Review Quiz 6 PDF

REVIEW QUIZ 6 Lecture 29: **[Layers of arteries and veins ]** - - - **[Comparison of arteries and veins]** **ns** **[Veins]** Veins are blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart. Veins are part of your circulatory system. They...

REVIEW QUIZ 6 Lecture 29: **[Layers of arteries and veins ]** - - - **[Comparison of arteries and veins]** **ns** **[Veins]** Veins are blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart. Veins are part of your circulatory system. They work together with other blood vessels and your heart to keep your blood moving. Veins hold most of the blood in your body. **[Capillaries ]** Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, and they form a network that connects arteries to veins. Their thin walls allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues **[Fetal Circulation]**  1\. Oxygenated blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus via the **Umbilical Vein.** 2\. Half of the blood passes through the Hepatic capillaries(liver) and the rest flows through the **Ductus Venosus** to the inferior vena cava. 3\. Blood enters the right atrium. However, most of it flows through the **Foramen Ovale** into the left atrium. 4\. Blood then passes into the Left ventricle. 5\. Blood then passes in the ascending aorta. 6\. From the aorta, most blood is sent. 7\. Deoxygenated blood passes through the **Ductus Arteriosus** enters the **umbilical arteries** and flows into the placenta. **Oxygenated blood From the placenta passes through the Umbilical vein→Ductus venosus→Foramen Ovale→Ductus Arteriosus→deoxygenated blood passes through the umbilical Arteries to the placenta** Lecture 30: Blood flow Blood flows from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure. - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Atherosclerosis** Arteriosclerosis is a type of vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart (arteries) become damaged from factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and certain genetic influences. **Mean Arterial Pressure** Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average blood pressure in an individual\'s arteries during a cardiac cycle. **[MAP = diastolic BP + (systolic - diastolic) / 3]** **Stimulation of Peripheral Nervous System on heart** The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (**catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine**) to accelerate the heart rate. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) releases the hormone **acetylcholine** to slow the heart rate. **Hormonal influences on Blood volume** **The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system** (RAAS) is the system of hormones, proteins, enzymes and reactions that regulate your blood pressure and blood volume on a long-term basis. Hormone Effect **[Long term control of blood pressure]** Angiotensin II **\*Thirst, Na+ Retention to increase blood volume.** **\*Stimulates aldosterone that increases retention of Na+ and H2O to increase blood volume.** **[Hormones controlling cardiac output]** Angiotensin II **\*Vasoconstriction to increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure.** Atrial natriuretic peptide **\*vasodilation to decrease peripheral resistance and blood pressure** **Complications of uncontrolled Hypertension** If hypertension isn\'t treated, it can cause other health conditions like kidney disease, heart disease and stroke. People with very high blood pressure (usually 180/120 or higher) can experience symptoms including: severe headaches. chest pain Lecture 31: **Lining of Nasopharynx** The nasopharynx is lined by **pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. (respiratory only)** **Bronchial Tree (series of progressively smaller tubes ending in alveoli)** The bronchial tree is the branching structure of the airways in the lungs that carries air from the environment to the lungs for gas exchange: **3 secondary Bronchi in the RT lung and 2 secondary bronchi in LT lung due to the space needed for the heart on LT side.** **Alveolar cells and Surfactant** Alveolar cells, also known as pneumocytes, are specialized cells that line the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. There are two main types of alveolar cells: type I and type II: -  **Type II Alveolar cells** **Surfactant decrease surface tension in alveoli.** **Pulmonary surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells and is required for lung function after birth.** **Pressure within pleural cavity** The pleural cavity always maintains a negative pressure. During inspiration, its volume expands, and the intrapleural pressure drops. This pressure drop decreases the intrapulmonary pressure as well, expanding the lungs and pulling more air into them. During expiration, this process reverses. **Atmospheric Pressure is 760 mm Hg** **Pressure changes during ventilation** **[Always 4 mm hg less than intrapulmonary pressure.]** **Atmospheric Pressure is 760 mm Hg** **Intrapulmonary (alveoli) 758 mm Hg** **Intrapleural (pleural cavity) 754 mm Hg** Lecture 32: **Physical factors influencing Pulmonary ventilation** Pulmonary ventilation is made up of two main steps: inspiration and expiration. - **Airway resistance** During inspiration resistance decreases because airways are pulled open as lungs expand. During expiration resistance increases as lung recoil and airways narrow **Alveolar surface tension** H2O molecules with greater attraction to one another than to non polar gas molecules. Produces surface tension at the gas-water boundary. **Pulmonary compliance** Ability of the lung and chest wall to stretch Factors decrease pulmonary compliance, make pulmonary ventilation less efficient and increase work of breath. **Pulmonary volumes and capacities** Volume changes during ventilation. Inhalation: air in Exaltation: air out These are the basic measurements of air movement during different phases of the breathing cycle: 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - ### **Pulmonary Capacities** Capacities are combinations of two or more volumes: 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - **Pulmonary compliance** 3 factors - 1.Degree of alveolar surface tension 2.Distensibility of elastic tissue in the lungs. 3\. Ability of chest wall to move. \*Factors decrease pulmonary compliance, make pulmonary ventilation less efficient and increase work of breath. Lecture 33: **Disorders of Respiratory system** Lung diseases Restrictive lung disease Decrease pulmonary compliance and decrease effectiveness of inspiration Obstructive lung disease Increase airway resistance Decrease efficiency of expiration. Chronic pulmonary disease Emphysema, small airway disease, chronic bronchitis. Asthma Hyper-responsive to a trigger 7-10% of word population Broncho-construction, inflammation of airways increase production of mucus. Lung cancer Tumors from epithelium lining bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. **Systemic Circulation** - - **Pulmonary Circulation** - - **Boyle\'s Law**, which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional ### **Henry\'s Law Statement** The amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to: The partial pressure of that gas above the liquid. 1. ### **Dalton\'s Law Statement** The total pressure of a mixture of gasses is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. Gas diffuses more rapidly with greater pressure differences. -------------------------------------------------- Which stimulus is detected by the baroreceptors? -------------------------------------------------- Blood pressure ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- During ventilation-perfusion matching a higher P~O2~ in an alveolus would cause the pulmonary arteriole to constrict. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- False The reaction CO2 + H2O H2CO3- HCO3- + H+ predominantly occurs in the pulmonary capillaries. False Ans: The reaction occurs in erythrocytes of pulmonary capillaries. Hypercapnia, also known as hypercarbia or CO₂ retention, is a condition in which there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood.