Reading and Writing 1 PDF - Sohag University

0 Sohag University Faculty of Arts English- French program Reading & Writing 1 Compiled by: Dr. Shaimaa Ahmed Abdel- Motaleb Lecturer in language and linguistics 2025 1 This is a compiled material 2 Contents Lesson 1: Essay writing Lesson 2: Key terms in Academic writing Lesson 3: Essay Types Lesson 4: Samples of different essay types Lesson 5: Writing a Cover letter Lesson 6: Writing C.V. Verb Patterns in English Reading 3 Lesson 1 Essay Writing ► Essay & essay structure What is an Essay: An essay is simply a piece of writing that's put together for a particular purpose. Writing an essay can be intimidating, especially if you are new to the language. However, regardless of which career path you follow, at some point you are going to need to write essays. Most essays are formal writings and follow certain rules and structure. Essay structure refers to organization; it refers to how you organize and support the ideas expressed within your essay. What are the three essential parts of an essay? 1. Introduction: one – few paragraphs at the beginning of the essay (the length should be in proportion to the essay as a whole) 2. Body: one – several paragraphs in the middle of the essay 4 3. Conclusion: one – few paragraphs at the end of the essay (like the introduction, the appropriate length depends on the length of the essay) Introduction: An introduction works to let your reader know what s/he can expect from your paper. You introduction should grab you reader‟s attention, introduce your topic and explain your purpose.  Hook: An opening statement that attempts to grab the attention of your readers. This attention-grabber can take the form of a question to the reader, a rhetorical question, anecdote (story), interesting quotation that relates to your topic, surprising statement/fact revealing statistics regarding your topic, statement of opposition, statement of opinion, etc.  Background information: Any information that is critical to understanding the remainder of your essay and that you will not cover in the body of the paper.  Thesis statement: Often a thesis will be one sentence, but for complex subjects, you may find it more effective to break the thesis into two sentences. The thesis should be explicitly stated somewhere in the opening paragraphs of 5 your paper, most often as the last sentence of the introduction. Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find. Thesis Statement template: Thesis statement= Specific topic + your opinion ‘stance’ or the claim ‘purpose’ + the reasons you have for making that claim. Attributes of a good thesis statements 1. It should be debatable, proposing an arguable point with which people could reasonably agree or disagree. 2. A strong thesis takes a stand and justifies the discussion you will present. 3. It tackles a topic that could be covered in the format and length of the project assigned. 4. It is narrow, specific, and focused. 5. It clearly asserts your own conclusion based on evidence, reasons, and research. 6. It provides the reader with a map to guide him/her through your paper. 7. It details what the reader can expect from the rest of the paper. 8. It anticipates and refutes the counter-arguments. 6 9. It avoids vague language (like "it seems"). 10. It avoids the first person. ("I believe," "In my opinion"). 11. It does not announce itself: "In this essay I will..." Attributes of a weak thesis statements 1. It makes no claim. 2. It is obviously true or a statement of fact. 3. It restates conventional wisdom. 4. It offers personal conviction as the basis for the claim. 5. It makes an overly broad claim. 7 Body: Body paragraphs: Each body paragraph should clearly connect to the thesis statement by helping prove the point made in the thesis. Each paragraph is organized to build upon the other and should include a specific claim that supports the thesis statement and evidence that supports that claim. a) Topic Sentence: Sets up the basic topic and the basic stance b) Restatement Sentence: Clarifies the basic stance of the Topic Sentence c) Illustration/Example Sentence: In this case, provides a quotation that supports the claim made in the Topic and Restatement Sentences d) Analysis Sentence: Explains how the reader is to interpret the example/quotation provided in the Illustration/Example Sentence e) Conclusion Sentence: A sentence that brings us back to the claim made in the Topic Sentence, but it also adds the why that has been argued through the Illustration/Example and Analysis Sentences. This 8 sentence also foreshadows the topic of the next body paragraph. Conclusion: a) Restated thesis statement: a statement that reminds your reader of the point of your paper b) Summary of argument: Recap the main point of each of the body paragraphs and shoe how each point relate and support your argument; tie all pieces of your paper together. c) Final statement: Call to action, vivid image, warning, quotation, question, etc. Tell your reader the significance of your argument. Make a recommendation of what your reader should do with the information you just give them. 9 After you have written your own conclusion, ask yourself:  If my readers were to only read my conclusion, would they understand my paper's purpose?  