Evolution of Writing Systems

Evolution of Writing and Communication

• Tokens were the direct antecedent to Mesopotamian script
• Tokens were recording devices of multiple shapes made of clay
• They acted as counters for goods and were the earliest form of signs for information transmission

Pictography

• Pictographs involved stylus-traced signs that represented tokens
• Plurality was shown by indicating quantities of units written
• An example is representing 23 jars of oil using 2 circles and 3 wedges

Cuneiforms

• The Kish tablet originated in Kish, an ancient Sumerian city
• The oldest known writing form dates back to 3500 BC
• Cuneiforms used rudimentary symbols conveying meaning through pictorial resemblance to objects

Hieroglyphs

• Ancient Egyptian writing used Hieroglyphs
• Hieroglyphs date back to around 3,200 BC

Logography

• Phonetic signs represented sounds of speech, marking the 2nd phase of Mesopotamian writing
• It refers to the shifting from visual to aural
• Phonetic symbols are transcriptions representing distinct speech sounds with symbols
• The phonetic system was among the first writing systems not to use pictorial signs
• Symbols refer to spoken sounds
• The system's remnants first appeared around the 19th century BC among the Canaanite population of Central Egypt

Alphabet Evolution

• The alphabet was the 3rd phase of writing evolution in the ancient Near East
• The Proto-Sinaitic or Proto-Canaanite alphabet originated from present-day Lebanon
• It used 22 letters, each standing for a single sound
• The system was based on acrophony and consonantal sounds
• The Greek alphabet added vowels to have 27 letters

Modern Alphabet Derivation

• The Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic, Brahmani, and Cyrillic alphabets came from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet
• The Latin alphabet is a direct descendant of the Etruscan alphabet from the Romans
• Modern lowercase script came from clear, legible minuscule cursive in Latin script

Writing's Key Aspects

• Writing involves handling data in abstraction
• Writing caused a significant change from oral societies, where knowledge was verbally transmitted face to face
• Phonetics allowed a shift from representational to conceptual linguistic systems

Information Society Definition

• This society has creation, distribution, and manipulation of information as a key cultural and economic activity
• This is in contrast to industrial or agrarian societies that focus more on material production
• Machine tools being used in the Information Society include computers and telecommunications
• The Information Society is the successor to the Industrial Society

Digital Citizens Qualities

• Describing people with the means to participate in the Information Society
• K. Mossberger defined digital citizens as those who effectively and regularly use the Internet
• Digital citizen is among many labels identifying humans entering a new societal phase

Information Society Growth

• It has been estimated world technological capacity to store information grew to 2.6 optimally compressed exabytes in 1986
• This equates to less than one 730 MB CD-ROM per person in 1986 (539MB per person)
• In 2007 capacity reached 295 optimally compressed exabytes

Information Importance in Modern Society

• James R. Beniger stated that increased control from industrialization, along with using inanimate energy, led to the development of automatic feedback technology in the early industrial period of 1740-1830
• Enhanced feedback control and processing matter and energy allowed industry to develop

Written Language Emergence

• Around 1200 BC in China and 600 BC in the Americas, written language emerged
• Early Mesopotamian language similarities and ancient Egyptian development suggest a writing system concept arose from the Middle East

Words: Meaning and Function

• Words combine sounds that represent something
• They consist of sounds that transmit more than just the sounds themselves
• Words "inform" because they carry information from the speaker to the listener
• Words communicate meaning

Language as Communication

• A language is any system of communication
• Language can be written or spoken
• Words are used in a structured, conventional manner in languages
• Noam Chomsky defines language as a set of sentences using a finite set of elements
• Language has three main functions: Communication, expression of identity, and emotional release.

Language Components

• Vocabulary includes words or symbols
• Meaning becomes attached to words or symbols
• Grammar consists of rules that outline how vocabulary is used
• Syntax organizes symbols into structures or propositions
• Narrative or discourse includes strings of syntatic propositions
• Language requires a group of people who use and understand symbols

Role of Language in Seeking Truth

• Scientific searches for truth have recognized the usefulness of language
• It is able to make sense of nature

Mathematics

• Modern technology is the outcome of science
• The scientific method helped people to control nature using discoveries about its behavior
• Mathematics utilizes the laws and language of nature to develop technology
• Galileo Galilei said, "Mathematics is the language in which God has written the universe."
• “[The universe] cannot be read until we have learnt the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word.” - OpereIl Saggiatore
• The vocabulary of math uses symbols in differing alphabets

Technology's Role

• Technology shapes all the things and situations around society
• It leads to many breakthroughs
• Population growth leads to advances since the Industrial Age 200 years ago
• Commodity demand increased as the mortality rate decreased

Top Tech Wonders

• Includes the Internet, computers, lasers, Hubble Space Telescopes, Linux, International Space Station, iPod, and Printing Press

Internet

• The Internet stores immense amount of human knowledge available widely
• Used for gathering information, shopping, entertainment, news, and communication

Computers

• Almost every arena of human life uses computers
• It has become difficult to imagine life without the computer

Lasers

• Light amplification by stimulated emission of raditation(LASER)
• Lasers are used in consumer electronics, information technology, science, and the military

Hubble Space Telescopes

• Space telescopes make discoveries about the universe and produce images

Linux

• Allows more people to access Open Source software
• A family of open-source operating systems are based on the Linux kernel

International Space Station

• The ISS is an artificial satellite in low Earth orbit
• It is the largest human-made body and can be seen with the naked eye from Earth
• It consists of habitation modules, structural trusses, solar arrays, radiators, docking ports, experiment bays, and robotic arms

iPod

• The iPod altered how music is accessed, purchased, and how entertainment is viewed

