The Retraction of Dr. Jose Rizal PDF

# The Retraction of Dr. Jose Rizal ## Did Rizal Retract? - Because of his writings about bringing an end to colonialism and emancipating Filipino minds to aid in the creation of the Filipino nation, Dr. Jose Rizal is recognized as a hero of the revolution. - His writings demonize the Catholic Chur...

# The Retraction of Dr. Jose Rizal ## Did Rizal Retract? - Because of his writings about bringing an end to colonialism and emancipating Filipino minds to aid in the creation of the Filipino nation, Dr. Jose Rizal is recognized as a hero of the revolution. - His writings demonize the Catholic Church, while the primary perpetrators of injustice in Philippine culture are the friars. - It seems sense, then, that any work by Rizal that takes back any of the criticisms he wrote of the friars and the Philippine Catholic Church would be extremely damaging to his reputation as a leading Filipino rebel. ## What is a Retraction? - The action of drawing something back or back in. A withdrawal of a statement, accusation, or undertaking. ## What Was the Retraction About? - The letter, dated December 29, 1896, was said to have been signed by the national hero himself. Rizal retracted because the church would not allow his marriage to Josephine Bracken unless his Masonic affiliation which he was born and in this religion in which I was born and in this religion in which I was born and educated I wish to live and die I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct has been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic church. I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I submit to whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the church and as a society prohibited by the church. The diocesan prelate may, as the superior ecclesiastical authority, make this spontaneous manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts have caused and so that God and people may pardon me". Manila, 29th of December of 1896, Dr. Jose Rizal ## Primary Sources - The Primary Sources related to the alleged retraction include Rizal's affidavit, witness accounts, church records, and documents from the Spanish government. These sources continue to stir discussion, leaving the question of whether Rizal genuinely recanted his views before his execution still unresolved. Key witnesses to José Rizal's alleged retraction include Jesuit priests Fr. Vicente Balaguer, Fr. José Vilaclara, and Fr. Miguel Saderra Mata, who claimed to have been present during his final moments. Fr. Manuel García later discovered the original text of the retraction in 1935. Lt. Col. José Taviel de Andrade and Spanish newspapers like La Voz Española and Diario de Manila also reported on the retraction, fueling the debate over its authenticity. Additional primary sources for José Rizal's retraction include the Archdiocesan Archives of Manila, where the document was found in 1935, testimonies from Spanish officials present at his execution, and Dr. Luis Taviel de Andrade, who questioned the retraction. Records from the Jesuit Order, including Fr. Pío Pi, also contribute to the accounts of Rizal's alleged confession. ## The Cry of Pugad Lawin or Balintawak - The Cry of Pugad Lawin/Cry of Balintawak (Filipino: Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin, Spanish: El Grito de Pugad Lawin) was the Birth of the Philippine Revolution. The "Sigaw" was taken from the translated Spanish words, "El grito de Rebellion/El Grito (The cry of rebellion)" and connotes the Filipino people cries to revolt. This eventually led to the country's independence from Spain around the start of the PH-American war of 1898. - August 23, 1896: was said to be the day that 500-1,000 Katipuneros all gathered at Pugad Lawin (Balintawak) to start an uprising against the Spanish Regime, and kickstarted the Revolution. A few years later, a monument statue was then built in 1908 at Balintawak (currently located today at Balintawak Cloverleaf, Quezon) to commemorate and give remembrance to the brave Filipinos who all worked together to fight off their Spanish oppressors. ## Characterization of the Event - This gathering that took place at Balintawak is quite similar to Mexico's "Grito de Dolores" (1810) revolution which, just like in the Philippines, implies the Mexicans coming together to rebel against the Spanish government and claim their independence. As was said earlier, Pugad Lawin is where 500-1,000 Katipuneros led by Bonifacio and company, all came together to plan their revolution and tear their Cedulas (Tax certificates). This memorable gesture symbolized the Philippines breaking away from the chains of Spain. ## Accounts of the Event - The Cry of Pugad Lawin, as a historical event, has been a subject of debate among historians, each providing accounts of where, when, and how the Cry occured. Here are some of the accounts: - **Dr. Pio Valenzuela (Pugad Lawin):** - In 1936, Pio Valenzuela, along with Briccio Pantas and Enrique Pacheco said (translated to English) "The first Cry of the revolution did not happen in Balintawak where the monument is, but in a place called Pugad Lawin." In 1940, a research team