PSELECT4 Experimental Method PDF

PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! ` Experimental Method Hyphothesis A clear, testable statement predicting the relationship between the What is an Expe...

PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! ` Experimental Method Hyphothesis A clear, testable statement predicting the relationship between the What is an Experimental Method? independent and dependent variables is essential for guiding the Experimental method is considered to experimental process. be the most scientific and objective method for studying behavior Control Groups The experimental method in research is Experiments typically include at least a systematic approach used to establish one control group that does not receive cause-and-effect relationships between the treatment, allowing researchers to variables. compare results against those who do receive the treatment. - It involves manipulating one or Participants are randomly more independent variables to assigned to different groups observe the effect on a (e.g., treatment and control) to dependent variable, all while minimize bias and ensure that controlling for extraneous any differences observed can be factors. attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather Variables than pre-existing differences Independent Variables: These among participants. are the factors that the researcher manipulates to observe their effect. Dependent Variables: These are the outcomes that are measured in response to changes in the independent variables. 1 PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! Types of Experimental Designs Non-Experimental Approach True Experimental Design Why do we use non-experimental approaches? This design relies on random assignment and manipulation of variables, allowing for strong Internal Validity External Validity conclusions about causality. Examples include -Shows that the -Results of the pretest-posttest control group changes in DV is study can be bc of the applied to designs and posttest-only changes in ID general control group designs. -Hard to achieve (real-world -No direct setting) Quasi-Experimental Design control over variables (Generalized beyond the Lacks random assignment but specific study) still involves manipulation of an independent variable. Useful in real-world settings Exp: non-experimental methods may where random assignment is struggle with internal validity because not feasible. they don’t control all variables, but they can often have strong external validity because they observe naturally occurring Pre-Experimental Design conditions. Involves limited control over Non-experimental Methods are variables and typically includes used to study behaviors in designs such as one-shot case natural settings studies or one-group - No manipulation pretest-posttest designs. involved (participants, settings, qualifications) 2 PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! To explore unique or rare Research Approaches occurrences or to sample Quantitative personal information Qualitative - Those that cannot be Mixed Methods induced or recur in participants Qualitative Dimension in Describing Research Is an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human Approaches: Quasi, Quali, and Mixed problem Method Key notes: Objectives of the study Certain Quality (Qualitative) (target goal) Preliminary exam - Filtering of Participants (gender, Quantitative age, course, case) Is an approach for testing objective - Total: Actual total & target theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typical on Validation & Consistency instruments, so that numbered data can (Quantitative) be analyzed and used using statistical - Total: add another participant if procedures. you don't get the target Key notes: Statement of the problem (Deal with particular problem) Research Interest: - When planning to conduct a Mixed Methods research, what is the first thing Is an approach to inquiry involving you should consider? collecting both quantitative and Once your research interest is qualitative data, integrating the two established, you can now work on what forms of data, and yield additional approach to use insight beyond either approach alone. 3 PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! Key notes: - High experiments (cannot be easily seen) - Objectives & Problems (outliers) - - E.g: Former sex workers need to be addressed with HIV, happy married - Verification (outliers of with 2 children or interviews) specific 70% - extreme - Manobo Blitz 20/30% - downgrade 10% - outliers Mixed Methods - Why & How Convergent Qualitative Research Design - Both data will be gathered Explanatory Sequential Mixed Narrative Methods - Stories asking particular - Qualitative first → questions (stories of develop understanding people) → quantitative to test or Phenomenological expand. - Live experiences Exploratory Sequential Mixed (copying start - narrative Methods Grounded Theory - Quantitative first → - Theory emerges after analyze results → gathering data qualitative to explain or - If there’s no theory interpret. about your study then it’s valid Ethnography - Studies towards the people that is not being study yet Case studies - Individual or certain group 4 PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! Quantitative Research Design Archival Studies Analyzing existing data or records Descriptive Field studies - Describing the nature of Naturalistic observation participants - observe and collect data Correlational in the natural context - Relationship between Systematic observation Variables - watch subjects in their Causal-comparative/Quasi-expe natural environment rimental without any - Educational research, manipulation or health studies, and social interference. sciences. Participant observation - Effects → Impact → - active participant in the Outcome group or setting being Experimental studied while also - Cause and Effect observing. Relationship variables Dimensions in Describing Research Design Antecedent Refers to the stimulus, events, situations, or circumstances that precede the response. Experimental Designs High degree of manipulation to antecedent conditions Non-experimental designs Low degree of Manipulation of antecedents 5 PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! Research Ethics facilitating valuable scientific inquiry) - Risk: encompass any potential negative outcomes that may “To do no harm” arise from participation in Eg: Stanford prison experiment research - Benefits:refer to positive outcomes that may arise from Unethical: the research, which can be - Lacking moral principles: direct (to participants) or unwilling to adhere to proper indirect (to society). rule of research Moral Foundations of Research - Not in accord with a standard of Doing good for humans, a profession animals, the planet, future generations, Research Ethics: etc. via the pursuit of truth and knowledge 1. Research misconduct (falsification, Our duty to respect fabrication and plagiarism) individuals Our possible duties to 2. Collaboration issues (authorship, animals data ownership and management) Our obligations to 3. Peer review society 4. Conflicts of interest or obligation 5. Complicity and funding sources - Various obligations 6. Animal subject research derive from these foundations, and they 7. Human subject research can be in tension with one another. Ethical Standards - To protect the subject and the person/group - Risk/Benefit Analysis (designed to protect human subjects while 6 PSELECT4 Experimental Method / REVIEWER/ Midterms Padayon! Capacity of consent Informed Consent: Participants must be fully informed about the nature of the research, including its risks and benefits, allowing them to make an educated decision about their involvement Vulnerable Populations: Special attention must be given to vulnerable groups who may face greater risks or lack the capacity to provide informed consent Cultural Sensitivity: When conducting international research, cultural contexts must be considered to avoid ethical pitfalls related to local norms and expectations regarding privacy and consent12 7