Development Of Philippine Arts PDF

**Development of Philippine Arts** The development of the Philippine arts comes in three major traditions. These are the Ethnic Tradition, Spanish Colonial Tradition, and American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions. 1. **Ethnic Tradition** - Art forms are primarily influenced by the [g...

**Development of Philippine Arts** The development of the Philippine arts comes in three major traditions. These are the Ethnic Tradition, Spanish Colonial Tradition, and American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions. 1. **Ethnic Tradition** - Art forms are primarily influenced by the [geographical location and the experiences of] the Filipinos. In this time, the purpose of arts is integral to life. Arts reflected the pagan beliefs and practices, everyday activity such as fishing and farming, and specific decorative art pattern to the community. - **Notable Art:** **Painting**: Body adornment and Ornament; **Sculpture**: Pottery, wood and metal carving; **Architecture**: Dwellings and Houses (Bahay Kubo) - **Art Forms from other Regions:** **1.** **Manunggul Jar** -- this jar is found in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan in the early 1960s. Manunggul jar is a burial jar which signifies the belief of early Filipino in life after death. **2.** **Banga -** *Banga* literally means pots. The Banga or pot dance is a performance of Kalinga of the Mountain Province of the Philippines. This dance shows the elegant grace of Igorot tribe and the skill and strength of women. 2. **Spanish Colonial Tradition** - Art forms were primarily influenced by [religion and secularization]. In this time, Spaniards used arts to propagate the Catholic faith. - **Notable Art:** **Painting:** Religious Portraiture: *Langit, Lupa at Impierno* ; **Sculpture:** Religious figures and carvings: the sculpture of the saints these were used primarily for the church altars and retablos. Carved images of saints, floral decorations, or leaf decors; **Architecture:** Church, plaza, civic buildings, fortress, road, and lighthouse construction. - **Art Forms from other Regions:** **1.** **Langit, lupa, at Impyerno** *by Josef Luciano Dans -* this wall painting by Josef Luciano Dans will be found in St. James the Apostle Church in Paete, Laguna. This painting was dated 1850 and depicts the heaven, crucifixion of Christ; earth, Adan and Eve; and hell, sinners with different transgressions.   **2. St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral** - located in Burgos, Vigan City, Ilocos Sur. The original structure was built in 1574 and replaced as a church in 1641. The cathedral follows a Baroque architectural design. 3. **American Colonial and Contemporary Arts Traditions** a. **Modern art** - refers to the practice of art from 1860s to 1960s. The main theme of art works in this time is [national identity]. Academic and Western-Influenced Art. Filipino artists were exposed to academic art styles and techniques, leading to the development of a more formal and Westernized approach to art. - **Notable Art:** **Painting:** Landscape, portrait, still life example is the work of Fabian de la Rosa " Women working in a rice field."; **Sculpture:** Freestanding, relief, a public example is the work of Guillermo Tolentino the "Bonifacio Monument" in Caloocan; **Architecture:** City planning, public works, structures, and infrastructures example is the Malacañang Palace. - **Art Forms from other Regions:** **1.** **The Making of the Philippine Flag** *by Fernando Amorsolo -* This painting was made by Fernando Amorsolo, "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art" and born in Manila. It shows a reminder of the reminder of traditions and customs of the Filipino. **2.** **Bayanihan** *by Carlos "Botong" Francisco -* Carlos "Botong" Francisco was born in Ango, Rizal. This painting by him was dated in 1962. This mural painting of Carlos "Botong" Francisco shows the Filipino's *bayanihan* tradition. This also shows the distinctive style of Francisco's painting that showcased his mastery in arts. b. **Contemporary Arts** - refers to the practice of art from 1970s to the present. Contemporary arts mirror contemporary culture and society. Diverse and emerging art practices were being introduced in this era. Philippine art became more diverse and embraced a wide range of styles and influences. Filipino artists started to explore various artistic movements, including modernism, abstraction, and contemporary art. - **Notable Art** - **Painting:** Collaborative, Hyper-realist, new painting example is The Fisherman by Ang Kiukok; **Sculpture:** Junk scrap, neo-indigenous, site-specific, performance art, a hybrid example is the People Power Monument made by Eduardo Castrillo; **Architecture:** Real estate, safe housing, condominiums, subdivisions, villages, malls, commercial/business/convention buildings example is the SM Mall of Asia complex in Pasay city designed by the Miami-based architectural firm Arquitectonica. - **Art forms from other Regions:** **1.