Reviewer-CulSocPol-1st-Quarter PDF

CULSOCPOL CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS - Can be educated by solely focuses on CULTURE religion CULTURE GENDER - Set of learned behaviors, attitudes,...

CULSOCPOL CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS - Can be educated by solely focuses on CULTURE religion CULTURE GENDER - Set of learned behaviors, attitudes, - LGBTQI+ Community beliefs, values that characterizes a Nationality vs Ethnicity society or a people in group ETHNICITY - Tells what the individual does, what to - cultural term, traditions do, now does the society do those - specific environment, such as things and how should relate to other Kapampangan people NATIONALITY - Kapampangan – best in cooking, - Political term – has different ethnicity fashion within the nation - Collective behavior in region, province - Dialect or a specific place - Ex. Filipino SOCIETY - Jus Soli – based on place SOCIETY - Jus Sanguinis – based on parents, by - Group of people living together birth - family is the basic unit of society ETHNICITY - social institutions - 180 indigenous ethnic groups - interact with each other and share a - More than 100 tribal groups common culture Major Ethno- Percentage - for harmony and peace within the Linguistics Groups society in the PH POLITICS Tagalog 28% POLITICS Cebuano 13.1% - study of government industry Ilocano 9% - Public Administration, opinion Bisaya 7.6% - STATE: people, government, territory Illonggo/Hiligaynon 7.5% sovereignty (ability to implement law) Bikol 6% Waray 3.4% SEX AND GENDER Others 25.3% - Sex – biological characteristics - Gender – socially constructed roles, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS behaviors, attributes, activities, SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS attributes - category of persons who have more or EVOLUTION less same socioeconomic privileges in a Pre-colonial society Sex Gender-role - people from different social classes are Male Datu/ rajah, bagani bound to experience life differently Female Binukot, Farmer, or Land tiller EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL CLASS Male & Female Merchant, Potter, A. Precolonial B. Spanish American Weaver, Babaykan Maharlika Peninsulares “Equality” COLONIAL Timawa Insulares Advocacy of Independence - Restrained from other activities outside and liberty their homes Alipin Mestizos - Females cannot join to intellectual Indio little brown discussion brothers  INCOME GROUP EXCEPTIONALITY EXCEPTIONALITY - Quality or characteristics of a person that makes him or her different from an established norm in society - Leans on non-average capacity of individuals - Genius says, disabled, challenged - Respect and accept them CULTURAL VARIATION CULTURAL VARIATION - promotes diversity and plurality (positive) - Result into diversity and ostracism (negative) - we don't discriminate people who came from other places RICH SOCIAL PHENOMENA - Nouveau rich – poor to rich SOCIOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND - Traditional upper class – generational POLITICAL SCIENCE wealth SOCIAL PHENOMENA POLITICAL IDENTITY - All behaviors or trends that occur within POLITICAL IDENTITY a society, which can be performed by - set of attitudes and practices that an some or all the members and having a individual adheres to in relation to concrete effect or consequences. political system and actors with his or THREE SOCIAL CLASSES her society. - Sociology, Anthropology, and Political - Subscribing to a pollical belief such Science communism, democracy, and socialism ANTHROPOLOGY RELIGION ANTHROPOLOGY RELIGION - Study of Culture - Set of practices and behaviors that - Greek word “antropos” – Man relate to group of people's belief in God - “logo” – Study or group of gods - The study of people — their origins, their - when associated ceremonial or development, and contemporary ritualistic practices by which people try variations, wherever and whenever they to interpret and/or influence aspects of have been found on the face of the Earth the universe otherwise beyond human (Ember, Ember, and Peregrine, 2010). control - Tristes Tropiques (a memoir) by Claude TOP RELIGIONS: Levi-Strauss (French) – classic study in - Christianity anthropology. - Buddhism - Studies humans as both biological and - Islam - Indian social creatures - Judaism BIOLOGICALLY - Hinduism - Homo-sapiens / Ape-like, - Chinese religion - Physical creatures (homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens) 2|AB K  SOCIALLY SOCIOLOGY - Social/Cultural differences, human SOCIOLOGY interactions - Study of Society KEY INFORMANTS - Scientific inquiry that covers human - Individuals in a society who have social activities significant knowledge on the topic being - Social relationships, social organization studied by the anthropologist. (groups), Social interactions (institution) - Participant – observation method SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION (C. Wright FIVE SUBDICIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY Mills) 1. Archaeology - Vivid awareness of the relationship 2. Cultural Anthropology between experience in a wide society. 