Printing Press

• The device uses pressure to transfer ink on paper or cloth
• It preserves earlier people's languages
• Johannes Gutenburg invented the Printing Press during the 15th century
• He developed hand-molded metal printing matrices for a movable type-based press
• It created precise and rapid metal movable types

WWW

• The WWW combines all Internet resources using Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• Tim Bernes-Lee invented WWW to address data and information sharing for CERN scientists
• CERN produced a large amount of data requiring data analyzers
• Creates a community of like-minded people
• The reliability is compromised with the creation of WWW
• Can be used to control public opinion and harass others
• Easy access to data could lead to online crime

Social Media

• Consists of social components from interactions with others by receiving and giving information from them
• Media uses instruments of communication, such as internet
• Uses communication tools online
• Allows the building of communities and networks
• It gives users electronic communication

Social Media Features

Personal User Accounts

• Allows users to create accounts for interactions

Profile Pages

• Allows users to create brand
• Gives information about the user

Friends, Followers, Groups, Hashtags

• Connects to users

News Feeds

• Information is updated for the user

Personalization

• Allows users to reconfigure setting

Notifications

• Notifies users with information

Information Updates

• Allows any user to post

Like Buttons and Comments

• Buttons and comments facilitate interactions

Review Systems

• Allows the community to rate

Forms of Social Media

• Photo sharing and Blogging
• Social gaming Social networks

Media in Networking

• Includes articles, videos and documents

Networking Aspects

• Includes audiences and relationships
• The network includes anyone from past or present

Traditional Media vs Digital

• Television, newspapers, radio, and magazines
• any communication before digital media

Internet Revolution Origins

• Roots of the Internet developed in 1960's
• Project from US department to create network
• This project was ARPANET

Information Innovation

• The Pentagon created ARPANET in 1969 to create secure network
• The TCP/IP was invented in 1977
• TCP/IP connected users to other branches

Berner's Lee Invented Network

• Made it accessible to everyone in 1989
• Designed protocols and communication
• HTTP became standard for world wide web

HTTP

• Allows one to transfer files
• Hypertext allows links to other locations
• Media are any linked photos

World Wide Web

• Between 1993-1995 it became user friendly
• Exchange of information broke down into packets
• Mosaic adapted icons and became available
• Netscape became successful Web Browser
• Microsoft entered in to competitor in 1995
• Services such as CompuServe connected with users

Yahoo!

• It was nothing more than a Web search index
• By 1999 it became heavily advertised
• Stock increased greatly compared to eBay

Amazon

• The company made profit and was valued greatly by 1995
• It was the era of Dot-com

WEB 1.0

• First iteration for only viewing
• The overall goal was potential exposure

WEB 2.0

• It creates community and sharing of information

Google Qualities

• Emerged in Web 2.0
• It leads with technology
• It helps and collects information
• Index stored data

Blogs Traits

• Derived from Web Log
• Serves as open comment section

MySpace Qualities

• Creates social groups
• 154 million users

YouTube

• Founded in 2004
• Allows for uploads

Wikipedia

• It is written readers with the WIkimedia foundation

Internet

• It is a set of communication networks that provide information

Yahoo

• Web portal
• Incorporates engine

Google

• Search engine

Skype

• Allows communication

Cell Phone Traits

• It can make calls and moving within a range
• Sends texts, MMS, and e-mail
• Connects to internet
• Can be both
• Smartphones allow for great advancement

Laptop Quality

• Computer system
• Battery powered

Eudaimonia Qualities

• It's defined as "living well"
• "Eu" refers to "good" in Greek, and "Daimon" refers to "spirit"

Happiness

• The ultimate action
• Defines goodness through virtues of excellence

Qualities of Virtue

• Helps to play a significance in better life
• It means constantly doing good deeds
• Excellence that empowers
• Practicing habits

Intellectual Virtue

• Requires growing and teaching

Moral Virtue

• Result from Habits
• acquired with practice
• Manage own emotions with Temperance, justice, courage, generosity, and friendship

Aristotle

• 384-322 BC
• Father in Philosophy in Greece
• Theorist in Greek
• Wrote essays and music

Nicomachean Code

• Known works from Aristotle
• Impacted the Europe
• developed in law and theology

Ethics

• Moral principles that govern behavior
• Systematizing defending

Science and Technology and Good Life

• Movement for progress in good life
• Its an expression
• grounding clears danger

technology impact

• influences the state of good life

Technological Liberalism Focus

• idea allowing free volition
• tech should be available

weakening constraints

• moral collapsed to the authority
• rooted in communication

precolonial Period

• filipinos system for science
• alphabet developed
• building

Spanish Period

• bulit infrastructures
• religion focused with schools
• medicine focus
• developed by Spanish
• trade happened

American Period

• modernization happened with Bureau
• focused with agriculture
• minimal support

amendment

• 1973 philippine

Board

• helped with science
• additional funding
• site proclaimed site

Proclaimed Offices

• developed offices
• and institiues for

president period

• Corazon Aquino replaced with technology
• improve and industrialize 2000
• programs were developed

president periodo II

• increased scientists
• added barrio program

program

• designed with children
• RAs with scholarship

EJERCITO Estrada laws

• laws passed
• e-commerce act to stop hacking

Macapagal Laws

• Golden age with numerous laws
• focus to make hub

Aquino Created New Scientists

• Academician formed

Duterte

• MOA for technology and department
• created act