Reina Nuzzaro - Lab Practical 2 Review Sheet Quiz PDF

Nuzzaro 1 Reina Nuzzaro Practical #2 Review Sheet Quiz Professor Donovan 11/4/24  Nuzzaro 2 Invertebrates Leucosolenia Spicules Function of spicules: The purpose of spicul...

Nuzzaro 1 Reina Nuzzaro Practical #2 Review Sheet Quiz Professor Donovan 11/4/24  Nuzzaro 2 Invertebrates Leucosolenia Spicules Function of spicules: The purpose of spicules is to deter predators and give support. Made out of calcium carbonate to help maintain shape while deterring predators.  Nuzzaro 3 Tentacles Cnidaria Medusa Mouth Mouth Polyp Tentacles Polyp: mouth and tentacles are directed upward, stationary, and attached by its base. And can produce asexually through budding. Medusa: mouth and tentacles are pointing downward, free-swimming. Often reproduces sexually and releases sperm and eggs into the water. Mouth: Critical role for the entry of food into the gastrovascular cavity, used for both digestion and waste removal. Ingests food particles from the surrounding environment  Nuzzaro 4 Tentacles: Surround the mouth and are equipped with specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts, which are capsules that can deliver venom to paralyze prey upon direct contact. They can also assist in capturing food and bringing it to the mouth to start the feeding process.  Nuzzaro 5 Life cycle of Cnidarian: Ephyra Adult Jellyfish (juvenile jellyfish) Gametes Planula Budding polyp Polyp Polyp attaches to forms the ground 1. Gametes are released in the water (free-swimming) to make an egg 2. Planula forms and attaches to the ground 3. Polyp forms and tentacles form 4. Polyp forms, making buds  Nuzzaro 6 5. Attaches off into ephyra (juvenile jelly) 6. Adult jellyfish Planaria (flatworms) Pharynx Auricle Eyespot  Nuzzaro 7 Functions List: Pharynx – to excrete food for feeding Eyespot – detects the direction and intensity of light Auricles – organs that are used for smell and touch  Nuzzaro 8 Tapeworm: Sucker Hooks Scolex Mature proglottids [ Immature proglottids Functions list: Sucker – helps the tapeworm attach to the intestinal wall Hook – assists in attaching in the intestinal walls What is in each segment of a proglottid? There is a digestive and male and female reproductive organ in each proglottid. Proglottids at the end  Nuzzaro 9 of the body break off and pass out in the feces of the host. Plus, each proglottid has many fertilized eggs.  Nuzzaro 10 Hydra (may appear greenish under the microscope) Zoom in on tentacle Mouth Tentacle Cnidocytes Trigger Coiled thread Foot (Pedal Nematocytes disc) What is on the tentacles of the hydra? The tentacles that surround the mouth are covered in cnidocytes, which are little hairs that help capture and defend themselves against predators. Each cnidocyte has nematocyst, which are coiled stingers within the cnidocytes that inject venom to paralyze and kill the prey upon contact.  Nuzzaro 11 Trichinella Cyst with trichinella Trichinella in muscle close up cells in cysts Trichinella is found in undercooked or raw meat (especially pork). Trichinella causes a disease called Trichinosis, which causes abdominal pain and aches in the muscles, leading to death if the respiratory muscles fail.  Nuzzaro 12 Earthworm: Seminal Vesicle opening Seminal Receptacle opening Epidermis Clitellum Mouth Anus Prostomium Cocoon Ventral view Clitellum – produces mucus secretions that glue the two worms together when they are mating. Worms are hermaphroditic – containing both male and female reproductive organs (found on the ventral view of the earthworm). Crop – A temporary storage place for food. After the food is passed through the esophagus, the food is held in the crop while it waits to be transported to the gizzard (found in the internal view of the earthworm).  Nuzzaro 13 Gizzard – Grains of sand inside the organ help break up the food into smaller pieces as the muscular walls of the gizzard contract. When the food leaves the gizzard, it goes to the intestines (found in the internal view of the earthworm) Typhlosole – The inward fold in the intestine of an earthworm. The typhlosole gives the inside of the intestine more surface area so that more food can be digested and absorbed (found in cross-section view) Prostomium – covers the opening of the mouth (found in ventral view)  Nuzzaro 14 Dorsal Blood Vessel Intestine Nephridium Setae Ventral Blood Vessel Circular Muscles Cross-section view of earthworm  Nuzzaro 15 Esophagus Seminal Receptacles Dorsal Ovaries Blood Seminal Vesicles Vessel Brain Intestine Pharynx Aortic Arches Gizzard Crop Seminal Receptacles Internal View  Nuzzaro 16 Starfish: Ossicles Madreporite Anus Arm Eyespot Aboral View Spine Pedicellaria Skin Gill Madreporite – (also called the ‘sieve plate’) works like a sieve to use filtered water for its water vascular system, which has a  Nuzzaro 17 hydraulic mechanism to move its tube feet (found in aboral view) Digestive glands – Extend the entire length of each arm of the sea star. The partially digested food from the pyloric stomach moves to the cardiac stomach and into the digestive glands. The glands secrete enzymes to finish the digestion of the food. Then, the digested food may be diffused so it can be spread across the body cavity called the coelom or may be stored in the cells of the digestive gland for later. Spines Mouth Ambulacral Groove Oral View  Tube Feet Nuzzaro 18 Movable Spines Ossicles – a part of the endoskeleton that provides protection and makes the starfish feel rigid (embedded in the body wall of the starfish). Gonads – Sex organs of the starfish. Where fertilization occurs within the seawater when the sperm and eggs are released, in males, the testes contain sperm, while the females have ovaries that contain eggs (found in internal view in each arm of the starfish).  