STS Reviewer PDF: Science, Technology, and Society

STS REVIEWER EVOLUTION OF WRITING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Token ​ Direct antecedent of the Mesopotamian script ​ Recording device consisting of clay tokens of multiple shapes (Schmandt-Besserat 1996) ​ Used as counters to keep track of goods, were the earliest code—a system of signs fo...

STS REVIEWER EVOLUTION OF WRITING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Token ​ Direct antecedent of the Mesopotamian script ​ Recording device consisting of clay tokens of multiple shapes (Schmandt-Besserat 1996) ​ Used as counters to keep track of goods, were the earliest code—a system of signs for transmitting information Pictography ​ Pictographs – signs representing tokens traced with stylus ​ Signs representing plurality indicated quantity of units recorded ​ E.g. 23 jars of oil = 2 circles then 3 wedges Cuneiforms ​ Kish tablet – ancient Sumerian city of Kish ​ Oldest form of known writing, dated 3500 BC ​ Contains rudimentary symbols that convey meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object Hieroglyphs ​ Ancient Egyptian writing ​ Dated back to around 3 200 BC Logography ​ Shift from visual to aural ​ Phonetic signs – represents sounds of speech ​ Marked the second phase in the evolution of Mesopotamian writing ​ Token to spoken language ​ Phonetic symbols – transcription intended to represent distinct speech sound with a symbol ​ Among the first writing system to not use the pictorial signs is the phonetic system ​ Symbols refer to spoken sounds ​ Remnants of the system first appeared either around the 19th century BC through the Canaanite population from Central Egypt Alphabet  ​ Third phase of evolution of writing in the ancient Near East ​ Proto-Sinaitic or Proto-Canaanite alphabet– first alphabet that originated from present-day Lebanon. Has 22 letters each standing for a single sound of voice ​ System based on acrophony (signs to represent the first letter of the word) and consonantal (speech sounds) ​ Greek alphabet added vowels to make up the 27-letter Greek alphabet Modern Alphabet ​ Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic, Brahmani and Cyrillic alphabets were derived from Proto-Sinaitic alphabet ​ Latin Alphabet– direct descendant of the Etruscan alphabet which came from the Romans ​ Clear and legible miniscule cursive script was devised from the Latin script from which the modern day lower case was derived Writing ​ Handling data in Abstraction ​ Significant change in oral society, where knowledge was transmitted by word of mouth from one individual to another, face to face ​ Phonetics allowed writing to shift from a representational to a conceptual linguistic system Information Society ​ Society in which the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information has become the most significant economic and cultural activity ​ Contrasted with societies in which the economic underpinning is primarily Industrial or Agrarian. ​ The machine tools of the Information Society are computers and telecommunications, rather than lathes or ploughs ​ Successor of Industrial Society Digital Citizens ​ The people who have the means to partake in this form of society ​ Defined by K. Mossberger as “Those who use the Internet regularly and effectively” ​ This is one of many dozen labels that have been identified to suggest that humans are entering a new phase of society Growth in Information Society ​ It is estimated that, the world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986 - informational equivalent to less than one 730-MB CD-ROM per person in 1986 (539 MB per person), to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007 Necessity of Information in Modern Society ​ James R. Beniger “The need for sharply increased control that resulted from the industrialization of material processes through application of inanimate sources of energy probably accounts for the rapid development of automatic feedback technology in the early industrial period (1740-1830)” “Even with enhanced feedback control, industry could not have developed without the enhanced means to process matter and energy, not only as inputs of the raw materials of production but also as outputs distributed to final consumption” Written Language ​ Appeared to have come about around 1 200 BC in China and around 600 BC in the Americas ​ Some similarities between the early Mesopotamian language and the one developed in ancient Egypt suggests concept of a writing system from the Middle East Words ​ Combination of sounds that represents something ​ Made up of sounds and yet they transmit something more significant ​ “informed” because they carry “information” from the speaker and intended for the listener ​ Communicates meaning Language ​ System of communication ​ Can be written or spoken ​ Uses words in a structured and conventional way ​ Linguist Noam Chomsky defines language as a set of sentences constructed using a finite set of elements ​ Functions ○​ Communication ○​ Expression of identity ○​ Emotional release Component of Language ​ Vocabulary of words or symbols. ​ Meaning - attached to the words or symbols. ​ Grammar - set of rules that outline how vocabulary is used. ​ Syntax - organizes symbols into linear structures or propositions. ​ Narrative or discourse - consists of strings of syntatic propositions (subject-predicate judgements). ​ There must be (or have been) a group of people who use and understand the symbols Role of Language ​ Scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to make sense of nature Mathematics as the Language of Nature ​ Technology in the modern world is the fruit of science ​ Scientific method helped people discover how nature behaves – can control nature with technology ​ Discovery of the laws and language of nature- MATHEMATICS - developed technology that utilized these laws and language for their benefit ​ Nature can be understood because it speaks in the language of mathematics and the human brain. Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei is attributed with the quote, "Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe." “[The universe] cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word.” -​ OpereIl Saggiatore The vocabulary of math draws from many different alphabets and includes symbols unique to math Technology ​ Responsible for all the things and situations around us ​ Led to many breakthroughs ​ POPULATION GROWTH - simple factor that lead to the rapid advances since the industrial age 200 years ago ​ With the mortality rate going down faster than it ever was in the past 10 millennia, there was every demand for commodities among the masses TOP 7 WONDERS OF TECHNOLOGICAL WORLD Internet ​ Stores an immense portion of human knowledge and it is not just available to an elite few ​ We rely on the internet for gathering information, shopping, entertainment, news and communication Computers ​ Used in virtually every arena of human life –including medicine, science, crime detection, entertainment, and much more.  ​ The computer has revolutionized so many aspects of our lives that it is now hard to imagine life without it Lasers ​ Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation ​ Highly ubiquitous in varied applications in every section of modern society, including consumer electronics, information technology, science, medicine, industry, law enforcement, entertainment, and the military. Hubble Space Telescopes ​ Dpace telescopes ​ Enabled a multitude of incredible discoveries about our universe and origins to be made. ​ It has also provided us with some of the most beautiful images of all time. Linux ​ truly opened the door to Open Source software to more people than any other open source project ​ Family of free and open-source software operating systems based on Linux kernel International Space Station ​ Habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit ​ Largest human-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth ​ Consists of pressurized habitation modules,structural trusses, solar arrays, radiators, docking ports, experiment bays and robotic arms. iPod ​ Has an impact on how we listen to music, how we buy music and how we perceive entertainment as a whole Printing Press ​ Uses device for applying pressure to transfer ink on a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink ​ The ancient fascination with language gave rise to the preservation of the words of earlier people, at the same time, when the West weakened itself due to the internecine warfare and conflicts ​ The beginning of Printing Press during the 15th century had led to a true revolution ​ Invented by Johannes Gutenburg ​ He developed a hand-molded metal printing matrices that produces a movable type-based printing press system. ​ Allowed a precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities.  ​ Allowed people from different parts of the world to share their thoughts and ideas with each other, forming communities of thinkers across space and time WWW ​ combination of all resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol ​ Invented by Sir Tim Bernes-Lee to address data processing and information sharing needs of the scientists of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ​ CERN produced large amount of scientific data every second thus a better data analyzers to work on the gathered information ​ Reliability, however is compromised ​ It has also created a community of like-minded people ​ Worse, it can be used by the people in power to control public opinion and harass those with opposing views ​ Easy access to personal information makes one susceptible to online predation, identity theft, and scamming Social Media ​ Social - interacting with other people by sharing information with them and receiving information from them ​ Media - instrument of communication, like the internet (while TV, radio, and newspapers are examples of more traditional forms of media). ​ web-based communication tools that enable people to interact with each other by both sharing and consuming information ​ Often equated to mean the same as social networking ​ Computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks and communities. ​ By design, social media is internet-based and gives users quick electronic communication of content - personal information, documents, videos, and photos Common Features of Social Media Personal user accounts ​ If a site allows visitors to create their own accounts that they can log into - user-based interaction — perhaps social interaction. ​ Although it's possible to share information or interact with others online anonymously, having