer in Philosophy: I. Lesson 1 History of Philosophy Pre-Socratic Philosophers Socratic Philosophers Medieval Philosophers Contemporary Philosophers II. Lesson 2 Philosophy as Curiosity The Goal of Curiosity Philosophy as an Reflective Inquiry The different Approach in Philosophy Lesson 1 Introduction of the Philosophy What is philosophy? Definition & Meaning: Philosophy is derived from the greek word (Philosophia) into two meanings “Philo” means (Love) “Sophia” means (Wisdom) Combining it together this means (Love Wisdom) Philosophy is anchored as the “Love of Wisdom” It is the rational, abstract and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or fundamental of human existence and experience. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, to rationalize and attempt finding answers and understanding the questions. Philosophers - Describe themselves as “Wise Men” often called “Sage” which is interpreted the one who is “attempting to find out” History of Philosophers Throughout the history of Philosophy, Philosophers tries to answer these questions: 1. What is real? 2. How do we know that we know? 3. What is the ultimate cause of all things? 4. To what extent are our choices and actions considered free? The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Pre-socratic philosophers are defined as “Greek thinkers” who developed independent and original schools of thought. They are known as Pre-Socratic because they pre-date Socrates. They were occupied with the “origin and substance” of the world; each of them attributed the whole to a “single element” starting the tradition of naturalistic monism. They are inquiring into the “first cause of existence”, the matter from which all else came, which was also the causative factor in its becoming. Thales of Miletus He is the oldest known Philosopher in the history of Philosophy. The origin of the world is Water. Water is the only element that can take all forms of matter. Anaximenes The origin of the world is Air. Air possesses life and it is eternally alive. Pythagoras The origin of the world is Numbers. The concept of “number” allowed for an objective comprehension of reality. Heraclitus The origin of the world is Fire. Everything or all things change through fire. The Socratic Philosophers: Socratic Philosphers try to question the interiority of a person and the truth. Socrates His Philosophy emphasizes critical thinking, self-examination, and the pursuit of wisdom. His famous quote “I know that I know nothing” Socrates did not write books; he just liked to ask probing and sometimes humiliating questions which gave rise to the “Socratic method” of Teaching. He is accused and convicted of corrupting the youth, his only real crime was “embarrassing and irritating” a number of important people. His punishment was death. Plato He is the student of Socrates who wrote all the teaching of his teacher. He is trying to question the truth of the world and wonder if there is a higher truth that people should grasp. Aristotle He is the best student of Plato. He was called a “peripatetic philosopher” because he liked to lecture to his students while taking a walk. His thought is that happiness is the goal of life. Avoid Extremes. The Medieval Philosophers: Medieval Philosophers are also known as the “Christian Philosophers”. The medieval Philosophers seek to answer the existence of God. Saint Thomas Aquinas He ultimately sought to reconcile faith and reason during an age when others argued that this was impossible. He incorporated “Jesus Christ” in the concept of Truth of Plato. He tries to prove the existence of God through the 5 arguments of proof. The argument from motion: Whatever moves is moved by something else. This means that God is everywhere and things are always moving.  The argument from efficient cause: Because nothing can cause itself, everything must have a cause or something that creates an effect on another thing. Without a first cause there would be no others. The argument from Possibility and Necessity: Everything in the world has the possibility of either existing or not existing. If everything were like this, then at some point nothing would exist. Therefore there must be something that exists. The argument from Gradation: There are degrees of goodness, truth, and nobility in the world. These degrees imply that there is a maximum of each quality, which we call God. The Argument from Design: The world exhibits order and purpose, which implies that there is a designer who created it. Saint Augustine of Hippo He emphasized the concept of Good and Evil. God is Good. Immutable Truth. The Contemporary Philosophers: Contemporary Philosophy is split into two approaches; “analytical philosophy, and continental philosophy”. Analytical Philosophy - It uses formal logic and scientific reasoning to come with conclusions. Continental Philosophy - It refers to a comparative approach that includes the human perspective and social themes. Edmund Husserl He develop a systematic foundational science based on the so-called “phenomenological reduction”. He argues that “transcendental consciousness” sets the limit of all possible knowledge. Soren Kierkegaard Free will, self-expression, and the human experience.  