of a forerunner of the National Historical Institute (NHI) which included Valenzuela, identified the location as part of Sitio Gulod, Banlat, Kalookan City. IN 1964, the NHI described this location as the house of Tandang Sora. - The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio, Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was in Balintawak, the first five arriving there on August 19, and I on August 20, 1896. The first place where some 500 members of the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896, was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside from the persons mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted. It was at Pugad Lawin, the house, storehouse, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met and carried out considerable debate and discussion on August 23, 1896. The discussion was on whether or not the revolution against the Spanish government should be started on August 29, 1896... After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula certificates apart and cried, d. Mab Mabuhay ang pilipinas!" (Long live the Philippines!)" - **Santiago Alvarez (Bahay Toro):** - "We started our trek to Kanglong at eleven o'clock that night. We walked through the rain over dark expanses of muddy meadows and fields. Our clothes drenched and our bodies numbed by the cold wind, we prodded wordlessly. It was nearly two in the morning when we reached the house of Brother Apolonio Samson in Kangkong. We crowded into the house to rest and warm ourselves. We were so tired that, after hanging our clothes out to dry, we soon fell asleep. The Supremo began assigning guards at five o'clock the following morning, Saturday Aug 22 1896. He placed a detachment at the Balintawak boundary and another at the backyard to the north of the house where we were gathered. No less than three hundred men assembled at the bidding of the Supremo Andres Bonifacio. Altogether, they carried assorted weapons, bolos, spears, daggers, a dozen small revolvers and a rifle used by its owner one Lieutenant Manuel, for hunting birds. The Supremo Bonifacio was restless because of fears of sudden attack by the enemy. He was worried over the thought that any of the couriers carrying the letter sent by Emilio Jacinto could have been intercepted, and eventually, the enemy might know their whereabouts and attack them on the sly. He decided that it was better to move e to a site called Bahay Toru. At ten o' o'clock that? Sunday y moming, Aug. 23, we arrived at Bahay Toro. Our members had grown to more than 500 and the house, yard, and warehouse of Kabesang Melchora (Melchora Aquino) was getting crowded with US Katipuneros. The generous hospitality of Kabesang Melchora was no less than that of Apolonio Samson. Like him. she also opened her granary and had plenty of rice pounded and animals slaughtered to feed us. The following day, Monday, Aug 24, more Katipuneros came and increased our number to more than 1000. The Supremo called a government and the direction and management of educational institutions. This tumout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in their dire desire to maintain power in the Philippines. Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute. The decree proposed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in such schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the native clergy's zest for secularization. The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past, took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged "revolution" reported by Izquierdo and the friars. Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896. The French writer Edmund Plauchut's account complimented Tavera's account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite for The execution of the three martyr priests which he actually witnessed. # The Cavite Mutiny - On January 20 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately, participants to the feast celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal. - When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The "revolution" was easily crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation. Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island. Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares. - On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism. # A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident - The Filipino scholar and researcher, Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. - Indirectly Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo's cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a cover-up for the organization of a political club. - On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn't happen. The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen, Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued. - Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil # The Expedition of Ferdinand Magellan - The expedition of Ferdinand Magellan was one of the most important journeys as it was the first successful voyage around the Earth, providing insight into the scale of our planet and its oceans. - The journey contributed new knowledge and achievements regarding geographical areas and important routes. For the Philippines, Magellan's arrival in 1521 marked the beginning of Spanish colonization, bringing significant cultural, political, and social influences that led to Spanish rule and had a lasting impact on the Filipino people ## Cavite Mutiny (Research Based) - _*One Past but Many Histories*_ - **1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective** - José Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo's official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization. - The two accounts complemented and corroborated with one other, only that the general's report was more spiteful. - Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as non- payment of tributes and exemption from forced labor were the main reasons of the "revolution" as to how they called it, however, other causes were enumerated by them including the Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, "conspired and supported the rebels and enemies of Spain. In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for "stockpiling malicious propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He reported to the King of Spain that the "rebels" wanted to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new "hari" in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. The general even added that the native clergy enticed other participants by giving them a charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because God is with them coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report, lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate propensity for stealing. - The two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was planned earlier and was thought of it as a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native # Crew of Magellan - The crew consisted of about 270 men, mostly Spaniards. Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan, so that they almost prevented him from sailing, switching his mostly Portuguese crew to mostly men of Spain. - **Trinidad:** The flagship of the fleet, commanded by Ferdinand Magellan. - **San Antonio:** The largest ship, initially commanded by Martin de Irala and later by Francisco de Saboya. - **Concepción:** One of the smaller ships initially commanded by Gaspar de Quesada. - **Santiago:** A smaller vessel, initially commanded by-uis de Mendoza. - **Victoria:** The smallest of the five, 4 commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano after Magellan's death. # Travel Journey of Magellan and the Crew From Spain Up to Philippines - The expedition of Ferdinand Magellan, funded by the King of Spain, set out in 1519 to find a route to the Spice Islands - Here's an important summary of their journey to the Philippines - **September 20, 151: Departure from Spain:** Magellan left Seville, Spain, with his five ships and crew. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean o South America. - **October 21, 1520: Strait of Magellan:** The expedition's voyage to the dangerous waters at South America, later known as the infamous Strait of Magellan, gave them a hard time in searching for a passage to the Pacific Ocean. - **November 28, 1520: Pacific Ocean:** After they passed South America, Magellan's ships entered the Pacific Ocean. The lack of food and water caused them trouble, and the crossing - **March 16, 1521: Arrival in the Philippines:** The first island they landed on when they reached the Philippines was Homonhon. They were the first European crew to make contact with the archipelago. - **April 1521: Experience and Conflicts:** Magellan tried to convert the locals to Christianity and became involved in conflicts. He was killed in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, while fighting against the local chieftain, Lapu-Lapu. - **1522: Continuation and Return to Spain:** After Magellan's death, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, the expedition continued. The expedition eventually completed its voyage around the globe, with only one surviving ship, the Victoria, returning to Spain on September 6, 1522. # Experiences of Magellan's Crew in the Islands and Magellan Eventual Demise at the Battle of Mactan - **On March 16. 1521, **Ferdinand Magellan's expedition arrived in the Philippines, landing on the island of Humunu (Homonhon). They were warmly welcomed by the locals, and through interpreters, they communicated with the native leaders. After a week, they moved to Zubu (Cebu), where Rajah Humabon, referred to as "Raia Humabon," and his wife were baptized into Christianity. Humabon took the Christian name "Don Carlos," while his wife was hamed "Doña Juana." This baptism solidified their alliance with the Spaniards. - **Magellan decided to go to Matan** (Mactan) to enforce Rajah Humabon's (Don Carlos) authority and demonstrate Spanish power. Lapu-Lapu (Cilapulapu), the chieftain of Matan, refused to submit to Spanish rule or convert to Christianity, which Magellan saw as a challenge to both his mission and Humabon's authority. On April 27, 1521, Magellan led 49 men to Matan. They landed during low tide and had to wade through Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Magindanaw and Samarnon this languages is originated from the Malayo-Polenisian language. - **System of writing:** the alphabets consisted of 3 vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin. - **They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as pencil.