Do I summarize my argument for my readers?  Do I answer the question "So what, who cares?"  Do I tie all of my points together? Note: Introductions and conclusions work to book- end the argument made in the body paragraphs by first explaining what points will be made (in the introduction) and then summarizing what points were made (in the conclusion) Introduction General statements & Thesis statement Body Paragraph 1: Topic sentence /supporting ideas/ concluding sentence Paragraph 2: Topic sentence/ Supporting ideas/ concluding sentence Conclusion Summary & Final comment 10 Lesson 2 Key Terms in Academic Writing In order to write a quality paragraph, essay or discussion, you must first have an understanding of what are you being asked to do. Understanding some of the terms used (e.g. academic verbs and their meanings) will help you to better organize your thoughts and your research, which will help lead you to writing that quality paper. Analyze To break down the topic into its parts and explain how the parts relate to each other and to the whole Apply to relate theoretical information to real-life examples; ask how this information "works" in a specific and concrete situation Argue to examine a particular topic and the controversy that might surround it and take a stance or a position on the topic. Make a case for a particular point of view that you have. Convince your reader with support or evidence that they should see things the way that you do or take the same position on a topic that you have taken. Compare to contrast is to examine and discuss the & similarities between two or more areas of Contrast focus. To compare is to examine and discuss the differences between two or more areas of 11 focus. Define to clarify a term, concept, or theory by giving the exact meaning of it according to a text, individual, culture, school of thought, or area of study. This is a way to categorize and differentiate this term/concept from others. Describe With a description, your reader should be able to have a clear image of your topic. What does this person, place, item, event, or situation look like, sound like, and feel like? Discuss This means to go beyond simply identifying an idea or topic. Examine and then tell your reader about the various aspects of this idea or topic. Evaluate/ to determine and assess the value, quality, critique effectiveness, or truth of your particular topic in how it meets a certain standard. Explain to clarify a topic by giving a detailed account as to what it is, how and why it occurs, or what is meant by the use of this term in a particular context. Identify to point out or make it known to your reader what the key points are of the topic you are discussing Interpret to conclude or determine for your reader what is being stated or suggested, what is meant by, or what the significance of a text or event is as you see it. Summarize to condense a longer text, paragraph, concept, or theory into a shorter version by including only the most important points, written in your own words, and eliminating 12 any non-essential details. The central idea and main points should be what is left for your reader. Synthesize to blend together research or information from several sources into one cohesive discussion. 13 Lesson 3 Essay Types 1. Cause & effect essay: Cause and effect essays are another common essay type, either as an essay type on its own, or as part of a larger essay which includes one or more paragraphs examining causes and effects. A Cause and effect essays looks at the reasons (or causes) for something, then discusses the results (or effects). It is possible, especially for short exam essays, that only the causes or the effects, not both, are discussed. There are two main ways to structure a cause & effect essay: block structure (all of the causes are listed first, and all of the effects are listed afterwards) and a chain structure (each cause is followed immediately by the effect; that effect will then be the cause of the next effect, which is why this structure is called 'chain'). Both types of structure have their merits. The former is generally clearer, especially for shorter essays, while the 14 latter ensures that any effects you present relate directly to the causes you have given. Block Chain Introduction: Introduction Cause 1& cause 2 Cause 1 & effect of cause 1 Transition Cause 2 & effect of cause 2 sentence/paragraph Cause 3 & effect of cause 3 Effect 1 & Effect 2 Conclusion Conclusion Cause and Effect Structure Words (transition signals) Examples of cause transition signals:  Worsening pollution levels in cities are due to the increased use of cars.  Because of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities are worsening.  As a result of the increased use of cars, pollution levels in cities are worsening.  