to create some kind of user account first is more of a common, standard thing Profile pages ​ Necessary to help represent an individual and give them a space to create their own personal brand  ​ Includes information about the individual user, like a profile photo, bio, website, feed of recent posts, recommendations, recent activity and more. Friends, followers, groups, hashtags ​ Individuals use their accounts to connect with other users. ​ Also used to subscribe to certain forms of information. News feeds ​ Information is updated for them in real-time via their news feed Personalization ​ Social media sites usually give users the flexibility to configure their user settings, customize their profiles to look a specific way organize their friends or followers, manage the information they see in their news feeds and even give feedback on what they do or don't want to see. Notifications ​ Any site or app that notifies users about specific information ​ Users have total control over these notifications and can choose to receive the types of notifications that they want Information updating, saving or posting ​ If a site or an app allows you to post absolutely anything, with or without a user account, then it's social Like buttons and comment sections ​ Two of the most common ways we interact on social media are via buttons that represent a 'like' plus comment sections Review, rating or voting systems ​ of social media sites and apps rely on the collective effort of the community to review, rate and vote on information that they know about or have used. Forms of Social Media ​ Photo sharing ​ Blogging ​ Social gaming ​ Social networks Media  ​ Refers to the information shared —link to an article, a video, an animated GIF, a PDF document, a simple status update or anything else. Networking ​ Has to do with who your audience is and the relationships you have with them. ​ Network: people like friends, relatives, colleagues, anyone from your past, current customers, mentors and even complete strangers. Traditional Media ​ Constitutes a set of media covering media channels such as television, newspapers, radio, and magazines ​ Any form of mass communication available before the advent of digital media Internet Revolution ​ The internet had its roots during the 1960’s as a project of the United States government’s Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized network. ​ This project was called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) Information ​ created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency established in 1969 to provide a secure and survivable communications network for organizations engaged in defense-related research ​ The standard protocol was invented in 1977 and was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). ​ TCP/IP allowed users to link various branches of other complex networks directly to the ARPANET, which soon ​ came to be called the Internet. Berners-Lee invents the Web ​ In 1989, English scientist Tim Berners-Lee (1955–) began work on a system he would eventually call the World Wide Web. His goal was to make the Internet accessible to everyone. Berners-Lee designed a standard set of protocols ​ Rules that create an exact format, or pattern of arrangement, for communication between systems. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) became the standard communications language on the Web HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) ​ It is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web ​ Hypertext is any text that can link to documents in other locations. ​ Photos and other images, sounds, and video with links are called hypermedia  ​ 1993 - 1995, the World Wide Web (www, or the Web), a user-friendly information-sharing network system, quietly came into being and began to spread ​ The Internet age began in the 1960s, when computer specialists in Europe began to exchange information from a main computer to a remote terminal by breaking down data into small packets of information that could be reassembled at the receiving end. The system was called packet-switching. ​ In 1993, Mosaic, a browser that adapted the graphics, familiar icons (picture symbols), and point-and-click methods, became available. ​ A year later, one of Mosaic's creators devised Netscape Navigator, a highly successful Web browser that gave users more comfortable Web access. ​ In 1995, Microsoft entered the competition with its Internet Explorer ​ Internet service providers such as CompuServe, America Online (AOL), Netcom, and Prodigy arose rapidly to meet the enormous demand for servers to link people to the Internet. Yahoo! Inc. ​ It was nothing more than a Web search index.By 1999, so many advertisers and investors had jumped on the Yahoo! bandwagon, it had become a major media company worth tens of billions of dollars. The stock of online auction house eBay, one of a growing number of e-commerce companies, increased 2,000 percent in value in less than a year when it went public in 1998 Amazon.com ​ 1995, a seller of books and other merchandise online, was valued in the multibillions long before it made its first annual profit in 2004. The dot-com bubble bursts. ​ Many dot-com companies were founded by young, innovative people who became suddenly rich when their companies’ stock prices rose. ​ Their