Period 4 US History Review Sheet PDF

Review Sheet: PERIOD 4 MCQ/SAQ Type B Stuff to know: Federal Supremacy with regard to taxation: The Articles of Confederation had prevented the national government from collecting taxes from the states, leaving tax collection up to the states on a voluntary basis, thereby undermining...

Review Sheet: PERIOD 4 MCQ/SAQ Type B Stuff to know: Federal Supremacy with regard to taxation: The Articles of Confederation had prevented the national government from collecting taxes from the states, leaving tax collection up to the states on a voluntary basis, thereby undermining the economy. Under the United States Constitution, one of the first objectives was to establish national credit and develop the economy. Alexander Hamilton, Treasury secretary, proposed that the federal government assume all of the individual debts of each state from the war in order to create credit that the federal government would eventually pay off. This reinforced the supremacy of the federal government and provided stability for the new United States economy in the 1790s and early nineteenth century Some Americans continued to object to government taxation to raise funds after the ratification of the United States Constitution. During the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refused to recognize a federal tax on liquor and took action to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax. Rebellions challenging the authority of the federal government threatened to undermine the new federal government, and President Washington ended the rebellion with a display of military force that intimidated the rebels into ceasing their actions without further violence. The delegates at the Constitutional Convention, commissioned with revising the Articles of Confederation, ultimately produced the United States Constitution, which sought to strengthen the powers of the federal government over the states. Among the powers of the new federal government were powers over taxation, interstate commerce, foreign policy, and the money supply The Market Revolution, textile mills, women in the workforce While the market revolution in the 1820s and 1830s brought more American men into wage labor outside of the home, the new cash economy did not make obsolete the ongoing importance of women’s unpaid labor to the economic survival of the household. The increased distinctions between the domestic sphere of the home as the purview of women and a refuge from the public sphere of the wage labor market stood in contrast to the reality of the work women in the antebellum period contributed to the economic livelihood of the household and often to new types of paid labor outside the household, such as that in textile mills, shoe factories, or other early industrial labor open to women. As early industrial factories and mills, particularly in the Northeast, looked for an inexpensive and available workforce, women who sought to support the  economy of their family’s household, whether their parents’ or their husband’s, entered this type of work in increasing numbers. The influx of additional income by women contributed to the increased reliance of American households on the new cash economy. Many conservative groups raised concerns about the effect of women’s work outside the home on child raising and household management, which had long been conceived of as the traditional sphere for women, while men earned the family’s income. As more women entered the workforce in the latter half of the twentieth century, many Americans voiced concerns that women’s focus on careers began to overtake their focus on domestic responsibilities, and some argued that the rise in divorce rates in the 1970s and 1980s could be attributed to this decline in the nuclear family Population expansion during the Antebellum period and its impact on Indians and sectionalism Following the American Revolution, the population in North America continued to increase as a result of natural birth rates, increased standards of living, ongoing immigration from northwestern Europe, and forced migration from Africa. As the country began expanding westward, particularly with land added by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the increase in population resulted in a continuous stream of settlers moving into new territory. As Americans sought to populate and settle beyond the eastern coastlines, they ran into several pockets of established American Indian communities, such as the Cherokee, who claimed independent sovereignty from United States authority. Many of these groups had signed treaties decades earlier with either the United States federal government or the state government. It would take the actions of President Andrew Jackson in the 1830s to forcibly remove these American Indian communities before these areas were settled by White American citizens. As northern and southern interests vied to influence national politics and policy, the admission of new states to the Union generated controversy about the expansion of slavery. Many locals and proslavery supporters wanted Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state over the protests of northerners who feared a southern majority in the federal government and in Congress The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations The tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing. Southerners, arguing that the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense, referred to it as the Tariff of Abominations. John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson’s vice president and a native of South Carolina, proposed the theory of nullification,  which declared the tariff null and void within a state's borders and was unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable. He argued that since the authority of the federal government derived from the consent of the states, states could nullify any federal law they considered unconstitutional. The tariff became known to its Southern opponents as the Tariff of Abominations. Tariffs heightened sectional tensions because they raised prices on manufactured goods, which benefited the domestic manufacturing industry in the North but was bad for Southern slaveholders who had to pay higher prices for goods. Southerners also feared that foreign countries would enact higher tariffs on raw materials produced in the South. Moreover, because the British reduced their exports to the United States in response to the tariff, they had less money to pay for US imports, especially cotton from the South. As a result, the British imported less cotton, which further depressed the Southern economy. The Declaration of Sentiments, 1848 The Declaration of Sentiments, written primarily by Stanton, was based on the Declaration of Independence to parallel the struggles of the Founding Fathers with those of the women’s movement, outlining the rights that American women should be entitled to as citizens, that emerged from the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in July 1848. The Declaration of Sentiments begins by asserting the equality of all men and women and reiterates that both genders are endowed with unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It argues that women are oppressed by the government and the patriarchal society of which they are a part. The text then lists 16 facts illustrating the extent of this oppression, including the lack of women’s suffrage, participation, and representation in the government; women’s lack of property rights in marriage; inequality in divorce law; and inequality in education and employment opportunities. The document insists that women be viewed as full citizens of the United States and be granted all the same rights and privileges that were granted to men. Historians on the Era of Good Feelings The nation's transition to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. Debates fostered by social and political groups about the role of government in social, political and economic life shape government policy, institutions, political parties and the rights of citizens.