Nuzzaro 19 Ring canal Digestive gland Gonads Ossicles Radial Canal Ampullae Stone canal Pyloric Stomach Cardiac Stomach Internal View Ampullae – forces water into the tube foot and elongates the foot. When the foot contracts and shortens, the starfish can move forward. The sea star can take in water through the madreporite and travel through the stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, and then finally arrives at the rows, which are the ampullae. The ampullae squeeze to control water that is entering or leaving the tube feet (found in the internal view).  Nuzzaro 20 Fetal Pig: Larynx Lungs Trachea Heart Liver Spleen Small intestine Large intestine ne Stomach  Nuzzaro 21 Gallbladder  Nuzzaro 22 Epiglottis Hard palate Soft palate Tongue  Nuzzaro 23 Genital papilla Scrotum Urogenital opening Genital papilla – develops into the clitoris, releases metabolic waste, and is the opening to the reproductive system. Located in female pigs and is located ventral to the anus. However, this organ is not present in males. Scrotum – where the testes are contained that houses the sperm where the sperm are stored. Protects the testicles, regulates their temperature, and keeps it 3-4 degrees cooler in Celsius than the rest of the body so the sperm can be produced and mature. It is located on the ventral side of the anus. Male urogenital opening – releases urine and semen located near the umbilical cord. Located on the posterior side of the umbilical cord. Epiglottis – a flap at the larynx. It allows air into the trachea and larynx and flaps down for food to go into the esophagus.  Nuzzaro 24 Hard palate – the ridged roof of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities Trachea – the windpipe that extends from the larynx to the lungs to the lungs, where it branches into smaller tubes called bronchi. Gallbladder – stores and releases bile produced by the liver. The bile aids in the digestion of fats. Small intestine – enzymes complete the digestion of food and produce monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides, and glycerol. It also has blood and lymph vessels in the villi to absorb the compounds through diffusion. And absorbs nutrients to be carried out in the bloodstream. Stomach – breaks down food into smaller parts. The stomach contains gastric juices that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin (which breaks down proteins into amino acids). Lungs – the left lung has fewer lobes, so it can make room for the heart. The smaller lung is divided into three lobes. The bronchi, which enter each lung, divide into repeatedly smaller branches known as bronchioles, which can terminate into air sacs called alveoli. Capillaries are over the buds of the alveoli, where oxygen is obtained, and waste gases (CO2) are removed through diffusion.  Nuzzaro 25 Larynx – another word for the voice box which has vocal folds (develops into vocal cords in humans) Liver – the largest organ in the abdomen that converts excess glucose to glycogen for storage, breaks down hemoglobin, and detoxifies harmful compounds that are found in the body. The liver also produces bile, and it is stored in the gallbladder. Heart: A muscular pump that circulates blood throughout the body. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. After the blood receives oxygen, it returns to the left atrium and then goes to the left ventricle. This muscular chamber pumps blood to the aorta and then out to the rest of the body.  1. Superior Vena cava Nuzzaro 26 13. Aorta 6. Pulmonary artery 8. Pulmonary vein 2. Right 7. Left atrium atrium 9. Mitral valve and 10. Goes down to the left ventricle 3. 12. Aortic valve Tricuspid valve 11. Left Ventricle 5. Pulmonary valve 4. Right ventricle *Then to 6. the lungs* 1. Inferior Vena cava Functions: Mitral Valve – Controls the blood flow between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Tricuspid valve – Controls the blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.  Nuzzaro 27 Aorta – Transports oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. Pulmonary Artery – Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to receive oxygen. Atriums: Right – receives deoxygenated blood from the body and then pumps it to the right ventricle. Left – receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and then pumps it to the left ventricle. Ventricles: Right – Pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Left – Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Path of Blood Flow: 1. Oxygen-poor blood travels through the inferior or superior vena cava or coronary sinus (coronary blood circulation). 2. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium.  Nuzzaro 28 3. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve. 4. Blood enters the right ventricle. 5. Blood moves through the pulmonary valve. 6. Blood enters the pulmonary trunk and arteries, where the blood is carried to the lungs. 7. Blood loses CO2 (carbon dioxide) and gains O2 (oxygen) in the pulmonary veins. 8. The now oxygenated blood enters the pulmonary veins. 9. Blood enters the left atrium. 10. Blood travels through the mitral/bicuspid valve. 11. Blood enters the left ventricle. 12. Blood moves through the aortic valve. 13. Blood travels through the aorta and systematic arteries. 14. Blood loses O2 and gains CO2 in the systematic capillaries.  