** - **They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree or bamboo tubes.** # Concept of Death and Burial Practices - **Early Filipinos took care of the dead.** - **Laraw** was a special mourning rites for the datu wherein; - People were not allowed to wear loud colored dresses. - They were not allowed to sing. - Spears were carried upside down. - All wars and quarrels were suspended - **Maglahi** was the mouning for a dead man. - **Morotal** was the mourning for a dead woman. # Magellan First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta - **Introduction:** Antonio Pigafetta's book about Magellan's first voyage around the world stands as one of the most important records narrating one of the greatest expeditions in history. The journey was significant not only because it proved that the Earth is round, but also because it marked the beginning of European colonization of the Philippines. Pigafetta's account provides valuable and detailed information about the challenges, discoveries, and encounters that Magellan and his crew experienced during the expedition. # Motivation Behind the Voyage - Magellan's voyage was primarily motivated by the search for a westward route to the Spice Islands, aiming to break the Portuguese monopoly on the lucrative spice trade and establish Spanish influence in Asia. Backed by Spain, the expedition sought not only economic gain but also the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the spread of Christianity. Magellan was driven by personal ambition for glory and recognition, as well as a desire to vindicate himself after a fallout with the Portuguese crown. This voyage ultimately contributed significantly to geographical exploration and the European understanding of the world. # Background About Antonio Pigafetta - **Date of Birth:** Circa 1491 - **Place of Birth:** Vicenza, Republic of Venice (Italy) - **Nationality:** Italian (Venetian) - **Family Background:** Noble family in Vicenza - **Role:** Chronicler on Ferdinand Magellan's expedition (1519-1522) - **Famous Work:** "Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo" (Report on the First Voyage Around the World) - **Contribution:** Documented the first successful circumnavigation of the globe - **Date of Death:** Circa 1531 - **Background of the Book:** Pigafetta's account. often referred to as "Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation," is one of the few surviving records of Magellan's expedition. The book is a significant resource, including geographical discoveries, anthropological observations, and the crew's hardships. It provides a detailed account of the first successful circumnavigation of the world, which began in 1519 and ended in 1522. Pigafetta's work was originally written in Italian and then translated into a variety of languages, making it available to a larger audience. # Pre-colonial Government - **Barangay:** Tribal gathering (30-100 houses) originally brought settlers of Malay stock to the Philippines from Borneo - **3 Social Classes (Tagalogs):** - **Datos/Datu:** - the chief/Chieftain who governed the people and were captains in their wars whom they obey and reverence - wore: Putong- headdress; signify number of people killed - Kanggan-jacket - Bahag-lower clothing - executive, legislative judicial power - **Maharlica:** - Nobles free born; doesn't pay taxes - **Slaves** - The first, whether male or female. belonged to the father, as did the third and fifth; the second, the fourth, and the sixth fell to the mother, and so on. - **Aliping Namamahay:** - Commoners - slaves living in their own houses - free to own properties and gold - **Aliping Saguiguilid:** - Slaves - property of their master; can be sold - cultivate soil & land - **Karakoa:** - were large outrigger warships from the Philippines. They were used by native Filipinos, notably the Kapampangans and the Visayans, during seasonal sea raids # Mode of Dressing - **Male:** Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of persons the wearer had killed) (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called kanggan. (Lower) bahag - **Female:** (Upper) Baro or Camisa (Lower) Saya # Ornaments - A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction to a person, place or thing. # Administration of Justice - The chieftain's executive function includes implementing laws, ensuring order and giving protection to his subjects. - Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made up of the chieftain and council of elders - **Inheritance:** The 1 son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father's position; if the 1st son dies, the 2nd son succeeds their father, in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter that becomes the chieftain. - **Bigay-suso:** bribe given