3. Linguistics Anthropology - Public issue & personal 4. Physical Anthropology Homelessness 5. Applied Anthropology - Choices / Attitudes CULTURE - Laziness, Lack of motivation, - Everything that person learns as a Uneducated member of a society - Social Factors CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE - Unemployment, High housing 1. CULTURE IS EVERYTHING Costs, Lack of Social Programs - Implies all of person’s belief CONFLICT THEORY (Karl Marx) system, set of behaviors, and - Class struggle material possessions. - The society is based on equal - Material Culture – all tangible distribution and access of scarce and visible parts of culture – materials. clothes, food, buildings. - Tale of Two Thieves - Nonmaterial Culture - all SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY (Max intangible parts of culture – Weber) values, ideas, knowledge. - Shared meaning developed through 2. CULTURE IS LEARNED symbols and language. - Individual learns through their - Social meanings are shaped by people family, school, church, etc. (gestures & others). 3. CULTURE IS SHARED OBJECT - Communally owned and - Actions practiced by members of society. - Other people 4. CULTURE AFFECTS BIOLOGY - Symbols - Humans are born into cultures - Material things that have values on beauty and - Relationships body. POLITICAL SCIENCE 5. CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE POLITICAL SCIENCE - Tool for survival that humans use - Study of Polotics in response to the pressures of - Greek word “polis” – City-State their environment. - “scire” – To know 6. CULTURE IS MALADAPTIVE - Study of governments, public, policies, - It can also cause problems for political processes, systems and the people who subscribe to it. political behaviors 7. CULTURE CHANGES - Final characteristics of culture is that it is never static. 3|AB K SUBDICIPLINES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ETHNOCENTRISM 1. POLITICAL THEORY - ethno - "people" - Examines the contemporary - centric - "center" application of political concepts - Her belief that her cuisine is the best is such as human rights, equality, a classic example of ethnocentrism peace, and justice. - the tendency of each society to place its 2. COMPARATIVE POLITICS own culture patterns at the center of - Monarch things - Aims to provide context to ETHNOCENTRIC differences in government and - thinking your own culture is better than political systems. another culture 3. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS FUNCTIONS OF ETHNOCENTRISM - Diplomacy - encourages solidarity ("we feeling") - Study of state-to-state relations - continuance of the "status quo" interaction between state and (stability is promoted, as traditions are nonstate global actors. highly valued) 4. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR DISADVANTAGES OF ETHNOCENTRISM - Credentials of a Politician - Could prevent change for the better - Attitudes, knowledge, and - May lead to violence actions of an individual in CAUSES OF ETHNOCENTRISM response to political variable - Lack of information such as policies created by the - Less understanding government behavior of - Leads to... Culture Shock politician and general political CULTURE SHOCK environment. CULTURE SHOCK 5. PUBLIC POLICY - sense of disorientation or confusion - Inquires on the types of from being immersed in a new culture, governmental policies and the way of life, or set of attitudes underlying motivations for their - If you go to a foreign country, where the enactment and implementation. culture is quite different from your 6. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION native culture, the culture shock occurs. - Examines various administrative - Food is strange schemes implemented by - Life pace is faster government officials. - Timing, language, gestures, body ASPECTS OF CULTURE language are different CULTURE CULTURE FEELINGS IN CULTURE SHOCK - Colere “to cultivate” - Surprised - Way of life - Confused - people's shared ways of doing and - Unsure thinking - Frustrated - "that complex whole which includes - Nervous knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, STAGES IN CULTURE SHOCK custom, and any other capabilities and STAGE 01 - HONEYMOON STAGE habits acquired by man (humanity) as a - tourist stage member of society." – E.B Taylor - characterized by happiness, Primitive Culture, 1871 anticipation, and excitement 4|AB K STAGE 02 - CULTURE SHOCK CULTURAL RELATIVISM Negotiation Stage/Culture Shock CULTURAL RELATIVISM - frustration and anxiety - All cultures must be understood in - difficulties and disconnectedness. terms of their own values and beliefs, - Elevator floor numbers not by the standards of another - Google translates for other language - under this principle, no culture is better - Getting too early at work than any other and cultures can only be - Speaking too Loud judged on whether they are meeting the STAGE 03 - ADJUSTMENT PHASE needs of their own people - development of routines Culture as heritage - TANGIBLE - homesickness subsides - produced and created based on specific - fewer negative emotions practical purposes - feeling comfortable and better - Icons of cultural memory-irreplaceable integrated no more feeling of isolation emblems of events and personalities and loneliness Culture as heritage - INTANGIBLE - no more feeling of isolation and - Marcos Regime loneliness - kulay sa pandanggo STAGE 04 - ADAPTATION PHASE - music - feeling comfortable and better ENCULTURATION AND SOCIALIZATION integrated SOCIALIZATION - no more feeling of isolation and SOCIALIZATION loneliness - is a process by which individuals RACISM acquire the knowledge, language, social RACISM skills, and values to conform to the - a belief that race is a fundamental norms and roles required integration determinant of human traits and into a group or society. capacities and that racial differences - Where a person learns the physical, produce an