Research Characteristics and Process PDF

Characteristics and JEFF HOMERES (2014) CHARACTERISTICS Process of Research TRINIDAD (2018) BENEFITS OF RESEARCH OF RE...

Characteristics and JEFF HOMERES (2014) CHARACTERISTICS Process of Research TRINIDAD (2018) BENEFITS OF RESEARCH OF RESEARCH INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES OF RESEARCH FOSTER: RESEARCH EMPIRICAL - direct experience or observation by research ​ Critical thinking ​ Careful and diligent search ​ Discover new knowledge LOGICAL - valid procedures and principles ​ Organization ​ Explore an idea to find innovative CYCLICAL - starts w/ a problem & ends w/ a ​ Self-discipline and Perseverance information problem ​ Teamwork ANALYTICAL - analytical procedures in RESEARCH ACCORDING TO… gathering data– historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study SOCIAL RESEARCH PROJECTS HELP: NEVILLE (2005) - Process of inquiry and ​ Gives insights for better decisions CRITICAL - careful and precise judgement investigation METHODICAL - conducted in a methodical ​ Make sense of social, natural, & SALDANA’S (2015) - Systematic exploration manner w/o bias using systematic method and historical world with specific purpose and goals procedures CALDERON & GONAZALES (1993) IN ​ Start innovative technologies REPLICABILITY - research design and MENOY ET. AL (2018) - Purposive, systematic, ​ Social practical problems procedures are repeated to enable research to and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, arrive at valid results. classifying, organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem RESEARCH PROCESS (Garg, 2012) for preservation and improvement. ​ Research problem - issue of the study ​ Review of related literature ​ Formulate hypothesis ​ Research design ​ Data collection ​ Interpretation and report writing OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH ​ Systematic ​ Comprehensive ​ Objective ​ Ethical 1 Research Ethics INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB): ETHICAL ISSUES ON RESEARCH ETHICS: moral principles that govern a People who review grant proposals and make (SEMORIAN, 2019): person’s behavior or the conducting of an decisions for additional actions for safety and -​ ANONYMITY: Participants will remain activity rights of participants. anonymous throughout the study. Ensures what participants said cannot RESEARCH ETHICS: FIVE PRINCIPLES FOR RESEARCH ETHICS: be traced back to them. ​ guidelines for responsible conduct of 1.​ Discuss intellectual property rights research 2.​ Conscious of multiple roles -​ CONFIDENTIALITY: Information will ​ Educates and monitors for high ethical 3.​ Follow informed-consent rules not be made available to anyone who standards. a.​ Purpose of research is not involved in the study/ not ​ Rules that a research community has b.​ Right to decline disclosed to other parties. decided that are proper, fair, c.​ Factors that may influence appropriate– ethical (Murphy & willingness to participate -​ RIGHT TO COMMENT: Consulted Dingwall, 2001). d.​ Results Limits confidentiality throughout the research process. If Incentives unhappy about results, they can ​ Fundamental ethical principles e.​ contact comment & do alterations. including design & implementation of 4.​ Respect w/ privacy research 5.​ Taps into ethics resources -​ RIGHT TO SERVICE: People assigned to no-treatment control may RESEARCH ISSUES: feel their rights to equal access to ​ Disturbances services are being curtailed. ​ Intrusion ​ Secrecy -​ RISK OF HARM: Not put people at risk ​ Embarrassment ​ Self-esteem -​ FINAL REPORT: Know what is going ​ Resentment to happen with the results -​ DATA PROTECTION: Data is accurate and secure (Data protection act 1998): came into force in March 2000 2 Kinds of Research IDENTIFYING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM BASIC: -​ theoretical/fundamental ​ Quantitative – description -​ Generating knowledge ​ Qualitative – explanation -​ For new general concepts REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE APPLIED: ​ Quantitative – (RRL) Major role: -​ Strategical Justification and specification ​ Qualitative – (RRL) Minor role: BASED ON METHODS: QUANTITATIVE, Justification QUALITATIVE, MIXED SPECIFYING A PURPOSE 1.​ QUANTITATIVE: HOW MUCH? HOW ​ Quantitative – Specific & narrow MANY? ​ Qualitative – General & broad ​ Numerical ​ Problems to quantify COLLECTING DATA ​ Measurable data ​ Quantitative – Predetermined ​ Structured methods instruments ​ Qualitative – text or image data ​ Depends on the scope of the study ANALYZING & INTERPRETING DATA 2.​ QUALITATIVE: WHY? ​ Quantitative – statistical analysis ​ Exploratory ​ Qualitative – text analysis ​ Reasons to understand ​ Uncover trends REPORTING & EVALUATING RESEARCH ​ Unstructured & semi structured ​ Quantitative – standard, fixed, ​ Small size respondents objective, unbiased ​ Qualitative – flexible, emerging, reflexive, biased 3 Qualitative Research CORE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES OF ​ Has inductive approach RESEARCH: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: ​ Exploring and understanding of -​ NATURAL SETTING: data collection -​ STRENGTHS: reasons/opinions/meanings that individuals ascribe to a social problem wherein participants experience the ​ Detailed & in-depth study (Creswell, 2014) issue ​ Flexible questions -​ RESEARCHER AS KEY ​ Framework can be revised FIVE FEATURES OF QUALITATIVE INSTRUMENT: researchers’ collection ​ Interesting data (experience RESEARCH: of data by observing, interviewing, based) analyzing documents (Themselves). ​ Small sample 1.​ Studying meaning of people’s lives, in their real-world roles (goal/focus) -​ MULTIPLE SOURCES: interviews and documents -​ WEAKNESSES: 2.​ Representing the views & perspective ​ Rely on researches (personal of people (how they conducted the -​ INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE DATA: biases) research) patterns/themes on data analyzed ​ Difficult to maintain thoroughness 3.​ Explicitly attending to & accounting for -​ PARTICIPANTS’ MEANINGS: a real-world contextual conditions meaning of data from participants ​ Time consuming (multiple (situation/status) based on the problem resources) ​ Data gathered can be 4.​ Contributing insights from existing or -​ EMERGENT DESIGN: initials plans for manipulated/affected new concepts that may help to explain research may not be strictly followed ​ Issues of anonymity & social behavior & thinking confidentiality may ensue (contributions/findings) -​ REFLEXIVITY: personal background of interviewers 5.​ Acknowledging the potential relevance of multiple sources of evidences rather -​ HOLISTIC APPROACH: multiple than relying on a single source alone perspective & factors = larger picture (process to get data) of study 4 OTHER VARIANTS OF QUALITATIVE Case study: Phenomenon (the case) in RESEARCH: real-world context & a deep understanding w/ RESEARCH DESIGN: multiple data sources 1.​ Action research 2.​ Arts-based research Historical: Narrative of past events/phenomena 3.​ Autoethnography Grounded theory: Analyze contexts of data & 4.​ Case study develop a theory from gathered data 5.​ Critical Theory Narrative: Narrative findings from real-world 6.​ Oral history settings (being there). Sequence of events to 7.​ Discourse analysis form a cohesive story 8.​ Ethnography Action research: Research collaborates w/ 9.​ Ethnomethodology participants in research 10.​ Grounded theory 11.​ Narrative inquiry and life history Discourse analysis: Explore the structure & 12.​ Phenomenology expression of language in cultural and social context QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN: ​ Descriptive ​ Correlational ​ Experimental ​ Longitudinal ​ Cross-sectional QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN: Ethnography: Cultural behavior like everyday norms, rituals, routine Phenomenological: Experiences actually happening by a person in a real-world setting 5