** **Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series)** *by Federico Aguilar Alcuaz -* Federico Aguilas Alcuaz was born in Santa Cruz, Manila. Cinco Marias (Tres Marias Series) depicts the variety of domestic activities (Guillermo, 2007). **2. Art Installation in Sand Dunes of Paoay** *by Leeroy New -* Leeroy New is one of the Philippines contemporary artists. He is born in General SANTOS City. This art installation of Leeroy New was made for the La Milagrosa Festival in Ilocos Norte. According to Leeroy New, the art installation symbolizes the great festivals, feasts and celebrations. - **Elements and Principles of Art** Art forms from various regions or from various artists contributed to the picture of Philippine's identity as a country. And as a Filipino, it's important that we have knowledge to describe these art forms based on its details and elements, in relation to our country's culture and tradition, that makes it an artistic piece. In the field of arts, knowing the elements and principles of arts is important, not just to the artist but also to the viewer, to have a deeper understanding of an artwork. Now, let us know these elements and principles of arts. - **ELEMENTS OF ART** 1. **SPACE** - refers to distances or areas around, between or within components of a piece and refers to the arrangement of objects on the picture plane (two-dimensional). In visual arts, space pertains to emptiness which may either be positive space or negative space. a. **[Positive space]** refers to a part which is enclosed in a shape, while b. **[Negative space]** refers to the opposite part which the shape is enclosing. 2. **LINE** - In visual arts, a line is a series of connected points. It may come in two characteristics: a. [Horizontal line] usually suggests calmness b. [Vertical lines] may convey strength c. [Diagonal lines] create an impression of action d. [Curved lines] create an expression of gradual change of direction e. [Circular line] may pertain an abrupt change of direction. 3. **SHAPE & FORM** - Shape is an area that is enclosed by a line or lines. 4. **COLOR -** In visual arts, color is associated with the natural phenomenon in our environment. Scientifically, when a light passes through a prism, it will produce different hues of different wavelengths. a. [Primary colors] are red, blue, and yellow. b. [Secondary colors] are the resulting colors when the two of the primary colors are mix. The secondary colors are purple, green, and orange. c. [Tertiary colors] are the resulting colors when two of the primary and/or secondary colors are mix. The tertiary colors are amber, vermilion, magenta, violet, teal, and chartreuse. d. [Analogous Colors] are colors that lie nest to each other based on the color wheel. Example of analogous colors are yellow, orange, and red. e. [Complementary colors] are colors that are opposite to each other based on the color wheel. Examples of complementary colors are red and green, blue and orange, and purple and yellow. f. [Monochromatic Colors] are several values of one color. g. [Warm colors] are colors that give the feeling of warmth. The warm colors are yellow, amber, orange, vermilion, red, and magenta. h. [Cool colors] are colors that give the feeling of coolness. The cool colors are purple, violet, blue, teal, green, and chartreuse. 5. **VALUE -** In visual arts, value is considered a property of a color which pertains to its lightness or darkness. Value can be changed by adding white or black to a color and these described as tint and shade. a. Tint pertains to the lightness of a color. b. Shade pertains to the darkness of a color. 6. **TEXTURE -** In visual arts, texture is the element that appeals to our sense of feel on things, rough, smooth, bumpy, or slippery. It pertains to the surface of an art piece. a. **[Real texture]** is the actual texture of an object. Artist may create real texture in art to give it visual interest or evoke a feeling. b. **[Implied texture]** made a piece of art to look like a certain texture. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may look rough but in fact it is just a smooth piece of paper. - **PRINCIPLES OF ART** 1. **PROPORTION** - Proportion refers to the relationship of the size of elements in a body of art. For example, when drawing a human standing beside a house, it is important to ensure that the size of the human is proportional to the size of the house. 2. **HARMONY** - In visual arts, harmony is the unity of the artwork, specifically about the arrangement of the related elements. 3. **VARIETY** - In other terms, variety may be referred to as diversity. This means adding multiple, different elements to break the monotony of an artwork and make it more interesting. 4. **MOVEMENT** - In arts, movement is the illusion of motion in a painting, sculpture design, or in a piece of art. 5. **RHYTHM** - This refers to the repetition of certain elements to produce a pattern. In visual arts, repeated design elements may create a certain flow and may lead the viewer's eyes. 6. **BALANCE** - Balance refers to the visual weight in a picture. It refers to the even distribution of positions of elements in an artwork. The principle of balance can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. a. [Symmetrical balance] refers to an artwork wherein its both sides has the same elements in the same position. b. [Asymmetrical balance] refers to an artwork wherein it is balance through the contrast or differences of any of the elements of art. 7. **EMPHASIS** - Emphasis is a principle which may refer to the greater impact given on a certain element. These elements and principles of arts are essential to understand the meaning of a piece of art clearly and deeply. In relation to that, diverse art forms in the Philippines convey its meanings through the elements and principles present to them. So, as we described some art forms from the various regions through the development of Philippine arts, let's use the elements and principles of arts to understand it. - **CONTEMPORARY ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES** The artworks and styles of the past have evolved and have adapted to a dynamic changing world, a world immersed in the latest technology and emerging ideologies. These artworks and styles are created, witnessed and experienced in our lifetime by artists and style experts catering to Millennial and Gen Z viewers, and techy clientele. These artworks are collectively known as Contemporary Art. The term contemporary has been defined as something "happening, existing, living, or coming into being during the same period of time" (Merriam-Webster). Assuming this definition, Contemporary Art refers to art of any form and genre that produced in our contemporary time, simply put as **"art created today."** It should not be confused with Modern Art which ranges from the end of the 19th Century until the 1970's or 1980's or the late 20th Century. It will put Contemporary Art from the late 20th Century to the present. Modern Art differs from Contemporary Art historically and contextually. Contemporary Art [is influenced by the economic, social, political and environmental] context where the artist is immersed in. Contemporary Art is expressions of the artist's thoughts and feelings based on their experience of the here and now which current events, issues and social concerns affecting the society where the artist lives in. Contemporary Arts in the Philippines is as diverse as our people. Contemporary Philippine Art is not confined to the usual genres of the four main art forms, namely, visual, literary, applied and performing arts. Many other genres came up which include pure are forms as well as mixed art forms. The following are examples from each art form: **Examples of Contemporary Art Forms** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1. **Visual | 2. **Performan | 3. **Applied | 4. **Literary | | Arts** | ce | Arts** | Arts** | | | Arts** | | | | a. Pop art | | h. Video | m. Illustr | | | | Art | ated | | b. Word | | | Novel | | art | a. Music: | i. Photogr | | | | blues, | aphy | n. Digi-Fi | | c. Concept | electronic, | | ction | | ual | experimenta | j. Compute | | | art | l, | r | o. Graphic | | | funk, | Art | novels | | d. Install | hip-hop, | | | | ation | jazz, | k. Film | p. Manga | | art | metal, pop, | and | | | | rock, roots | Broadca | q. Doodle | | e. Photore | | sting | Fiction | | alism | b. Theater | | | | | Art: stage, | l. Archite | r. Text-Ta | | f. Contemp | film, | cture, | lk | | orary | street play | design | Novels | | realism | | and | | | | c. Dance: | Allied | s. Chick | | g. Graffit | flash mob, | Arts | Literat | | i | Street | | ure | | art | Dances | | | | | comprising | | t. Flash | | | hip-hop, | | Fiction | | | funk, house | | | | | and rave | | u. Hyper | | | | | Poetry | | | | | | | | | | v. Blog | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **[ELEMENTS OF CONTEMPORARY ART]** Contemporary Arts have different elements that are put together to come up with a distinct artwork. These elements include: 1. **Appropriation** - this relates to the modifications made by the artist. Example: An artist might take old photographs and add new elements to them to create a fresh piece of art. 2. **Hybridity** - this refers in the use of different art mediums that are put together. Example: Combining traditional Filipino weaving techniques with modern painting methods to create a unique artwork. 3. **Technology** - its application highlights the creativity of the artist. Example: Creating digital art on a computer or using video projections in an art installation. 4. **Performance** - carried out for viewers to experience. Example: A performance artist might do a live show where they interact with the audience to create an experience. 5. **Space -** intricate use of space. Example: Creating an art piece that takes up an entire room or using the architecture of a building as part of the artwork. With modern technology and easy access to far-flung areas of the country, many artworks have become known and many more are being created by present day artists from the different regions. All forms of art can be found throughout the country. Artworks coming from the seventeen regions of the three main island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, have been exhibited in different exhibition halls and museums. Viewers have come to know and, more importantly, to understand the present-day art expressions of artists who want their culture, situation and issues be known through their artworks. **[THE DISTINCT FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ART ]** 1. **Communal Nature** - This means that Contemporary Philippine Art often reflects the connections and relationships within communities and society. Artists draw inspiration from the bonds that tie people together. - Imagine an artwork that depicts a close-knit Filipino fishing community living by the sea. The artist might showcase the strong bonds among the fishermen and their families, highlighting their shared struggles and triumphs. 2. **Intuitive** - Filipino artists create their art based on their deep understanding of themselves, their community, and their culture. It comes from their feelings and insights about who they are and where they come from. - An artist from the Philippines might create a painting inspired by their personal experiences growing up in a small town. They use their feelings and memories to convey the essence of life in that community. 3. **Holistic** - In this context, \"holistic\" means that artists see the big picture. They look at individuals, groups, and events as part of a whole. They also use various art materials and forms in a unified way. - Picture a sculpture made from various recycled materials found in a bustling Filipino market. The artist combines these materials to create a piece that represents the vibrancy and interconnectedness of the market and the people who frequent it. 4. **Creative Process** - Instead of just focusing on the final artwork, Filipino artists pay a lot of attention to how they create it. The process of making art is just as important as the finished piece. - An artist might choose to create an installation artwork that involves a live performance where they interact with the audience. The focus here is on the process of creating the performance art, involving the viewers in the act of creation. 5. **Integrative** - Contemporary Philippine Art is like a big umbrella that covers many aspects of life. It includes ideas about religion, morals, spirituality, society, and the environment. Artists explore these themes in their work. - Consider an artwork that portrays a traditional Filipino fiesta. The artist might incorporate religious symbols, traditional dance forms, and local cuisine to highlight the religious, social, and cultural aspects of the celebration. 