AP World History Review Guide: Units 1-9 PDF

Review Guide By Units Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450) Key Regions: Dar al-Islam, Song China, South/Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, Americas ​ China (Song Dynasty): Confucianism, civil service exams, Champa rice, gunpowder, paper money....

Review Guide By Units Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450) Key Regions: Dar al-Islam, Song China, South/Southeast Asia, Africa, Europe, Americas ​ China (Song Dynasty): Confucianism, civil service exams, Champa rice, gunpowder, paper money. ​ Dar al-Islam: Spread through trade (Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean), advances in medicine, math, literature; fragmentation after Abbasid Caliphate. ​ South/Southeast Asia: Hinduism & Buddhism in India; Srivijaya and Majapahit maritime empires; Bhakti & Sufi movements spread religion. ​ Africa: Mali Empire (Mansa Musa), Great Zimbabwe, trade in gold and salt. ​ Europe: Decentralized feudal states, Catholic Church dominance, beginnings of centralized monarchies. ​ Americas: Aztec Empire (tribute system), Inca Empire (mit'a labor system). Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200—1450) Trade Routes: ​ Silk Roads: Luxury goods (silk, porcelain); caravansaries; paper, printing, gunpowder spread. ​ Indian Ocean: Bulk goods (spices, textiles); monsoon winds; diasporic communities (Muslim, Chinese, Jewish merchants). ​ ​ Trans-Saharan: Gold-salt trade; spread of Islam; camels and caravans. Consequences: Urban growth (Samarkand, Timbuktu), technology diffusion (compass, rudder), cultural diffusion (Islam into SE Asia & Africa). Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750) Major Empires: o​ Ottoman: Gunpowder empire, Devshirme system, Suleiman the Magnificent. o​ Safavid (Persia): Shi'a Islam, Persian culture revival. o​ Mughal (India): Akbar (religious tolerance), monumental architecture (Taj Mahal). o​ Ming & Qing (China): Centralization, Great Wall repairs, Confucian revival, but eventually isolation. Russia: Ivan the Terrible, expansion into Siberia, multiethnic empire. Europe: Absolutism (Louis XIV), growing monarchies. Cultural:  Review Guide By Units o​ Art legitimizes power (Ottoman architecture, Mughal miniatures, Versailles). Religious conflict: Protestant Reformation, Thirty Years' War. Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450—1750) Exploration: o​ Europe: Motivations (God, Gold, Glory); navigational tech (astrolabe, lateen sails). o​ Spain & Portugal: Colonies in Americas; encomienda system, silver mining (Potosi). o​ Columbian Exchange: Crops (potatoes, maize), animals (horses), diseases (smallpox), enslaved labor. o​ Atlantic Slave Trade: Middle Passage, demographic impact on Africa. o​ Mercantilism & Joint-Stock Companies: (VOC, British East India Company). Resistance: Maroon societies, indigenous revolts. Unit 5: Revolutions (1750—1900) Intellectual Movements: Enlightenment (Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire), questioning monarchy & religion. Political Revolutions: o​ American (1776), French (1789), Haitian (1804), Latin American (Bolivar, San Martin). Industrial Revolution: o​ Starts in Britain; new machines (spinning jenny, steam engine). o​ Factory system, urbanization, environmental impact. o​ Social changes: rise of working class, feminism (Seneca Falls), labor unions. Imperialism: o​ "Scramble for Africa" (Berlin Conference), British Raj in India, Opium Wars & spheres of influence in China. o​ White Man's Burden, Social Darwinism. ​ ​ Resistance movements: Zulu, Sepoy Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion. Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750—1900) Economic: o​ Global capitalism, transnational businesses (HSBC, Unilever). o​ Export economies (rubber, palm oil, copper) in colonies. Migration: Review Guide By Units o​ Push-pull factors (poverty, famine); indentured servitude (Indians, Chinese); ethnic enclaves (Chinatown, Little Italy). Social: o​ Urban problems, reform movements; global spread of education and new ideologies (Marxism). ​ Women's roles expand in factories, and early suffrage movements. Unit 7: Global Conflict (1900-1950) World War 1: o​ Causes: MAIN (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism). Total war, trench warfare, new technolog machine uns oison as. End: Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, rise of resentment in Germany. Interwar Period: o​ Great Depression, rise of authoritarian regimes (Hitler, Mussolini, Stalin). ​ Anti-colonial movements (Gandhi in India, Turkish independence under Atatürk). World War 11: o​ Causes: Axis aggression, failure of appeasement. o​ Holocaust, total war, atomic bomb, United Nations founded. Decolonization movements intensify post-war. Review Guide By Units Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization (1945–1980) The bipolar world order emerged, as the U.S. and USSR competed for global influence. ​ Cold War: Ideological conflict between capitalism (U.S.) and communism (USSR). Avoided direct war but fought proxy wars (Korea, Vietnam). ​ Nuclear Arms Race: MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) doctrine shaped diplomacy. Cuban Missile Crisis brought world close to nuclear war. ​ Decolonization: Colonies in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East gained independence. India (Gandhi), Algeria (FLN), and Ghana (Nkrumah) led major movements. ​ Non-Aligned Movement: Many new nations avoided siding with either superpower. ​ Cultural and Social Shifts: Civil Rights Movement in the U.S., second-wave feminism, and youth-led protests (1968) challenged global norms. Unit 9: Globalization (1980–Present) Although this unit technically goes beyond 1980, many of its roots were laid in the Cold War era. This period is defined by increasing global interconnectedness in economics, culture, politics, and technology. ​ Economic Globalization: Policies of neoliberalism (Reagan in the U.S., Thatcher in the UK) emphasized free markets, deregulation, and privatization. Global institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO facilitated economic cooperation but also sparked backlash in developing countries. ​ Technological Advancements: The rise of the internet, personal computing, mobile phones, and satellite communication transformed business, education, and social interaction worldwide. ​ Cultural Exchange: Global brands (McDonald’s, Nike), music (hip-hop, K-pop), film, and sporting events (Olympics, FIFA World Cup) contributed to a shared global culture, though often dominated by Western influence. ​ Migration and Diasporas: Increased migration for work and asylum created multicultural societies and global diasporas. Remittances became vital for many developing economies. ​ Environmental Awareness: Rising concerns about global warming, deforestation, and pollution led to international agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. The environmental movement gained global traction. ​ Global Health: The HIV/AIDS epidemic, later the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighted global vulnerabilities and spurred cooperation through organizations like the World Health Organization. ​ Social Movements: Human rights expanded with new waves of feminist activism, LGBTQ+ advocacy, anti-globalization protests, and Indigenous rights campaigns. Social media became a tool for global activism and awareness.