to the wet-nurse who fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her own breasts. - **Himaraw:** sum of money to be given to the bride's mother as a reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy. - **Sambon:** a dowry given to the girl's relatives. - **Panghimuyat:** a certain amount of the money given to the bride's parents as a payment for the effort's in rearing the girl to womanhood. # Marriage Customs - Men were in general, monogamous; while their wives are called Asawa. - Courtship begins with Paninilbihan. - Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry: - Bigay-kaya- a piece of land or gold - Panghihimuyat- gift for the bride's parents. - Bigay-suso - for brides wet nurse - Marriage between couples belonging classes was not common. - Several grounds of divorce are: - Adultery, - Abandonment on the part of the husband. - Cruelty, and - Insanity. - People become slave by: - Captivity in war - Purchase - Debt - Inheritance - Committing a crime - Emancipated through; - Forgiveness - Paying debt - Condonation (forgiveness) - Bravery - Marriage # Religious Beliefs - They worship many gods and goddesses: - bathala, supreme being; - Idayanale, god of agriculture; - Sidarapa, god of death; - Agni, god of fire; - Balangaw, god of rainbow; - Mandarangan, god of war; - Lalahon, god of harvest; and - Siginarugan, god of hell. - Also believe in sacred animals and trees. # Superstitious Beliefs - Believe in Aswang, Duwende, Kapre, Tikbalang, Patyanak/Tiyanak. - They also believe in magical power of amulet and charms such as anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or love potion. # Economic Life - **Agriculture in the plane lands:** planting of rice, com, banana, coconut, sugar canes and other kinds of vegetables and fruits. - **Hunting in high lands.** - **Fishing in river banks and sea.** - **Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering.** - **Domestic trade of different barangays by boat.** - **Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, Java, and Thailand.** # Language and System of Writing - Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pangpangan. # Kinds of Historical Criticisms - **Internal and External Criticism** - When examining a source, a historian must conduct: - **Internal Criticism** ## External Criticism - is a process by which historians determine whether a source is authentic by checking the validity of the source. - **External criticism,** which is also as Lower known Criticism, is a tool used by historians and exegesis to determine the validity of a document, particularly a document with some sort of historical significance. - **ORIGINALITY OF THE DATA:** The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining its physical characteristics. - **Quality of the paper, the type of ink, and the language and words used.** - **Mukha bang totoo/tunay itong document na top** - **Internal criticism** - looks at the reliability of an authenticated source after it has been subjected to external criticism. This is Internal Criticism, and is often called Higher Criticism. - **ACCURACY OF THE DATA:** Examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production. - **Mukha bang totoo mga nilalaman ng document na to? May kredibilidad ba ang sumulat nito.** # Customs of the Tagalogs by Fray Juan de Plasencia - **Background of the Author:** **Fray Juan de Plascencia** - also known by his real name, Joan de Portocarrero, was one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero. - He was born and raised in Extremadura, Spain in the 16th century during the country's Golden Age (Siglo de Oro). - As a friar of the Franciscan order, de Plasencia performed missionary and sacerdotal duties in numerous towns in Luzon. - He was also credited with the foundation of many towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan. - His interaction with Tagalog converts to Christianity influenced him in writing the book Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) - The book identifies the political, social, economic, and cultural systems that were already in place among Filipino communities prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. # These are the legal documents that are sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that legal transactions have been completed ## Social Documents - They are the records kept by the bureaucracies. - Government reports ## Non-Written Sources of History - They are categorized into two: # Material Evidence - Also known as the archaeological evidence. - Pottery - Jewelry - Dwellings - Graves - Churches - Paintings - Drawings # Oral Evidence - Tales - Sagas - Folk Songs Interviews (Present-da # *Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources* - **Primary Sources** - testimony of an eyewitness (Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History) - **Secondary Sources** - interpret and analyze primary sources. - **Take note:** - Primary source provides better and more accurate historical details compared to a secondary source. However, the authenticity and reliability of primary sources should be scrutinized before they are used - In this