He argues that a divine command from God transcends ethics. This means that God does not create human morality, that it is up to individuals to create morals and values. Summary: The history of philosophy is the systematic study of the development of philosophical thought. It traces the evolution of ideas and doctrines from ancient times to the present, encompassing various traditions and schools of thought. 1. Ancient Philosophy: Originating in Ancient Greece, it focused on the fundamental nature of the cosmos and human existence. The pre-socratic and socratic philosophers “Thales of Miletus, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle”. 2. Medieval Philosophy: This period was heavily influenced by theology, with significant contributions from philosophers “St. Augustine” and “St. Thomas Aquinas”. 3. Contemporary Philosophers or 19th-20th century Philosophers: Contemporary Philosophy is split into two approaches; “analytical philosophy, and continental philosophy”. The philosophers are “Edmund Hesserl, Kierkegaard”. Lesson 2 Introduction of The 21st Century Philosophy What is philosophy as curiosity? Definition & Meaning: Curiosity - can simply be described as the desire to know. It is the beginning of philosophy because through it, we feel the need, thirst and to fill the gap between information and wisdom. Is not only about learning but after discerning deeply the information we learned. Curiosity is something we develop at a very young age. As we grow, we shift from curious learning to knowing. We feel good to get to a point of understanding and knowledge, but begin to lose our curiosity. Like (Fear, Assumptions, Technology and Environment). The innate curiosity and search for greater knowledge that we have the art of science and technological developments. Is curiosity a vice or virtue? According to Augustine & Aquinas curiosity, is dangerous, sinful and vain. Christian Philosophers see curiosity as a trait responsible for Adam & Eve’s original sin and curiosity is related to temptation. Curiosity is vice when knowledge is pursued poorly. A bad motive, method, or content in your pursuit of knowledge. Curiosity is viewed as a virtue disposition to attain wisdom that will lead to the discovery of the truth. Curiosity as a virtue is associated with a love of wisdom Curiosity has been described as a vice and as a virtue. Curiosity is associated with frivolity and superficiality of gossip or the desire or the desire to know people’s experience for the purpose of judging, alienating and excluding them. Curiosity is a virtue and that it is closely linked with care and concern because it helps people gain the kind of knowledge needed for things in the world. This in turn, helps to overcome indifference which often leads to more meaningful lives. Philosophers insist on the distinction between vain curiosity and curiosity that sought wisdom. Curiosity is acknowledging our infinite possibilities. Curiosity is a morally neutral appetite for wisdom. Chasing Curiosity means that my purpose is constantly unfolding before me. Curiosity invites us to step out of ourselves, to break our assumptions and see the world differently. The Process of Curiosity: ➔ Curiosity. ➔ Questioning.  ➔ Experience. ➔ Learning. The Goal of Curiosity Curiosity is to widen our perspective of life 2 types of Perspective: Partial Perspective and Holistic Perspective Partial perspective It looks only at a limited number of aspects of the given problem or situation, and its conclusions are made based on considering some, but not all, sides of the problem or situation. Holistic Perspective It is a system that aims to examine all aspects of a given problem or situation. In this perspective, all aspects are important when making conclusions. Curiosity aims to develop a holistic perspective of man. Curiosity - needs to go beyond our own roles and our relationship with our colleagues, if you want to gain wisdom with the motivation to help others, be curious, ask questions. Why are we afraid to ask questions? By Elias Baumaarten: A person who acts on a desire to know about an ecosystem or culture will come to a greater understanding of its distinctive features, which makes more likely the person’s coming to an appreciation of it and a concern about its preservation. Philosophy as an Reflective Inquiry Human activities encompasses all events, actions, or happening that people do or cause to happen. Reflective Practice refers