6. **Multi-focal** - This means that when you look at Contemporary Philippine Art, you see a lot of different things. It\'s like a painting with many layers. Artists consider everything and everyone, and the artwork can have different meanings for both the artist and the viewer. - Imagine a mural that covers an entire wall in a public space. It features intricate details, multiple scenes, and a range of characters. Different viewers can find various stories and meanings within the mural, making it a multi-focal artwork. - **NATIONAL ARTISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES** - By its definition, a National Artist is a Filipino who has made a significant contribution to the development of Philippine arts in the fields of Music, Dance, Theater, Visual Arts, Literature, Film and Architecture. - A Filipino individual who should have been awarded the highest national recognition for the arts namely, National Artist Award. In Filipino context, it is also known as the **Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining**. - Dr. Nicanor Tiongson said that, there is an important role played by contemporary artists in making art that will contribute to social change by informing the viewers and audiences about the nature and causes of the adversities they face as Filipinos. It was said that with this enlightenment, it gives that artists responsibility in their craft. Dr. Tiongson also challenges the artist to create art that has a social and political relevance. This kind of art will contribute to an awareness of present realities and conditions of society. **THE ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTIST** The Order of the National Artists Award (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts. The order is concurrent administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and conferred by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institutions. [Under the Proclamation No.1001 dated April 27, 1972] the Order of the National Artist Award (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining was established. It gives an appropriate recognition and prestige to Filipinos who have acclaimed themselves and made a remarkable contribution to Philippine arts. The first award was given to **Fernando Amorsolo**. [On May 15, 1973 under the Proclamation No. 1144], CCP Board of Trustees was named as the **National Artist Awards Committee**. The Presidential Decree No.28 that was issued on June 7, 1973 reiterated the mandate of CCP to administer the National Awards as well as the privileges and honors to National Artist. **The Order of National Artists aims to recognize:** 1. The Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to the cultural heritage of the country. 2. The Filipino artistic accomplishment at its highest level and to promote creative expression as significant to the development of a national cultural identity. 3. The Filipino artists who have dedicated their lives to their works to forge new paths and directions for future generations of Filipino artists. The following are the **[SEVEN CATEGORIES]** under which National Artists can be recognized: 1. **Literature** -- poetry, fiction, essay, playwriting, journalism and/or literary criticism; 2. **Film and Broadcasting / Broadcast Arts** -- direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, camera work, and/or performance; and 3. **Architecture, Design and Allied Arts**-- architecture design, interior design, industrial arts design, landscape architecture and fashion design. 4. **Music** - singing, composition, direction, and/or performance; 5. **Dance** - choreography, direction and/or performance; 6. **Theater** -- direction, performance and/or production design; 7. **Visual Arts** -- painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art and/or imaging; **Qualifications for the National Artist Award** The qualifications for a Filipino to be nominated and selected are rigorous. Below are the qualifications for the National Artist Award. 1. Living artists who are natural-born Filipino citizens. 2. The content and form of their work have procured in building a Filipino sense of nationhood. 3. An artist who have developed a mode of creative expression or style and living a legend on succeeding generations of artists. 