Review for Quarterly MP 1 2024 PDF

Review for Quarterly MP 1 2024 1. Life Functions 1. Nutrition: Living organisms take in materials for growth and repair 2. Transport: materials are taken in and distributed 3. Respiration: nutrients are broken down to make energy 4. Excretion: removal of cellular/metabolic waste...

Review for Quarterly MP 1 2024 1. Life Functions 1. Nutrition: Living organisms take in materials for growth and repair 2. Transport: materials are taken in and distributed 3. Respiration: nutrients are broken down to make energy 4. Excretion: removal of cellular/metabolic waste 5. Growth: living things increase in size or cell number 6. Synthesis: a chemical process where smaller molecules are combined to make larger molecules 7. Regulation: control and coordination of various activities 8. Reproduction: process that results in the production of offspring a. Not needed for an organism to survive, needed for a species to survive Metabolism: chemical activities that are used to maintain life Homeostasis: the maintenance of a stable internal environment (internal balance) 2. Cells Levels of Organization Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism Organelle (simplest): Specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells Cell: Basic structural and functional unit of life Tissue: Similar group of cells that perform a function Organ: Many groups of tissues working together Organ System: Many groups of tissues working together Organism (Most Complex): Many groups of organ systems working together Parts of the Cell/Cell Organelles Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable layer around the cell that allows certain material to move in and out Cell wall: provides support for plant cells Cytoplasm: gel-like structure that holds organelles in place Nucleus: controls cell, contains information Mitochondria: cellular respiration, produces energy Ribosome: site of protein synthesis Vacuole: stores materials Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis, only in plants, contains chlorophyll Animal Cell Plants Leaves - Has guards cells/stomates for gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out); water movement (bottom of leaf) - Helps maintain homeostasis with the opening/closing of stomates under different conditions (wet/dry, day/night) - Location of photosynthesis in chloroplasts (top of leaf) Photosynthesis - process of turning light (sun/inorganic) into (usable/organic) chemical energy Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sun → Oxygen + Glucose + Water  - Green light causes the least amount of photosynthesis Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms. This diagram below is a simple sugar (glucose, monosaccharide) molecule bonded together. Respiration - process that makes energy (ATP) Aerobic - With Oxygen creates a lot (36) of ATPs (energy) Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP (energy) Anaerobic - Without Oxygen makes a couple of ATPs (energy) - Takes place in the mitochondria - Breaks down ATP and finally makes energy Water + ATP → ADP + P + Energy Energy Pyramid/Biomass 1. Producers/plants/autotrophs 2. Primary consumer 3. Secondary consumer *** 10% of energy gets passed on. Most energy gets lost as heat Food Webs 1. Decomposers 2. Herbivore 3. Omnivore 4. Carnivore Food Chains 1. Predator/prey  Water Cycle 1. Precipitation 2. Condensation 3. Run Off 4. Transpiration 5. Evaporation Carbon-Oxygen Cycle 1. Respiration 2. Photosynthesis Nitrogen Cycle Biochemistry - ENERGY IS STORED IN CHEMICAL BONDS - Organic molecules have carbon and hydrogen - Water is not organic because is does not have carbon Macromolecule Building Block Proteins Amino Acids Lipids 3 Fatty Acids and a Glycerol Carbohydrates Simple Sugars/glucose/ monosaccharide Nucleic Acids Nucleotides Proteins - Contain the element nitrogen - Made in the ribosome (protein synthesis) - Made of amino acids - Shape of the protein determines the function of the protein - ENZYMES, HORMONES, MUSCLES ARE PROTEINS - DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins Lipids - Made of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol - Lipids are stored energy for the body - Cell membrane is made of lipids with some proteins in it Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are sugars and starches - Starch is a large sugar that is made of glucose bonded together - Starch is large (stored) - Simple sugar = glucose  - Complex sugar = starch, glycogen (stored sugar in an animal), and cellulose - Sugars end in -ose Dehydration Synthesis - Building a larger molecule from smaller molecules - Water is released as a product Hydrolysis - Breaking down a large molecules into smaller molecules - Water is added as a reactant to break down the large molecule Body Systems Nervous System - sends messages Circulatory System - circulates materials around the body (transport) ○ Ex. Water, nutrients, gasses Respiratory System - Gas exchange (take in oxygen & get rid of carbon dioxide to release energy) Excretory System - removes waste Digestive System - breaks down food into smaller, usable forms of energy