to a man’s personal study to his rich human experience in his quest of personal development Who is the Father of Filipino Philosophy? “Rev. Fr. Roque Ferriols, SJ” From Padre Roque Ferriols, SJ: Sapagka’t ang pilosopiya ay ginagawa. Importante na ating danasin ang dapat nating maunawaan sapagkat sa pamamagitan nito ay mas nadarama natin ang mensahe ng dapat nating maunawaan at mas namumulat tayo uko sa mga bagay-bagay. Mas nabibigyang halaga ang mga bagay na ating natutunan kung ating i-aaplika ito sa tunay na buhay. Ang karanasan ay importante sa ating buhay. Lundagin mo beybe. Ayaw nilang lumundang pero para sa kanila, marunong na sila. Reflective inquiry focuses on the practical aspects of learning rather than teaching. Reflective inquiry - requires reflection on what you are doing now, what you see and hear around you and what you want to accomplish in the future. Process of curiosity but adding reflective inquiry ➔ Curiosity. ➔ Questioning. ➔ Experience. ➔ Reflective Inquiry ➔ Learning. Philosophy as an reflective inquiry Philosophizing - It is to think and reflect deeply. This involves asking the right questions, critically examining your experiences, truly understanding the works and the reasoning behind each experience, and possibly building on every experience by expanding or testing this methodology. Different Approaches in Philosophy Scientific Approach - The testing of universal statements offered as scientific laws is done by comparing deductive consequences of laws with statements of observational facts about the world. Philosophy uses this approach because of the systematic investigation and organized body of knowledge. Socratic Method - The method of inquiry and instruction employed by Socrates especially as represented in the dialogues of Plato consists of a series of questions the object of which is to elicit a clear and consistent expression of something supposed to be implicitly known by all rational beings. Natural Light of reason - It is the capacity for intelligent thought that all human beings have just by virtue of being human. By exercising their native intelligence, human beings can discover, verify, and organize many truths of natural reason. Philosophy uses its natural capacity to think or observe the world and people. Rational Being - Rational beings are entities capable of reasoning, making decisions based on logic, and understanding cause and effect. They can evaluate information, weigh options, and choose actions that align with their goals and values. Focus - Rationality involves critical thinking, unbiased reflection, and goal oriented decision-making. It emphasizes the process of reasoning and making logical choices. Intellect - Intellect refers to the cognitive abilities of the human mind, including reasoning, understanding, and problem solving. It encompasses capacities such as abstract thinking, judgment, and the ability to grasp complex concepts. Focus - It is about the ability to comprehend and process information accurately. Difference: Rationality: More about the process of making logical decisions and thinking critically. It is someone who is sensible and can make decisions based on intelligent thinking rather than on emotion. Intellect: Encompasses broader cognitive abilities and the capacity to understand and solve complex problems. Thinking Being: Capacity to choose Capacity to reason Study of all things: It is a quest for a comprehensive understanding of the world, a study of different principles, ideas and issues, and a reasoned pursuit of fundamental truths. This sets the distinction between philosophy and other sciences. All other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation, but in Philosophy it is multidimensional or holistic. First cause and the highest Principle: Foundational proposition. The idea is that everything that exists has something that caused it, there is nothing in our world that comes from nothing. It is a basic proposition that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption. The Laws of Thought - Fundamental & based axiomatic rules upon rational discourse itself. Principle of Identity - Every object is identical with itself. Personal Identity or the distinctive qualities or traits that make an individual unique. Examples: Whatever is, is; whatever is not, not. A is A, A is not B. Principle of Noncontradiction - Contradictory propositions cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time. Examples: If an animal is a cat, the same animal cannot be not a cat. Things cannot be at the same time and in the same respect. Principle of Excluded Middle - The law states that for any given proposition, either that proposition is true or its negative or opposite is true. There is no middle ground.’ Principle of Sufficient Reason - It states that everything must have a reason or a cause.