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Lesson 8: ARTWORK ARTWORK Philippine cartoons ILLUSTRATIONS, DRAWINGS, AND POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHS PLAY A LARGE PART IN ERA (1909-1941) THE STUDY OF HISTORY....

Lesson 8: ARTWORK ARTWORK Philippine cartoons ILLUSTRATIONS, DRAWINGS, AND POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHS PLAY A LARGE PART IN ERA (1909-1941) THE STUDY OF HISTORY. BY ALFRED MCCOY, TOGETHER WITH RECORD OF THE PAST USEFUL FOR ALFREDO ROCES HISTORIANS. The political cartoons were published PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS daily and periodically in newspapers REFLECT SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF during the specified time period. HISTORICAL REALITIES AND EVERYDAY Political cartoons and caricature are a AND INDICATE THE SITUATIONS OF recent art form that deviates from PAST SOCIETIES. classical art by incorporating human TAGALOG REPUBLIC features and fusing humor to its subjects. MACARIO SAKAY - President 1. Art genre and technique in print media FRANCISCO CARREON serve as social and political - Vice president commentary, targeting power and JULIAN MONTALAN authority. LUCIO DE VEGA 2. Caricatures effectively publicize opinions through symbolism, unlike 1. The Philippines' Bandonerism Act, written editorials. passed by the Philippine Commission, 3. Historical examination of mass media labeled Sakay as an outlaw and commentary on public opinion is condemned captured resistance warranted. fighters as bandits, lardons, and rebels. 2. The Tagalog Republic, led by Macario POPULAR MANIFESTATION IN HONOR OF Sakay as President and Francisco THE TRIUMPHANT CANDIDATE OF THE Carreon as Vice President, established SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF MANILA a constitution based on the katipunan (AUGUST 11, 1907) of Bonifacio. 3. DUE TO PEOPLE’S SUPPORT FOR SAKAY, THEY EVEN CELEBRATED SAKAY IN A SONG. TAGALOG REPUBLIC FLAG FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO (MAY 30, 1873 – JUNE 12, 1929 ) - SPANISH FILIPINO, POET, JOURNALIST - POLITICIAN, LAWYER, POLYGLOT - Long Live Filipinas! A SON OF HIGHLY EDUCATED PARENTS: LORENZO GUERRERO & CLEMENCIA RAMIREZ LIPAG KALABAW LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS IN THE PH - OWNED AND EDIT BY LOPE K. - The National Assembly of the SANTOS Philippines announced the plebiscite in 1937, which aimed to determine the FLAG LAW (ACT.NO 1696) right to vote for women. - AUGUST 11, 1907 The Boxer Codex ILLUSTRATIONS/CARTOONS - 1595 Manila manuscript contains 97 - In the late 1920s, Filipino writers hand-drawn color paintings and Romualdo Ramos and Antonio illustrations of ethnic groups in the Velasquez introduced comic books, Philippines, Southeast Asia, East Asia, known as komiks, in the Philippines by and Micronesia, possibly by a Chinese creating the comic character Kenkoy artist. OWNER OF BOXER CODEX 1. CARTOONS CAN BE VERY DIVERSE 2. MOST USE VISUAL METAPHORS LUIS PEREZ DAS MARIÑAS AND CARICATURES TO ADDRESS - The manuscript is believed to be owned COMPLICATED POLITICAL by Luis Perez DAS Mariñas, son of SITUATIONS, AND THUS SUM UP A Governor Gomez Perez DAS Mariñas, CURRENT EVENT WITH A who succeeded his father as Governor HUMOROUS OR EMOTIONAL General of the Philippines. PICTURE. LORD ILCHESTER AND PROF. CHARLES WATCH FOR THE SABOTEURS RALPH BOXER ELPIDIO QUIRINO - The Boxer Codex, once part of Lord - NOV 16, 1890 – FEB 29, 1956 Ilchester's collection, was auctioned in - FILIPINO LAWYER 1947 and acquired by Professor Charles - POLITICIAN Ralph Boxer, now owned by the Library - SERVED AS THE 6TH PRESIDENT OF at Indiana University. THE PHILIPPINES FROM 1948 TO 1953. NATURALES TAGALOGS - He served as a representative of Ilocos Sur from 1919-1925, elected senator - ROYAL from 1925-1931, and was a member of VISAYAN PINTADOS the Philippine Independence Commission, which passed the - PINTADOS – FROM THE SPANISH McDuffie Act. WORD 1. The booklet aims to highlight the - “PINTADO” - PAINTED disparities between society and - TATTOOS – “PATOK” individuals, as individuals often - TATTOOED INDIGENOUS SEBWANO hesitate to report their perceived AND WARAY PEOPLE – FOUND IN wrongdoings. CEBU, BOHOL, LEYTE, AND SAMAR - USED SHARP PIECES OF IRON AND BLACK POWDER TATTOOS ARE CONSIDERED BY VISAYANS AS SYMBOLS OF PRIDE AND VALOR. - The cry could also refer to the tearing up of cedulas in resistance - THEY ARE USUALLY APPLIED AFTER A to Spanish government. MAN PERFORMED WELL IN BATTLE. - The cry is also referred to in the MILITARY MEDALS inscriptions of "Viva la - TATTOOING SERVED AS A TEST OF Independencia Filipina" PHYSICAL FORTITUDE accompanied by patriotic shouts. NEGRITOS/NEGRITAS - There are different versions on the dates and venue of the first cry of - The AETA, a