Unit 4 US History Notes PDF

Missouri Compromise: -Slavery was an issue with the land from the Louisiana Purchase -Important because it balances the number of free and slave states Henry Clay suggested: -Slavery would be prohibited in most of the Louisiana territory (except Missouri) -Maine (free state) and Missouri would both...

Missouri Compromise: -Slavery was an issue with the land from the Louisiana Purchase -Important because it balances the number of free and slave states Henry Clay suggested: -Slavery would be prohibited in most of the Louisiana territory (except Missouri) -Maine (free state) and Missouri would both enter the Union Polk and Manifest Destiny: Polk- -11th president who expanded the US territorially(from Mexico) and part of Oregon -He also annexed Texas which caused the Mexican-American war Manifest Destiny- -Phrase coined to describe the belief that America was to expand and settle the entire continent of North America because God wanted it. Mexican War: -Began after the US annexed Texas and insisted that the new border with Mexico was the Rio Grande River -Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1. Rio Grande is the border between the US and Mexico 2. Mexico gave territories of CA, Nevada, and New Mexico 3. The US paid $15 Million to the Mexican gov’t and assumed claims of any citizens against them Sectionalism: -Political loyalty to one’s region of the country -The Mexican-American War caused trouble between pro and anti-slavery groups over how the new territories won would handle slavery -Abolitionists did not want to make the western territories states because they feared that slavery would extend to the West Compromise of 1850: -California is admitted as a free state -All citizens would have to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners- satisfied Southern states -Slave trade is abolished in the District of Columbia Causes of the Civil War: 1. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed states to determine if they wanted slavery or not -repealed the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850. Slavery and Expansion cont.: 3. Scott vs Sanford- 1857 ruling where Dred Scott sued his owner for freedom -Slaves were considered property and slavery was protected by the US Constitution -4. John brown's raid- Brown believed God called him to end slavery -led a group of men to raid a federal armory, failed and was hung Presidential Election of 1860: 1. John C. Breckinridge -Southern Democratic Party -Won most of the southern states 2. Stephen A. Douglas - Democrat from Illinois - US Senator known as the “Little Giant” 3. John Bell -Constitutional Union Party 4. Abraham Lincoln -Republican from Illinois -Lincoln was elected as the first Republican president in November, and South Carolina seceded from the Union in December -Believed slavery was an issue but could not interfere in states that existed already Northern Economy: Southern Economy: Foundation: Industry and trade Foundation: Agriculture Slavery: Illegal Slavery: Relied on slave labor Population: 71% of US population Population: 29% of US population Railroads: 71% of US railroad network Railroads: 29% of US railroad network Government: Favored the National Government Government: Favored the State Governments Lincoln Cont: Gettysburg Address- speech given at a cemetery dedication ceremony, called for war to continue for the fallen First Line- Four score and seven years ago refers to the American Revolution - Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus which limited the rights of US citizens Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863): -Freed the slaves in the Confederate (Southern) states, while maintaining slavery in the border states loyal to the Union General Robert E. Lee: -Confederate commander -one of the most capable military men in the US -West point -surrendered to Grant Jefferson Davis: -President of the Confederate States of America -Had military background -well respected US Senator from Mississippi General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: -brilliant military tactician -His death caused a mortal blow to the leadership of the Confederate army -maneuvered his forces against often larger and better-equipped opponents General Ulysses S. Grant: -commanded the Union army -known for his skill and aggressive approach in battle -accepted Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 (ended the war) William T. Sherman: -noted for capturing Atlanta and marching to the sea (Savannah) -Railroad tracks were destroyed, severing Confederate supply lines -Also referred to as the Atlanta Campaign (series of battles fought in NW-GA)- effect was the reelection of Abraham Lincoln. -goal was to wear down the Confederate will to fight with widespread destruction Confederates Advantage: -Confederates only had to fight a defensive war and outlast the Union’s will to fight Battle of Fort Sumter: -April 1861 and started the war -Confederates won the battle Battle of Antietam: -Sept 1862 and was the 1st major battle on Union soil -deadliest 1 day battle in American history (over 26,000 casualties) -Decisive Union Victory -Lee’s failure to win encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Vicksburg: -fought over control of the Mississippi River and Union won that battle under General Grant -May to June 1863 -Confederate states could not maneuver around after losing battle Battle of Gettysburg: -July 1863 -Turning point of the war and the deadliest battle of the war -Last offensive attempt of the Confederates and hurt any chances of getting foreign aid Reconstruction: Presidential Reconstruction- Southern states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of the voters take an oath of loyalty to the US and states would have to abolish slavery Radical Reconstruction- promoted by Thaddeus Stevens, who wanted to punish the South, Southern states had to pass the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and end the Black Codes (laws that were passed by the South to keep African Americans in a system of slavery) Black Codes: 1. African Americans could not serve on juries 2. African Americans had to have job contracts 3. African Americans could not lease land or homes 4. African Americans could not marry white people Andrew Johnson: -Johnson was almost impeached because of a struggle between him and Congress over power Freedmen’s Bureau: -Purpose was to help slaves adjust to their newbound freedom -help slaves establish free African American communities -provided education, work, food, clothing for African Americans Civil War Amendements: 13th amendment - ended slavery 14th amendment- made ex-slaves citizens 15th amendment- right to vote was given to African Americans -All three amendments were to ensure that slavery was gone and to establish rights to former slaves Ways African-Americans were kept from voting: Grandfather clause- could only vote if grandfather had voted Poll tax- pay to vote Literacy Test- had to pass to vote (being able to read and write in English) Jim Crow Laws: -Laws requiring all places (public or private) to be segregated by race Forms of Resistance: -Major goal of the KKK during Reconstruction was to restore southern Democrats to political power - founded by Confederate veterans to scare blacks and keep them from voting Election of 1876: Compromise of 1877- President Hayes removed federal troops from the South, bringing about the end of Reconstruction