Introduction to Research Methods

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a limitation to a research study?

  • Specific research variables (correct)
  • Limited access to data
  • Conflicts arising from cultural bias
  • Insufficient sample size

Delimitations are factors the researcher specifically limits or controls in a study.

True (A)

What are the two main categories of plagiarism mentioned in the text?

Direct plagiarism and Misattribution plagiarism

The definition of a term using a dictionary is known as the ______ definition.

<p>conceptual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

<p>Operational Definition = Describes a term by how the researcher used it in the study Citation = Giving credit to the original source of information Duplication = Copying the contents of a researcher's own work previously submitted or published without attribution Replication = Submitting one work multiple times without disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the introduction focuses on the geographic and demographic features of the research?

<p>Setting of the Problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The General Problem statement should use compound sentences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the literature foundation in research?

<p>To provide the researcher clarity on the terms or variables to be studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factor Isolating Questions aim to ______ or ______ factors and situations.

<p>categorize, name</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of research questions with their examples:

<p>Factor Isolating Questions = What are the possible reasons for the low grades of students in English? Factor Relating Questions = How does environmental awareness impact consumer purchasing decisions regarding sustainable products? Situation Relating Questions = What is the effect of the changes in climate to the behavior of animals living in green fields?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Specific Questions in the statement of the problem?

<p>They must use general, open-ended language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Purpose of the Study outlines the potential impact and implications of the research findings.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a General Problem and Specific Questions in a research paper?

<p>The general problem provides an overall statement of the research aim, while specific questions break down the research into smaller, focused inquiries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of variable represents a measurable numerical quantity, answering the questions "how many" or "how much"?

<p>Numeric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Continuous variables can only assume whole number values.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in a research experiment?

<p>The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the outcome or response that is being measured or tested.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ___________ framework provides a structured approach to organizing and visualizing the relationships between concepts, theories, and assumptions in research.

<p>conceptual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classifications of variables with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Numeric = Values describe a measurable quantity, answering &quot;how many&quot; or &quot;how much&quot; Continuous = Can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers Discrete = Can only assume whole number values within given limits Categorical = Values describe a quality or characteristic, answering &quot;what type&quot; or &quot;which category&quot; Ordinal = Can be logically ordered or ranked Nominal = Values cannot be organized in a logical sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of limitations in a research study?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The significance of a study explains how it will benefit various stakeholders in society.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of defining the scope and limitations of a research study?

<p>The scope clarifies the extent of the research, outlining what topics or aspects are covered. Limitations identify factors that might restrict the generalizability or applicability of the findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Rationale of the Problem

Reasons behind the researcher's choice of problem to study.

Setting of the Problem

Defines the geographical area and demographics of the study.

Literature Foundation

Provides clarity on terms or variables for the study.

Seriousness of the Problem

Identifies the magnitude and impact of the problem being studied.

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General Problem Statement

Clearly expresses the study's purpose in simple terms.

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Specific Research Questions

Detailed questions defining participants and variables in the study.

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Factor Isolating Questions

Questions that categorize or name factors related to the study.

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Situational Relating Questions

Questions examining changes in one variable when another changes.

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Variable

Attributes of people or organizations that can be measured.

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Numeric Variables

Values that describe a measurable numerical quantity.

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Continuous Variables

Can assume any value between a certain set of real numbers.

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Discrete Variables

Can only assume whole values within limits.

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Independent Variable

Variable manipulated to observe its effect on a dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable being measured or tested in an experiment.

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Conceptual Framework

A tool to organize and visualize relationships between concepts.

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Significance of the Study

Explains the benefits of the study to stakeholders.

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Delimitations

Conditions the researcher purposely controlled in a study.

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Conceptual Definition

Explains the meaning of a term using a dictionary.

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Operational Definition

Describes a term based on how the researcher used it in the study.

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Plagiarism

Copying text or ideas from another source without proper citation.

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Mosaic Plagiarism

Copying text from a source but changing a few words, while keeping the structure.

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Self-Plagiarism

Duplicating or replicating one's own previous work without proper attribution.

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Citation

Giving credit to the original source of information in research.

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Statistical Analysis Techniques

Methods used to analyze data and draw conclusions from research.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Research

  • Rationale: Researchers explain their reason for studying a problem, using personal experience, articles, or theories. It starts broad and becomes more specific.
  • Setting the Problem: Defines the geographical area and demographic characteristics of study location.
  • Literature Foundation: Provides background on terms or variables, clarifying important concepts.
  • Seriousness of the Problem: Determines the extent and severity.
  • General Objectives: States the goals of the research.
  • Purpose of the Study: Outlines the implications of the research findings.

Statement of the Problem

  • General Problem: Single, simple sentences that clearly state the research's goal. Includes the central issue, qualitative words (explore, discover), and details about participants. The study will [action verb, describe/discover/explain] the [central issue] for [participants] at [location].
  • Specific Questions: Phrased as questions, defining the population, samples, and variables. Begin with "How" or "What".

Types of Research Questions

  • Factor Isolating Questions: Aim to categorize or name factors ("What is this?"). Example: What is the profile of participants in terms of...?
  • Factor Relating Questions: Aim to find relationships between factors ("What is happening here?"). Example: How does X impact Y?
  • Situation Relating Questions: Analyze changes in one variable due to another ("What will happen if...?"). Example: What is the effect of X on Y?
  • Situation-Producing Questions: Identify actions or conditions to achieve a goal ("How can I...?"). Example: What classroom technique is appropriate?

Variables

  • Variables: Attributes or traits of people or organizations measurable or quantifiable.
  • Numeric Variables: Measurable quantities (how many/much).
  • Continuous: Infinite values (age, temperature).
  • Discrete: Whole number values (number of children).
  • Categorical Variables: Describe qualities or characteristics.
  • Ordinal: Logically ordered (size, rank).
  • Nominal: Unordered (colors, religion).
  • Independent Variables: Manipulated or controlled.
  • Dependent Variables: Measured or tested.

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

  • Conceptual Framework: Visual representation of the relationships between concepts, theories, and assumptions.
  • Theoretical Framework: Set of ideas, concepts, theories, and assumptions helping to understand the problem.

Paradigm

  • IPO Model (Input-Process-Output): Describes the input, process, and output in a research study when isolating a factor.
  • IV-DV Model (Independent Variable/Dependent Variable): Focuses on the independent and dependent variables within an experiment.

Significance of the Study

  • Significance: Explains the benefits for stakeholders in society. Can be written deductively or inductively.

Scope and Limitations

  • Scope: Explains the extent of the research (what will be explored).
  • Limitations: Justifies boundaries or constraints beyond the researcher's control (issues with the sample size, etc.).

Definition of Terms

  • Conceptual Definition: Dictionary definition of a term.
  • Operational Definition: How a term is used in the study.

Citations

  • APA Style: Standard citation style for social sciences, first published in 1929. Includes in-text citation for references within the text of the work, and formal citations for reference lists.
  • In-text Citation: Quoting or paraphrasing sources within the paper.
  • Formal Citations (Reference List): Complete bibliographic information for all sources cited.

Ethical Standards:

  • Plagiarism: Using another person's ideas or work without proper attribution.
  • Various Forms of Plagiarism: Cut & Paste, Misattribution, Mosaic, Self-Plagiarism.
  • Citation: Giving credit to sources.

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