Research 3rd Q Midterms (2nd Sem) PDF

**RESEARCH 3RD Q MIDTERMS (2ND SEM)** **Parts of Introduction** *[1. Rationale of the Problem]* -reasons why the researcher decided to look for solutions to the problem -it could be the narration of personal experiences, a description of an article read or a theory needs to be clarified -it cou...

**RESEARCH 3RD Q MIDTERMS (2ND SEM)** **Parts of Introduction** *[1. Rationale of the Problem]* -reasons why the researcher decided to look for solutions to the problem -it could be the narration of personal experiences, a description of an article read or a theory needs to be clarified -it could start from global perspective to a more personal one. *[2. Setting of the Problem]* -it defines the geographic boundaries and certain demographic characteristics of the research. -it describes the place where the research was conducted. *[3. Literature foundation]* -this part seeks to provide the researcher clarity on the terms or variables to the study. *[4. Seriousness of the Problem]* -the researcher is tasked to identify the density and magnitude of the problem. *[5. General Objectives]* -The statement of the problem *[6. Purpose of the Study]* -;these are the implications of the resulting study. **Statement of the Problem** *[General Problem]* 1\. It should use single/simple and not compound sentences. 2\. It should clearly express the purpose of the study. 3\. It should include the central phenomenon. 4\. It should use qualitative words, e.g., explore, discover and explain. 5\. It should identify the participants. - *[Specific Questions]* 1\. They must be in questions form. 2\. They must define the population and the samples of the study. 3\. They must identify the variables being studied. 4\. The questions must begin with words such as How or What. **Types of Research Questions** ***1. Factor Isolating Questions-*** the purpose of these questions is to categorize or name factors and situations. This ask the question "What is this"? *[Example.]* a\. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following? i\. Age ii\. Management experience b\. What are the possible reasons for the low grades of students in English? ***2. Factor Relating Questions -*** these questions aim to establish relationships between the factors that have been identified. These ask the question "What is happening here?" *[Example:]* How does environmental awareness impact consumer purchasing decisions regarding sustainable products? ***3. Situation Relating Questions*** -these questions aim to see the changes that might happen to one variable when the other variable changes. These ask the question "what will happen if...?" *[Example:]* What is the effect of the changes in climate to the behavior of animals living in green fields? **4. Situation - Producing Questions-** these questions lead to promote explicit course of action or conditions under which a goal could be accomplished? These questions answer the question "How can I make it happen?" *[Example:]* What appropriate classroom management technique could be devised in action research? **Variables** A variable refers to ATTRIBUTES of PEOPLE or ORGANIZATIONS that VARIES can be MEASURED. (Creswell, 2002) **Classifications of Variables** *[Numeric Variables-]* with values that describe a measurable numerical quantity and answer the questions "how many" or how much" *[Continuous (interval variable)]*- can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers. The values depend on the scale used. (Time, age, temperature, height and weight) *[Discrete]* - can only assume any whole value within the limits of the given variables. (number of children in the family, population of students) *[Categorical variables]*- values that describe a quality or characteristic of a data unit like "what type" or "which category". *[Ordinal]*- can be logically ordered or ranked. (clothing sizes such as XS, S, M, L, XL) *[Nominal]* - values cannot be organized in a logical sequence. (eye colors, kinds of religion, types of learners). ***Independent*** -- is a variable that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment to observe its effect on a dependent variable. ***Dependent*** -- the variable being measured or tested in an experiment. **Conceptual Framework** is a tool used in research to organize and visualize the relationships between concepts, theories and assumptions. **Theoretical Framework** is a set of ideas, concepts, theories, and assumptions that help researchers understand a problem or phenomenon.  **Significance of the Study** \- explains how the study will be beneficial to the stakeholders of the society. The significance of the study can be written deductively or inductively. **Scope and Limitations/Delimitations** -This section is divided into two: the scope which covers the explanations as to up to what extent the researcher would want to explore or interpret his/her research, and the limitations or delimitations, which is a justification as to the limits or boundaries of the research. **Limitations-** are conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may cause restrictions and make the conclusions to be generalizable only to the conditions of the researcher. *[Examples:]* Issues with sample and selection. Insufficient sample size for statistical measurement. Lack of previous research studies on the topic. Limited access to data. Time constraints. Conflicts arising from cultural bias and other personal issues. **Delimitations-** on other hand, are the conditions that the researcher purposely controlled. These are the limits beyond the control of the study. *[Examples:]* research objectives, research questions, research variables, target populations, statistical analysis techniques. **Definition of Terms** -presents the key terms used in the study. **Conceptual Definition**- explains the meaning of a particular term using a dictionary. **Operational Definition** -- describes a term by how the researcher used it in his/her study. -In constructing this section, it is recommended to start with simple introductory paragraph followed by the alphabetical list of terms and their corresponding definitions. **Citation** *[Ethical Standards in Writing the Review of Related Literature]* **Plagiarism** - - ***[Various Forms of Plagiarism]*** - This common form of plagiarism involves copying text word-per-word without properly indicating that the text was taken from another source. The lifted text might be a short phrase or sentence, or even paragraph-length material. - Misattribution plagiarism involves attributing an excerpt, quote, or an idea to the wrong author or the incorrect source -- or worse, a non-existent source. The misattribution may be accidental or intentional. Accidental misattribution arises from carelessness or poor documenting practices. Intentional misattribution may be committed because the writer is trying to hide something. - Mosaic plagiarism involves copying text from another source and changing several words, while maintaining the original sentence structure. It is still considered plagiarism even if the source text is indicated or cited. - Self-plagiarism is committed in two instances: duplication or replication. **Duplication** is committed when a researcher copies the contents of his/her own work, previously submitted or published in whole or in part without proper attribution. **Replication** is a graver act, in which a researcher submits one work multiple times without disclosing this first. **Citation** -is a way of giving credit to the information that you have specifically mentioned in your research paper by leading the reader to the original source of information. **APA STYLE (American Psychological Association)** **-**The publication manual of American Psychological Association is perhaps the most adopted citation style by those who focused on social sciences. It was first published in 1929 as a set of selected rules done by scholars whose expertise is in academic writing. - - **In-text Citation** -refer to sources or references cited within the text (or the paragraph). - -