4. An artist who manifest excellence in the practice of their art form 5. The artwork made has attained an international and national recognition. **Insignia of the Order of the National Artists** The insignia of the Order of the National Artists is formed from a Grand Collar featuring circular links depicting the arts and an eight-pointed sunburst suspended from a sampaguita wreath in green and white enamel. The center of the badge is divided into three equal portions, in red, white and blue representing the Philippine Flag with three stylized letter K's that stands for the CCP's motto " Katotohanan, Kabutihan at Kagandahan " ( The true, the good and the beautiful ). The Grand Collar is made from silver gilt bronze. **National Artists of the Philippines** The following are the National Artists of the Philippines grouped according to their categories and arranged to the chronology of National Artist Award: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **ARCHITECTURE* | **DANCE** | **FILM** | **THEATER** | | * | | | | | | 1973 Francisca | 1982 Gerardo de | 1987 Honorata | | 1973 Juan | Reyes Aquino | Leon | \" Atang\" de | | Nakpil | | | la Rama | | | 1976 Leonor | 1997 Lino | | | 1976 Pablo | Orosa-Goquingco | Brocka | 1997 Levi | | Antonio | | | Celerio | | | 1988 Lucrecia | 2001 Ishmael | | | 1990 Leondro V. | Reyes Urtula | Bernal | 1997 Wlfrido | | Locsin | | | Ma. Guerero | | | 2006 Ramon | 2003 Eddie S. | | | 2006 Ramon | Obusan | Romero | 1997 Rolando S. | | Valera | | | Tinio | | | | 2009 Manuel | | | 2014 Jose Maria | | Conde | 1999 Daisy | | Zaragoza | | | Avellana | | | | | | | 2006 I.P Santos | | | 2001 Severino | | | | | Montano | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **MUSIC** | **VISUAL ARTS** | **LITERATURE** | | | | | | | | 1973 Antonio J. | 1972 Fernando | 1973 Amado V. | | | Molina | C. Amorsolo | Hernadez | | | | | | | | 1976 Jovita | 1973 Carlos \" | 1973 Jose | | | Fuentes | Botong\" V. | Garcia Villa | | | | Francisco | | | | 1988 Antonio R. | | 1976 Nick | | | Buenaventura | 1973 Guillermo | Joaquin | | | | E. Tolentino | | | | 1989 Lucrecia | | 1982 Calos P. | | | R. Kasilag | 1976 Victorio | Romulo | | | | C. Edades | | | | 1991 Lucio D. | | 1990 Francisco | | | San Pedro | 1976 Napoleon | Arcellana | | | | V. Abueva | | | | 1997 Felipe | | 1997 N.V. M | | | Padilla de Leon | 1981 Vicente | Gonzales | | | | Manansala | | | | 1997 Jose | | 1997 Carlos | | | Maceda | 1990 Cesar | Quirino | | | | Legaspi | | | | 1997 Levi | | 1999 Edith L. | | | Celerio | 1991 Hernando | Tiempo | | | | R. Ocampo | | | | 1999 Ernani | | 2001 F. Sionil | | | Joson Cuenco | 1997 Arturo R. | Jose | | | | Luz | | | | 1999 Andrea O. | | 2003 Virgilio | | | Veneracion | 1999 J. | S. Almario | | | | Elizalde | | | | 2014 Francisco | Navarro | 2006 Bienvenido | | | Feliciano | | Lumbera | | | | 2001 Ang Kiukok | | | | 2014 Ramon | | 2009 Lazaro | | | Santos | 2003 Jose T. | Francisco | | | | Joya | | | | | | 2014 Cirilo F. | | | | 2006 Abdulmari | Bautista | | | | Asia Imao | | | | | | | | | | 2006 Bencab | | | | | | | | | | 2009 Federico | | | | | Aguillar Alcuaz | | | | | | | | | | 2014 Francisco | | | | | Coching | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **[Some works of Filipino National Artist]** The works of National Artist can be found in different University Campuses. One example is the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City. The known school symbol is based on [Oblation made by the sculptor Guillermo Tolentino]. This work of art depicts a male nude with arms outstretched that represents a gesture of sacrifice and freedom. Guillermo Tolentino is a pioneer of academic tradition in sculpture like Fernando Amorsolo in Painting. Fernando Amorsolo is known for its romantic paintings of bucolic landscapes and idealized portraits of well-known individuals from the Commonwealth Period and the Second World War. His works can be seen also at the National Museum. Awarded in 1976, Napoleon Abueva had contributed to the University's Visual Arts Heritage. In the Virata School of Business, Jose Tanig Joya's mural can be seen entitled Barter of Panay (1978). This work of art is rendered in the Abstract expressionist style and it consists of soft, overlapping planes of black, white, orange, brown and golden yellow. The Church of the Holy Sacrifice in UP Diliman which was inaugurated in 1955 was credited to be the First Catholic Church in the country that were able to employ a circular architecture with a fine thin shell dome. Intricate mathematical computations with the increasing popularity of concrete that serve as the building material enabled the smooth rounded church construction. The said church is recognized as a National Historical Landmark as well as a Cultural Treasure by the National Historical Institute. Jose Maceda's Pagsamba involved a hundred mixed voices and indigenous musical instruments like bamboo buzzers, clappers and the like. UP center for Ethnomusicology was also founded by him where he donated his valuable collections of sound recordings, field notes and the like in Ethnomusicology in the Philippines and South East Asia. In line with this, he was recognized by the UNESCO Memory of the World.