employees were typically recent college graduates, lured by high salaries, fun work environments, and the promise of owning shares in ever-soaring company stocks. WEB 1.0 ​ The first iteration of the web represents the web 1.0, which, according to Berners-Lee, is the “read -only web” ​ The early web allowed us to search for information and read it. There was very little in the way of user interaction or content generation. ​ The overall goal it to present products to potential customers— much as a catalog or a brochure does—to anyone in the world. The web provides the exposure. WEB 2.0 and its Environment ​ Web 2.0 is the term given to describe a second generation of the World Wide Web that is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online via social media, blogging and Web-based communities Google ​ After the dot-com bubble burst, a second wave of Web industries arose, which came to be known as Web 2.0. The leader among them was a successful search engine called Google. ​ Search engines are software programs that help users locate Web sites. They use programs, called “spiders” or “robots,” that go out and collect information, which is then stored and indexed in the search engine's Web site databases. Blogs ​ had emerged, (a blog derived from “Web Log”) is an online commentary written by a nonprofessional writer in journal style that allows readers to respond mySpace ​ A social networking website with an estimated 154 million members YouTube ​ 2004, is a video sharing service that allows users to watch videos posted by other users and upload videos of their own. ​ A website on which users can display videos Wikipedia ​ The free online encyclopedia written and edited by its readers, grew into several-million-article project. ​ Hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation Internet ​ A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. Yahoo ​ 1994, is an Internet portal that incorporates a search engine and a directory of World Wide Web sites; chat groups, instant messaging, and e-mail. Google ​ 1998, search for information about (someone or something) on the Internet using the search engine. Skype ​ 2003, a voice over Internet Protocol software application used for voice, video and instant messaging communications Mobile Phone ​ is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area ​ support a variety of other services, such as: ○​ text messaging, SMS (SHORT MESSAGE SERVICES) ○​ MMS, (MULTIMEDIA MESSAGING SERVICES) ○​ E-mail; ○​ Internet access; ○​ Short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), Mobile Phone ○​ business applications; ○​ - video games; and ○​ - digital photography ​ Mobile phones offering only those capabilities are known as feature phones; mobile phones which offer greatly advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphone Laptop ​ A portable microcomputer having its main components (such as processor, keyboard, and display screen) integrated into a single unit capable of battery-powered operation EUDAIMONIA ​ Concept of “living well and doing well” ○​ Eu – good ○​ Daimon – spirit HAPPINESS ​ Ultimate end of human action ​ it is what people pursue for its own sake ​ Defines a good life which comes from a life of virtue, a life of excellence, manifested from the personal to the global scale VIRTUE ​ Plays a significant role in the living and attainment of the good life ​ Constant practice of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances may be ​ Excellence of character that empowers one to do good and be good ​ Cultivated with habit and discipline which is not a one time deed, but a constant and consistent series of actions Intellectual Virtue ​ its birth Owesand growth to teaching for it requires experience and time  ​ Can be taught formally ​ Involve knowledge and understanding of causes and ends Moral Virtue ​ Result of habit ​ Acquired through practice and experience ​ Involves acquiring habits of character and have to do with the appropriate management of emotions ○​ Temperance or moderation ○​ Justice ○​ Courage or fortitude ○​ Generosity ○​ Friendliness ○​ Witness ○​ Truthfulness ARISTOTLE ​ 384-322 BC ​ Born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, Greece ​ Father of Western Philosophy ​ Important ancient Greek philosopher whose work spans from natural philosophy to logic and political theory ​ Writings covered physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, psychology, linguistics, economics, politics and government NICOMACHEAN ETHICS ​ Aristotle’s best-known work on ethics ​ One of the most important impact upon the ​ European Middle Ages, becoming one of the core works of medieval philosophy ​ Became critical in the development of all modern philosophy as well as European law and theology ETHICS ​ Moral Philosophy ​ Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior ​ Systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior S&T and GOOD LIFE ​ The onward progress of science and technology is also the movement towards the good life ​ S&T is one of the highest expressions of human faculties ​ It may also corrupt a person, but grounding oneself in virtue will help him/her steer clear of danger TECHNOLOGY ​ Impacts personal choice concerning the ​ good life TECHNOLOGICAL LIBERALISM ​ Technoliberalism ​ Idea that technology permits an extending