Filipino ethnic group, were the revolution. skilled hunters using iron tools and - Variations include Pio Valenzuela's weapons. Their small numbers, "Cry of Pugad Lawin," Santiago primitive economy, and lack of Alvarez's "The Cry of Bahay Toro," organization made them easy targets for and Gregoria de Jesus' version of better-organized groups. They remained the "First Cry." in the mountains during the Spanish rule. CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN LESSON 9: The First Cry of the Revolution Pio Valenzuela's Account of the Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution of 1896 Overview - Confirmed witness as confirmed by - Commenced with the "First Cry" or the Guillermo Masangkay. initial move for independence. - Only the doctor involved in the cry. - Filipinos tearing up their cedulas, - Not known for impeccable memory due mandatory identification cards during to confusing statements. Spanish colonial rule. - First version: Cry was in Balintawak on - The event occurred after Katipunan was August 26, 1896. exposed on August 19, 1896. - Later version: Cry took place at Pugad - Supremo Andres decided on their next Lawin on August 23, 1896. move outside the city. - Balintawak as Refuge for Andres - The original plan was to start the Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio revolution at the end of August, but Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Bonifacio decided to start it on that day Rosario, and Others" and attack Manila at the end of the - First refuge for Andres Bonifacio, Emilio month. Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Understanding the Cry of Rebellion Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and others in Balintawak on August 19 and 20, 1896. - The term "cry" originates from the - First meeting of the Katipunan on Spanish term "el grito de rebelion" August 22, 1896, at Apolonio Samson's or "cry of rebellion." house and yard at Kangkong. - The term refers to a decision or call - Discussion on revolution against to revolt, not necessarily shouting. - Originally, the term referred to the Spanish government on August 29, first clash between Katipunan 1986, at Pugad Lawin house, store- house, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of members and the Civil Guards. Melchora Aquino.  - Only Teodora Plata, Bonifacio's brother- - She joined her husband in the in-law, protested against a war. mountains and shared adversities with Many attendees tore cedula certificates him. and shouted "Long live the Philippines!" - The First "Cry" occurred near Caloocan after the meeting. on August 25, 1896. - The Katipunan's activities spread across THE CRY OF BAHAY TORO the Philippine Archipelago, leading to - "Cry" by Santiago Alvarez the first cry for freedom. - Santiago Alvarez, a Katipunero from - Upon learning of Spanish arrest, Cavite, is a relative of Gregoria de Jesus, Gregoria fled town, secretly going to La wife of Andres Bonifacio. Lorna to return to Manila. - The story is not given equal value due to - She was treated as an apparition and his lack of eyewitness testimony. found that the occupants of her visited - The Katipuneros began their trek to houses were seized and punished, Kangkong, enduring rain and cold wind. some even exiled - The Supremo Andres Bonifacio THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK assigned guards to the group, assembling around 300 men. - The Cry of Balintawak": An Eyewitness - Fear of an enemy attack led to the group Account by Katipunan General moving to Bahay Toro. Guillermo Masangkay - The group grew to over 500 members, - Guillermo Masangkay, a childhood crowded into Cabesang Melchora's friend of Andres Bonifacio, recounts the house and warehouse. first rally of the Philippine Revolution on - The next day, more Katipuneros joined, August 26, 1896, in Balintawak. increasing the group to over a thousand. The meeting was held at the house of - A meeting was held with various Apolonio Samson, then the cabeza of leaders, approving an uprising to defend Caloocan, with leaders like Bonifacio, the people's freedom and a state of Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, alert for potential enemy attacks. Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, - The immediate objective was the Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique capture of Manila. Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon - After the meeting, shouts of "Long live present. the Sons of the People!" were heard. - Bonifacio, in a fiery speech, urged the people to start the revolution early, FIRST CRY stating that their organization had been - Gregoria de Jesus: The Lakambini of discovered and they were all marked the Katipunan men. - wife of Andres Bonifacio, was a - The people shouted "Revolt!" and participant in the Katipunan Revolution Bonifacio asked them to pledge their in August 1896. severance from the Spaniards, referring - She lived with her parents in Caloocan to the cedula tax as a sign of slavery. until she was informed of Spanish - The Cry of Balintawak marked the authorities' plans to arrest her. turning point when the Filipinos finally refused Spanish colonial dominion over the Philippine Islands. - The people tore out their cedulas, independence. It is considered the proper marking the beginning of the formal "Independence Day" of the Philippines, as declaration of the separation from the cry follows an organization of a national Spanish rule. government. The Cry of Pugad Lawin is the culmination of the Revolution, giving birth "The Revolt of the Masses: The Story to the nation, and is an exciting aspect of of Bonifacio and the Katipunan" by history for future generations to study. Teodoro Agoncillo ANALYSIS LESSON 10: Tejeros Assembly - Philippine Revolution Overview - Agoncillo, a historian, interviewed - Katipunan's initial defeat in Manila led survivors of the Revolution, including to retreat of Bonifacio and his men. Masangkay and Valenzuela. - Cavite Katipunero, composed of - consulted the Manila Observatory to Magdiwang (Bonifacio) and Magdalo determine the best date for the "Cry of (Aguinaldo), engaged in territorial and Balintawak" cry. logistical disputes. - Agoncillo concluded that August 23 - The two groups formed a revolutionary was the most suitable date due to the government, which led the revolution. rainy and windy days, which may have - Assembly held in Barrio Tejeros, San been easier for cleanup. Francisco Malabon, on March 22, 1897. - Agoncillo's location of Pugad Lawin at - Bahay Toro has been lost, but other historians still support the idea of "two ARTEMIO RICARTE’s ACCOUNT cries." - Born on October 20, 1866, in Batac, - Soledad Borromeo-Buehler, a Ilocos Norte. descendant of Masangkay, supports the - - Official of the Magdiwang faction. notion of "two cries" due to the - Secretary of the convention. supposed meetings and skirmishes - Captain-General of the revolutionary before and after the cry. government. - Other Katipunan members agree that a - Authored "Apuntes Historicos de la momentous event occurred on August Insurreccion por los Asociados al 24, as confirmed by the Biak-na-Bato Kamahalmahala’t Kataastaasang Constitution and Emilio Aguinaldo. Katatipunan ng manga Anak ng Bayan’ - Historians Milagros Guerrero, contra el Gobierno Espanol in las Islas Emmanuel Encarnacion, and Ramon Filipinas" (Account of the Philippine Villegas also agree on August 24, Revolution). despite their claims of a singular "Cry of - Invited to respect and obey the Balintawak" at the house of Melchora majority’s vote and decisions. Aquino. CONCLUSION The day commemorating national heroes, the fourth Monday of August, is derived from the Katipunan's declaration of  Election Results Summary: leadership of someone from another province. - Emilio Aguinaldo elected - General Ricarte criticized the assembly president, Andres Bonifacio for being the result of bad intentions. - Mariano Trias elected vice president. Santiago Virata Álvarez Account - Bonifacio suggested as vice Santiago Virata Álvarez was a revolutionary president due to second highest general and founder of the first directorate voting. of the Nacionalista Party. - Artemio Ricarte elected Captain General. - He was known as Kidlat ng Apoy - Emilio Riego de Dios elected (Lightning of Fire) due to his bravery and Director of War. dedication in Cavite's famous battles. - Daniel Tirona protested, - Prior to the revolution, he was a advocating for lawyer's delegado general of the provincial replacement. council of the Katipunan in Cavite. - Bonifacio elected Minister of - He became captain general and Interior. commander-in-chief of the Magdiwang - Daniel Tirona promoted lawyer forces and fought the Spaniards from Jose del Rosario. 1896 to 1897. - Bonifacio demanded an apology for - Alvarez won a decisive victory against insult. General Ramon Blanco at the 36-hour - Ricarte seized Bonifacio's Battle of Dalahican from November 9 to revolution. 