day and age, the proliferation of fake news is evident in both print and digital media platforms. # 6 (six) points of inquiries to evaluate the authenticity of a Primary Source by Garraghan (1950): - 1. Date - When was it produced? - 2. Localization - Where did it originate? - 3. Authorship - Who wrote it? - 4. Analysis - What pre-existing material served as the basis. # Historical Data - Historical data, in a broad context, is collected data about past events and circumstances pertaining to a particular subject. - These are the data sourced from artifacts that have been left by the past. # Historical Source - Also known as the historical material. This is the original source that contains important historical information. These sources are something that inform us about history at the most basic level, and these sources are used as clues in order to study history. - Any information, or data you get from these artifacts (paintings. sculpture, photographs, etc.), that's what you call Historical Data. - These historical data are then interpreted by historians, and you call it Historical Work. # Historical Works - **Primary Sources** - External Criticisms - and - Secondary Sources - Internal Criticisms # Historical Sources - Historical sources include: - Documents - Artifacts - Paintings - Recorded sounds - Archaeological sites - Oral transmissions - Stone inscriptions - images (photographs, motion pictures) - Even ancient relics and ruins, broadly speaking, are historical sources. # Sources of History - Can be written and non-written # Written Sources of History: - They are categorized into three: - Newspaper Article written to shape other people's opinion. - Personal Narrative (Diary, Memoir) persuades readers of the justice of the author's action. - Novel/Film to deliver moral teaching or to entertain - Diplomatic - Professional historians once treat these sources as the "purest", and the "best" source. # Meaning & Importance of History - ## Readings in Philippine History - aims to equip students with critical thinking and reading skills by applying historical methodologies in the study of Philippine history. - ## Course Description: RPH - A course of Philippine History viewed from the lens of selected primary sources in different periods, analysis and interpretations. The course aims to expose students to different facets of Philippine history through the lens of eyewitnesses. Rather than rely on secondary materials such as textbooks, which is the usual approach in teaching Philippine history, different types of primary sources will be used - written (qualitative and quantitative), oral, visual, audio-visual digital - covering various aspects of Philippine life (political, economic, social, cultural). Students are expected to analyze the selected readings contextually and in terms of content (stated and implied). The end goal is to enable students to understand and appreciate our rich past by deriving insights from those who were actually present at the time of the event. # Elements of History - People - Place - Time - Event/Circumstances # Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. -George Santayana # What is History? - History is the study of the past - specifically the people, societies, events and problems of the past as well as our attempts to understand them. - a chronological record of significant events. (Merriam-Webster) - derived from the Greek word "Historia" which means "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation". # Definition of History based on Filipino Perspective - ## Kasaysayan - 1. Natatangi ang pag-iral ng salita sa wikang Tagalog dahil ang salitang-ugat nito ay "saysay" na maaaring mangahulugan bilang kahalagahan (essence), kabuluhan (meaning), at katuturan (relevance). - 2. Ito ay ang pag-aaral ng mga bagay na nakalipas na may saysay sa isang tao o grupo ng tao. Maaari ring bigyang-kahulugan bilang "salaysay na may saysay sa pinagsasalaysayan." - 3. Parehong ipinapasa sa anyong pasalita (oral) at anyong pasulat (written). ## Why It's Important That We Study History - 1. History helps us develop a better understanding of the world. - 2. History helps us understand ourselves. - 3. History helps us learn to understand other people. - 4. History teaches a working understanding of change - 5. History gives us the tools we need to be decent citizens. - 6. History makes us better decision makers. - 7. History helps us develop a new level of appreciation for just about everything. # History IS Written by the Victors - Winston Churchill ## Zeus Atayza Salazar - is a Filipino historian, anthropologist, and philosopher of history, best known in pioneering an emic perspective in Philippine history called Pantayong Pananaw (for-us, from-us perspective), earning him the title "Father of New Philippine Historiography." - Historiography deals with the writing of history - History is NOT based on hearsays and gossip!!! It is EVIDENCE-BASED through METHODOLOGY... # "No Document, No History" - Traditional Historians lived with the mantra of "No Document, No History". - It means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be considered as a historical fact.