inherent superiority of a mental, and social skills needed to particular race survive in their society. XENOCENTRISM - Takes place through interaction process XENOCENTRISM - By direct teaching process by parents, - preference for the foreign school, peers, and mass media - It is a culturally based tendency to value - The socialism effects are visible by an other cultures more highly than one's accepted behavior own. (Crossman, 2020) - Primary Socialization is sometimes XENOPHOBIA called Enculturation XENOPHOBIA AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION - It is the fear or contempt of foreign - Family, church, friends, school, social people, places or things. (Nittle, 2019) media - fear of what is perceived as foreign or TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION strange PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION - fear of losing identity - Family (with observation usually) - Suspicion SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION - Aggression - Schools, friends, and church - desire to eliminate DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION - Other people for guide in society Ex. Teacher RESOCIALIZATION 5|AB K  - When there is development in your - Stricter in folkways being of human - Moral / ethical behavior ENCULTURATION - Difference between right and wrong ENCULTURATION - Dictated by values, ethics, and religion - The process by which a person adopts TABOOS the behavior patterns of the culture he - Absolutely forbidden; strong negative likes in. norm; extreme disgust - Process of observation - Strong negative norm - No need for direct teaching - Violation results in extreme disgust or - Process in a cultural surrounding expulsion - Socialization skills are important things LAWS to learn in early stages of enculturation - Rules and regulations implemented by Ex. the state Learning and internalizing appropriate dress STATUS codes STATUS Learning to avoid cultural taboos - Individual’s position in a society - Focus more on the acquisition of ROLES cultural traits. - Set of expectations from people who IDENTITY FORMATION occupy a particular status IDENTITY FORMATION TYPES OF ROLES: - Compilation of values, attitudes, and ROLE PERFORMANCE beliefs that individuals receive from ROLE SET their family, peers, and community ROLES STRAIN enables them to create a personal - Stress within a single role identity that simultaneously separates ROLE CONFLICT them from the other members of the - Clash between 2 or more roles group and incorporates them in its CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE system. CONFORMITY VALUES CONFORMITY VALUES - The act of following the roles and goods - Good, acceptable, and right of one’s society NORMS - Involves a change in belief or behavior - Right action binding upon the members to fit in or align their attitudes and of a group to regulate acceptable behaviors with the people they interact behavior of socialize with: TYPES OF NORMS: o Identity FOLKWAYS o Belongingness - Socially approved behaviors that have THREE TYPES OF CONFORMITY: no moral under pinning 1. COMPLIANCE - Casual interaction - Conforming to a rule; fulfilling a desire, - Repetition of routine demand, proposal, regimen or coercion - Distinction from rude and polite - Acceptance in public, rejection in behavior private - Impose discipline 2. IDENTIFICATION - Manners of life - A process by which an individual aspires - Right behavior for a specific situation to pattern himself / herself after MORES another, but only while he / she is in the - Moral conventions; right and wrong presence of the other person 6|AB K  3. INTERNALIZATION - Actions are initially not considered - Acceptance and incorporation of the deviant until they are labeled as such by standard or belief of other persons or of members of the community the society by the individual CONFLICT THEORY TWO TYPES OF INFLUENCES: - The group that has access to power 1. NORMATIVE INFLUENCE determines which actions are deviant - Going along with the groups so they will based on their perceived advantage like you RPBERT K. MERTON’S DEVIANCE TYPOLOGY - Influenced when many are doing the act | STRUCTURAL STRAIN THEORY 2. INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE CONFOMRITY - Going along with the group because you - Accepted by law, accepted by culture think they know more than you do INNOVATION DEVIANCE - Rejected by law, accepted by culture DEVIANCE RITUALISM - Violating the prescribed social norms - Rejected by culture, accepted by law - Behavior that departs from social RETREATISM expectations - Rejected by culture, rejected by law TYPES OF DEVIANCE: POSITIVE DEVIANCE - Behavior that is outside the norm but later viewed as appreciate or even heroic; NEGATIVE DEVIANCE - Behavior that goes against the norms and has detrimental effect on individual and society in general FORMAL DEVIANCE - Criminal violation of formally enacted laws INFORMAL DEVIANCE - Violations of informal social norms, which are norms that have not been codified into law “ALL CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR is DEVIANT, while not all deviant behavior is CRIMNAL.” THEORIES SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY - Lack of strong social bonds RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY - Decision to follow or go against the norms depends on perceived cost and benefits DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY - Conformity and deviance is learned by an individual from those he or she associates with LABELING THEORY 7|AB K