11, 1896. - The account of the Tejeros Convention Andres Bonifacio's Account is found in Chapter 32 of Gen Santiago - Written on April 24, 1897, from a letter Alvarez’s memoirs. to Emilio Jacinto in Montalban. - The convention was a significant event, - First published in Jose P. Santos, Si with the Supremo Bonifacio deciding to Andres Bonifacio at ang Himagsikan continue the revolution. (1932). - The convention was unanimously - The Imus Assembly lacks proof due to accepted, and an election was held for lack of documents. various positions including president, - The elected members were President of vice president, minister of finance, the Republic, Vice President, Auditor minister of warfare, minister of justice, General, and Director of War. and captain general. - Don Daniel Torona proposed Jose Del - Gen. Ricarte appointed as secretary by Rosario as the Director of the Interior, Supremo Bonifacio. arguing for an educated candidate. - Mr. Daniel Tirona distributed ballots. - President of Magdiwang declared the - Mr. Diego Mojica, secretary of the assembly was not a gentleman treasurery, warned Bonifacio about assembly due to lack of evidence. filled ballots. - Some Imus residents secretly - Supremo Bonifacio continued with the expressed dissatisfaction with the election, despite warnings from Mr. Severino de las Alas.  - Mariano Trias won as Vice-president, - His arrest, trial, and death were a and General Vibora was elected subject of debate between historians captain. and Rizal scholars. - Supremo Bonifacio criticized Mr. Jose del Rosario, a lawyer, for not having any Fr. Vicente Balaguer educational credentials. - Tirona demanded an apology from - Jesuit Priest and Marriage Solemnist Bonifacio, demanding an apology from - Visited Rizal's last hours in Fort him. Santiago. - Tirona ignored the Supremo's remarks, - Persuaded Rizal to denounce Masonry leading to disorder and a shooting and return to Catholicism. incident. - Solemnized marriage of Josephine - Bonifacio declared all matters approved Bracken and Rizal before his execution. in the meeting null and void, leaving the Summary meeting with his aides and other present. - Dr. Jose Rizal's Retraction and Profession of Faith Lesson 11 - The Rizal Retraction - Fr. Balaguer and Fr. Vilaclara Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso visited Fort Santiago where Rizal Realonda was convicted. - Fr. Balaguer ordered Dr. Rizal to - Born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba retraction his errors and profess Laguna, Rizal was a patriotic, physician, Catholic faith before ministering his and man of letters. sacraments. - He was a polymath during the Spanish - Fr. Balaguer received instructions Colonial period of the Philippines. from the prelate, who gave him the - Rizal was an ophthalmologist, writer, formula of retraction and profession and key member of the Filipino of faith. Propaganda Movement advocating for - Dr. Rizal explained his faith as the economic reforms under Spain. word of God in the Sacred Scripture - Studied in Ateneo de Manila and the and declared himself a rationalist University of Santo Tomas in Manila freethinker. - He studied medicine and liberal arts at - Fr. Balaguer attacked Dr. Rizal with the University of Madrid in 1882. arguments of Catholic Doctrine and - Rizal wrote numerous works, primarily logic. in Europe. - Dr. Rizal requested the formula of - He was a member of the worldwide retraction from Fr. Pio Pi. fraternity, Freemasonry. - Dr. Rizal signed the retraction with - His works include "Noli me Tangere" Señor Fresno and Señor Moure. (The Social Cancer) and "Sequel is El - Dr. Rizal knelt before the altar of Filibusterismo" (The Reign of Greed). the Virgin and asked Fr. Balaguer for - Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892 his retraction and profession of and founded La Liga Filipina, a faith. nonviolent reform society. - Fr. Balaguer testified that he wrote a detailed account of Rizal's death  and delivered it to Father Pio Pi Retraction Document of Rizal before reaching Bagumbayan. On May 18, 1935 Fr. Manuel Fr. Pio Pi Garcia, C.M was discovered the - Served as Jesuit Superior during original Retraction Letter. Rizal's execution. - Issued affidavit in 1917 about ENGLISH VERSION: Rizal's retraction involvement. The last two: They were the Allegedly secured retraction document from Archbishop critical analysis by two Rizalist Bernadino Nozaleda. scholars who doubted the story of - Written shorter retraction document, allegedly copied by the retraction Rizal. Rafael Palma’s Account - Claimed to have kept documents safe, did not witness the retraction. - A lawyer, educator, politician, and freemason. Summary - Senator from 1916-1921 and fourth - Dr. Jose Rizal was placed in the President of the University of the chapel on December 28. Philippines. - Fr. Pio Pi and the chapel Fathers - Author of Biografia de Rizal, a 1938 accepted a letter from Archbishop literary work on the National Hero. Nozaleda to take spiritual care of - Published Pride of the Malay Race in Rizal. 