of individual volition concerning the good without distortion ​ Highlights the idea that technology should be available to everyone without controls WEAKENING OF MORAL CONSTRAINTS ​ Moral standards have not themselves declined, but that traditional moral authority — the authority of religion and the church, the state, the family — has all but collapsed ​ This development is rooted in the Enlightenment but has accelerated sharply, due in part to the erosion of cultural boundaries associated with globalization and its technologies of transport and communication, and to the suburbanization of society PrE-COLONIAL PERIOD ​ Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipinos had their own system of science and technology ​ Alphabet and number system were developed ​ System for farming, disease treatment, shipbuilding, mining, weaving and animal raising ​ Building of the Banaue Rice Terraces SPANISH PERIOD ​ Walls, roads, bridges, and other large infrastructures were built ​ Parish schools were built – religion, writing, reading, arithmetic and music ​ Medicine was given focus ​ Spanish government developed health and education systems were enjoyed by the principalia class ​ Galleon Trade – opening of the Suez canal AMERICAN PERIOD ​ Modernization ​ Bureau of Science – nurture development in the field of science and technology ​ Science was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine and pharmacy ​ However, there is a lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget on scientific studies Pres. Ferdinand Marcos  ​ Ammendment of the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 ​ Advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development January 23, 1967 ​ Revitalized science courses in public highschools ​ Department of Education and National Development Science Board January 22, 1968 ​ Additional funding for applied sciences and science education April 6, 1968 ​ Proclaimed 35ha in Bicutan, ​ Taguig, Rizal as the site for the Philippine Science Community ​ Seminars, trainings and workshops for private and public teachers ​ Scholarships for undergraduate and graduate students ​ Workshops for oceanography and fishery Established Offices and Institutes ​ Philippine Coconut Research Institute ​ Philippine Textile Research Institute ​ Philippine Atomic Energy Commission ​ Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and ​ Astronomical Services Administration ​ National Academy of Science and Technology ​ National Science and Technology Authority ​ Philippine Science Highschool (in Visayas and Mindanao) Pres. Corazon Aquino ​ AquinoNational Science and Technology was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology ​ One of her goals is to improve science and technology in the country and to achieve industrialization by the year 2000 ​ R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 ​ “Science of the Masses Program” / “Science for the People” – promotion of science for the benefit of the people Pres. Fidel V. Ramos ​ Increased number of scientists – 3,000 scientific personnel ​ Addition of high technology equipment ​ “Doctors to the Barrio” program  ​ National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology ​ Magna carta for Science and Technology Personnel (RA 8439) ​ Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994 (RA 7687) ​ Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act (RA 7459) ​ Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293) Pres. Ejercito Estrada ​ Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749) ​ Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (RA 8792) ○​ Outlaws computer hacking ○​ Provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from Internet-driven New Economy Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ​ “Golden Age of Science and Technology” ​ Numerous laws and projects related to the environment and science to push science and technology ​ Filipinnovation – to make Philippines and innovation hub in Asia ​ Science, technology and mathematics ​ curriculum enhanced in Philippine Science Highschools ​ Biofuels Act – alternative fuel Pres. Benigno Aquino II New National Scientists ​ Academician Gavina Trono ​ Academician Angel Alcala ​ Academician Ramon Barba ​ Academician Edgardo Gomez Pres. Rodrigo Duterte MOA with the South Korean President Moon Jae In: ​ Cooperation in the field of transport between the Department of Transportation and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport ​ Scientific and technological cooperation between the Department of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Science and ICT ​ Trade and economic cooperation between the Department of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy ​ Expansion of renewable energy deployment between the Department of National Defense and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy ​ Republic Act No. 11035 ​ Act Institutionalizing the Balik Scientist Program” ​ Participate in DOST’s Grants-in-Aid research and development ​ Tax and duty exemptions to importation of professional equipment and materials, free medical and accident insurance covering the award period, reimbursement of expenses for baggage related to scientific projects, and even exemption from “renouncing their oath of allegiance to the country where they took the oath.”