Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes qualitative research compared to quantitative research?
What characterizes qualitative research compared to quantitative research?
Which statement accurately describes the nature of research?
Which statement accurately describes the nature of research?
How are data collection tools in qualitative research primarily categorized?
How are data collection tools in qualitative research primarily categorized?
What does the term 'pragmatism' refer to in the context of research methodologies?
What does the term 'pragmatism' refer to in the context of research methodologies?
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What is a key characteristic of experimental research design?
What is a key characteristic of experimental research design?
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Which type of research is more suited for collecting data from a large population?
Which type of research is more suited for collecting data from a large population?
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Which research design involves measuring outcomes and exposures at the same time?
Which research design involves measuring outcomes and exposures at the same time?
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What distinguishes quasi-experimental research from other experimental designs?
What distinguishes quasi-experimental research from other experimental designs?
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What is the main purpose of explanatory research design?
What is the main purpose of explanatory research design?
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Which term best describes research that investigates the relationships between variables without manipulation?
Which term best describes research that investigates the relationships between variables without manipulation?
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Study Notes
Research Methodology & Statistics - GNS 224
- Course is for the second year (second semester)
- The unit is Unit 1
- The lecture notes were designed by Oluyimide Ifeoluwa Ph.D.
Learning Outcomes
- Define research
- Critically explain different types of research
- Differentiate between different types of research
- Critically discuss population, sample, and sampling techniques
- Discuss research ethics and ethical considerations
- Understand data collection tools in research
What is Research?
- A systematic inquiry (asking questions)
- Review previous studies and make implications
- Solve problems (pragmatism)
- Make recommendations
- Reaching new conclusions
What is Research? (Alternative Definition)
- "Creative and systematic work to expand knowledge."
- Systematic inquiry process that includes data collection, documentation of information, and analysis and interpretation
- Uses suitable methodologies based on specific academic disciplines and professional fields
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
| Qualitative Research | Quantitative Research |
|---|---|
| Collection of non-numerical data | Numerical data for analysis |
| Interpretivism (multiple realities and content) | Positivism and pragmatism |
| Theory building through observations and interpretation of data | Measurement of figures and data; numerical data |
| Findings based on a very small population | Allows for large data collection across many people |
| Interviews, observations, focus group discussions; open-ended tools | Surveys, standardized tests, questionnaires; closed-ended tools |
| Thematic/content analytic tools | Descriptive and/or inferential analytic tools |
Quantitative Research Design - Experimental
- Experimental research designs investigate interactions between independent and dependent variables to determine causal relationships.
- It's commonly used within the scientific method.
- Types of experimental designs include pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental.
Quantitative Research Design - Non-Experimental
- Descriptive research designs provide detailed descriptions of a population or subject.
- Cross-sectional research designs measure the outcome and exposures in participants simultaneously.
- Longitudinal research designs involve repeated observations of the same variables over time.
- Correlational research designs identify relationships between variables without controlling or manipulating them.
- Explanatory research designs discover reasons behind occurrences, often using interpretive philosophical approaches.
- Retrospective research designs collect data from existing records.
- Prospective research designs observe outcomes over time, like in the development of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Population, Sample, and Sampling Techniques
-
Probability Sampling:
- Random selection; equal chance for all in population
- Useful for diverse populations
- Aims for accurate representation
- Methods include Simple Random Sampling (SRS), Systematic Sampling, Stratified Sampling, and Cluster Sampling.
-
Non-probability Sampling:
- Researcher's judgment and selective choice
- Sample may not represent population accurately
- Easier to find respondents
- Methods include Convenience Sampling, Purposive Sampling, Quota Sampling, and Snowball Sampling.
Ethical Considerations
- Ethics are an essential component of research
- A moral philosophy guiding thorough and viable data collection
- Questions regarding research that may involve human participants or other ethical considerations are listed
Data Collection Tools
- Surveys
- Interviews
- Observation checklists
- Data logs/diaries
- Secondary data sources
Assessment
- Discuss understanding of research
- Identify a professional issue (e.g., poor work environment, staff motivation)
- Establish three research objectives
- Determine target respondents
- Choose appropriate sampling technique.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts of research methodology and statistics covered in Unit 1 of GNS 224. Students will explore definitions, types of research, sampling techniques, and ethical considerations related to research. Gain a comprehensive understanding essential for systematic inquiry and data collection.