Nuzzaro 29 Brain: the complex organ that is responsible for controlling memory, thought, action, touch, emotion, motor skills, breathing, body temperature, hunger, vision, and control behaviors. Right Central part of Left lateral lateral left lateral ventricle ventricle Sulcus Arachnoid ventricle Gyrus Anterior Anterior Dura mater Longitudinal fissure Third ventricle Cerebral Choroi Fourth aqueduct d ventricle plexus Posterior Posteri or Pia mater Central canal Meninges – Protects the central nervous system by absorbing shock in the case of a blow to the head and helps to keep the brain in place. It also supports the production of the cerebrospinal fluid that protects and nourishes the nervous  Nuzzaro 30 tissue, removes waste products, and provides nutrients to the brain. Functions: 1. Cover and protect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord included) 2. Protects blood vessels and encloses venous sinuses 3. Contains cerebrospinal fluid 4. Form partitions in the skull 5. Attaches the brain to the Crista Galli of the ethmoid bone The three layers: 1. Dura mater – tough mother (strongest meninx) 2. Arachnoid – located underneath the arachnoid and has a space known as the sub-arachnoid containing cerebrospinal fluid to cushion the brain 3. Pia mater – gentle mother (saran wrap) Ventricles – contains cerebrospinal fluid (that cushions the neural structures and supports the brain, cushioning the neural structures and nourishing the brain by transporting nutrients and taking out waste products. There are four ventricles in the brain: two lateral ventricles (left and right), a third ventricle (known as the diencephalon), and the fourth ventricle. The lateral ventricles produce the  Nuzzaro 31 cerebrospinal fluid. The left supports the central nervous system, and the right facilitates the transport of the fluid. The third ventricle can regulate the release of hormones, circadian rhythms, and sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Posterior – manages the production, transportation, and removal of the CSF, which cleans the central nervous system. The cerebral aqueduct connects the third and fourth ventricles to allow the fluid to flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. The fourth ventricle, on the other hand, protects the brain from trauma by cushioning it to help form the central canal, regulating the length of the spinal cord. Anterior – produces and secretes cerebrospinal fluid to protect and maintain the central nervous system to be in good shape. Sulcus – separates the brain into two hemispheres, enhances the surface area, and enables cognitive abilities of the brain - shallow grooves on the hemispheres of the brain that increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex - lateral and central sulcus. Gyrus – ridges that increase the surface area of the cortex, permitting more cognitive processing.  Nuzzaro 32 Longitudinal fissure – separates the brain into two hemispheres, the left and the right. Parietal Cerebrum lobe Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Left Left hemisphere hemisphere Temporal lobe Cerebellum Gyrus sulcus Cerebrum – handles thoughts and actions (both unconscious and conscious), memory, voluntary movements, emotions, and reasoning. Divided into four lobes that are responsible for different functions of the brain. 1. Frontal lobe – controls the motor functions and allows voluntary muscle control. It is also responsible for the ability to think, speak, smell, and problem-solve (located in the front of the brain)  Nuzzaro 33 2. The temporal lobe – (bottom of the brain near the brainstem) – allows sensory areas for hearing and smelling. 3. The parietal lobe – (second back of the brain on top) – receives information from sensory receptors located in the skin and on the taste receptors in the mouth. 4. The occipital lobe – (very back of the brain) – interprets visual input and combines visual images with other sensory experiences. Thalamus – relays the impulses to the cerebral cortex sensory areas. Produces the feelings of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with sensations. The “relay station” for filtering the information between the body and the brain. It is also known as the “gatekeeper to the cerebrum,” controlling which received impulses are passed on to the cerebrum and identifies hot and cold sensations. Corpus callosum Thalamus Pineal gland Cerebral aqueduct Hypothalamus 4th Pituitary ventricle gland Pons Medulla oblongata  Nuzzaro 34 Olfactory Optic nerve nerve Optic chiasma Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve Hypothalamus – Takes the primary role of homeostasis. Helps regulate the body temperature, blood pressure, appetite, water balance and function of the kidneys, and sleep-wake cycles. The hypothalamus influences respiration, circulation, and digestion, as well as the physical expression of emotions, and regulates the menstrual cycle in women. Pineal gland – secretes the hormone “melatonin” that induces sleep.  Nuzzaro 35 Cerebellum – controls the posture, balance, and motor coordination. Corpus callosum – allows the left and right hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other and share information. Medulla oblongata – controls many bodily functions, such as your heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing, and sends signals between the spinal cord and the brain. Olfactory nerve – transmits olfactory impulses from the nose to the brain and regulates body functions, such as smell, taste, memory, assessing danger, “fight or flight response,” and helps recognize social relationships.