1949, translated by Roman Ozaeta. - Their objective was to reconcile - Argued Rizal's alleged retraction was a Rizal with God and the church and fraud by the Catholic Church. save his soul. - Cannot show original copies to - Father Pio Pi was informed about everyone, including Rizal's family. Rizal's situation but not personally Summary involved. - Rizal initially struggled to convince - Palma argues that Rizal's retraction him to return to Catholicism. documents were fabricated, and the - During the retraction process, testimony of his conversion was a objections were raised, leading to a rumor. shorter retraction composition. - The retraction document was kept - Rizal made modifications to the secret, only seen by authorities, and retraction, signing it with his own only found after thirty years. hand and witnesses. - The family of Rizal was denied access to - Rizal read his own retraction the original document and the without pressure, reading it slowly certificate of canonical marriage with and solemnly. Josephine Bracken. - Rizal's burial was kept secret, with the cadaver delivered to a Catholic association.  - Despite Rizal's significance to Filipinos - The Rizal family struggled to accept the and his conversion, no masses or retraction or marriage. funerals were held by the Catholics. - Balaguer's anonymous account - Rizal was not buried in the Catholic revealed his own fraud, forgetting to cemetery of Paco, but in the ground mention the Ultimo Adios. without a cross or stone. - Rizal's erroneous conclusion that no - Rizal's burial was not on the same page poem was written on the 29th night as those buried on December 30, 1896, revealed his lack of knowledge about suggesting he was considered the execution. impenitent and did not receive spiritual ADDITIONAL PEOPLE WHO AFFIR aid. M E D R I Z A L’ S R E T R A C T I O N - Palma believes Rizal's conversion was a pious fraud to make the people believe - Nick Joaquin - León María Guerrero III he broke down and succumbed to the - Nicolas Zafra of UP Church. - Gregorio Zaide Guillermo Gómez Austin Coates - Rivera John Schumacher - Ambeth Ocampo - Started studying Rizal during his time as - Antonio Molina Assistant Colonial Secretary and - Paul Dumol Magistrate in Hong Kong in 1950. - Austin Craig Teodoro - First study focused on Rizal's year-long - Kalaw H. Otley Beyer stay in Hong Kong (1891-1892). - Dr. Jose I. Del Rosario - Early awareness led to the publication - Fr. Marciano Guzman of Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and - Dr. Ausgusto de Viana Marty, the first European biography of Rizal's Retraction Arguments Rizal. The retraction document is authentic, judged - The second edition was published in by Teodoro Kalaw, a leading handwriting the Philippines by Solaridad Publishing expert. House in 1992. 11 eyewitnesses, witnessed Rizal's writings, Summary signing, and reciting Catholic prayers. - Rizal's Retraction and Ecclesiastical Rizal's confessions were certified by various Fraud sources including 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified - Rizal's family and peers interpreted his witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12 historians. retraction as ecclesiastical fraud. Rizal believed the friar archbishop was The Spanish Supreme Court head notarized the primary mover in the fraud. Rizal's retraction letter. - Rizal had no signed retraction letter, Rizal's retraction demonstrates his moral fearing the damage it would cause him. courage to rectify conflicts with the church and - Pio Pi y Vidal and the Jesuits of probity government. did not believe Rizal had retracted and died confessed. People who did not believe Rizal’s - The Jesuits, responsible for Rizal's Retraction spiritual care, failed to ensure a decent burial.  Dr. Ricardo R. Pascual of the University of the - Southern Luzon Philippines - National Capital Region - Bicol Region Frank Laubach, a protestant minister - VISAYAS Ricardo Manapat, director of the National - Other Places That Broaden our Archives Knowledge of Philippine History Jose Victor Torres, history professor of De La Salle University Arguments on Rizal's Retraction Letter Retraction deemed forged by Spanish friars. Presentation by Catholic Church priest questionable. Document not in Rizal's handwriting. Retraction letter defensive towards Catholic religion, despite Rizal's lack of loyalty. Friars only mentioned retraction post-death, threatening Rizal's death. Retraction letter contradicts Rizal's mature beliefs and character. CONCLUSION Supporters argue that Rizal's Retraction demonstrates his moral strength and return to true religion, enhancing his nationalist status. Senator Jose Diokno believes Rizal's death as a Catholic or apostate doesn't diminish his greatness as a Filipino hero. Reporters believe Rizal's retraction was a courageous move to admit his mistakes, and his significant contribution is considered a reason for declaring independence from Spain. Lesson 12: Different Historical Landmarks and Sites - National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Different Historical Sites and Landmarks in: - LUZON - Northern Luzon - -Central Luzon