The effect of the increased use of cars is a worsening of pollution levels in cities. Examples of effect transition signals:  Cars are used increasingly for urban transport. As a consequence, pollution levels in cities are worsening.  Increased use of cars for urban transport adversely affects pollution levels in cities. 15  Increased use of cars for urban transport is one of the causes of worsening pollution levels in cities. Cause (X) Effect (Y) The first cause of (Y) is The first effect of (X) is (X) (Y) The next reason is (X) Another result of (X) is Because of (X), (Y) (Y) As a result of (X), (Y) As a result, (Y) As a consequence of (X), As a consequence, (Y) (Y) Consequently (Y) because/since/as (X) Therefore, (Y) to result from (X) Thus (Y) (X) results in (Y) Hence (Y) to be the result of (X) (X) results in (Y) (Y) is due to (X) (X) causes (Y) Owing to (X), (Y) (X) has an effect on (Y) (Y) is because of (X) (X) affects (Y) (Y) is the effect of (X) (X) is one of the causes of (Y) is the consequence of (Y) (X) (X) is the reason for (Y) Follow these steps when writing a cause and effect essay 1. Distinguish between cause and effect. To determine causes, ask, "Why did this happen?" To identify effects, ask, "What happened because of this?" The following is an example of one cause producing one effect: a) Cause: You are out of gas. b) Effect: Your car won't start. 16 Sometimes, many causes contribute to a single effect or many effects may result from a single cause. The following are examples: a) Several Causes & One effect: Several causes One effect I liked business in high school I choose to major in Salaries in the field are accounting high I have an aunt who is an accountant I am good with numbers b) One Cause & Several effects: One cause Several effects I reduce work I will have less income. hours My employer is irritated I have more time to study I will have more time for family and friends However, most situations are more complicated. The following is an example of a chain reaction: Thinking about friend…forgot to buy gas…car wouldn't start…missed math exam…failed math course. 17 2. Develop your thesis statement. State clearly whether you are discussing causes, effects, or both. Introduce your main idea, using the terms "cause" and/or "effect." 3. Find and organize supporting details. Back up your thesis with relevant and sufficient details that are organized. You can organize details in the following ways: o Chronological. Details are arranged in the order in which the events occurred. o Order of importance. Details are arranged from least to most important or vice versa. o Categorical. Details are arranged by dividing the topic into parts or categories. 4. Use appropriate transitions. To blend details smoothly in cause and effect essays, use the transitional words and phrases. When writing your essay, keep the following suggestions in mind: -Remember your purpose. Decide if your are writing to inform or persuade. -Focus on immediate and direct causes (or effects.) Limit yourself to causes that are close in time and related, as 18 opposed to remote and indirect causes, which occur later and are related indirectly. -Strengthen your essay by using supporting evidence. Define terms, offer facts and statistics, or provide examples, anecdotes, or personal observations that support your ideas. -Qualify or limit your statements about cause and effect. Unless there is clear evidence that one event is related to another, qualify your statements with phrases such as "It appears that the cause was" or "It seems likely" or "The evidence may indicate" or "Available evidence suggests." Topics: - Discuss the causes and effects of global warming; - Explain the high death rate in Chernobyl ['causes' only essay] - Discuss the WTO and its effects on the Chinese economy ['effects' only essay] -Effects of Pollution -The Changes in the Ocean -The Civil Rights Movement and the Effects 19 2. Problem-solution essay: Problem-solution essays consider the problems of a particular situation, and give solutions to those problems. Problem-solution essays are actually a sub-type of another type of essay, which has the following four components: situation, problem, solution, evaluation. Problem-solution essays are more common than situation-problem-solution- evaluation essays (or SPSE essays). There are two main ways to structure a problem- solution essay: block or a chain structure. For the block structure, all of the problems are listed first, and all of the solutions are listed afterwards. For the chain structure, each problem is followed immediately by the solution to that problem. Both types of structure have their merits. The former is generally clearer, especially for shorter essays, while the latter ensures that any solutions you present relate directly to the problems you have given. The two types of structure, block and chain, are shown in the diagram below. This is for a short essay, which includes the 'situation' in the introduction and 'evaluation' in the conclusion. A longer essay, for example one of 20 around 1,000 words, with citations, would probably have these two sections as separate paragraphs in the main body. Block Chain Introduction (including Introduction (including 'situation') 'situation') Problem 1 & Problem 2 Problem 1 & Solution to Transition Problem 1 sentence/paragraph Problem 2 & Solution to Solution 1 & Solution 2 Problem 2 Conclusion (including Problem 3 & Solution to 'evaluation') Problem 3 Conclusion (including 'evaluation') 21 3. Argumentative essay: The function of an argumentative essay is to show that your assertion (opinion, theory, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others'. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. Many people might think that if one simply has an opinion, one can argue it successfully, and these folks are always surprised when others don't agree with them because their logic seems so correct. Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown. Without doing this you do not have an argument, you have only an assertion, an essay that is just your unsubstantiated opinion. Notice that you do not have to completely prove your point; you only have to convince reasonable readers that 22 your argument or position has merit; i.e., that it is somehow more accurate and complete than competing arguments. Argumentative essays are often organized in the following manner: 1. They begin with a statement of your assertion, its timeliness, significance, and relevance in relation to some phenomenon. 2. They review critically the literature about that phenomenon. 3. They illustrate how your assertion is "better" (simpler or more explanatory) than others, including improved (i.e., more reliable or valid) methods that you used to accumulate the data (case) to be explained. Finally revise and edit, and be sure to apply the critical process to your argument to be certain you have not committed any errors in reasoning or integrated any fallacies for which you would criticize some other writer. Additionally, you will want to find out how your readers will object to your argument. Will they say that you have used imprecise concepts? Have you erred in 23 collecting data? Your argument is only as strong as the objections to it. If you cannot refute or discount an objection, then you need to rethink and revise your position. Popular argumentative essay topics: animal testing, Capital punishment, security cameras and privacy, homeschooling, retirement age, the use of animals in scientific research, g overnment and family planning All these essay topics give you a chance to develop an argument in your future essay. The best idea is to choose essay topics that really matter to you. You have to have the strong personal opinion on the topic you are planning to discuss in your argumentative essay. 24 4. Compare and Contrast Essay Compare and contrast essay is a composition, which is concentrated on two points. It reveals the differences and the similarities of these two points, things, situations, etc. The main task of any writer is to find as many similarities and a difference, as it is possible. In order to have a correct logical form, identify the points of comparison. Point out the key aspects and do a research on the topic including articles and books. It structure is simple but it is important to specify its contents: Introduction: One of the main secrets of any successful compare and contrast essay introduction is adding a surprising fact or an anecdote on the topic of discussion. The introduction must be very bright as it is supposed to catch the attention of the reader and make the rest of the essay appealing to the reader. Identify what will be compared and contrasted and the major lines of comparison. Body 25 a. Each of the compared points has to be presented in a separate paragraph or if it is necessary in two paragraphs. b. When all the compared points are revealed to the reader the writer is suggested to put analyze them one more time together in order to put in one solid comprehension of the essay. The paragraphs must be connected with each other with very strong topic sentences. The reader is not supposed to face any difficulties understanding the reason the material is organized the way it is. In other words the reader is expected to understand the reason the writer is analyzing these given aspects. c. The body should be critically read, as each topic sentence has to clearly summarize the main point of the paragraph. d. For better result the body should be analyzed from the perspective of an independent analytic, so it should be read a day after it was written or by another trusted person for review. Conclusion Conclusion is used to summarize the key similarities and differences of the two analyzed things. Word for word restatements should be avoided. The reader is not supposed to feel any doubt in the compare and contrast essay perspective on the topic. 26 5. Narrative essay: Writing a narrative essay is basically writing a story sometimes connected with personal experience. The key element of a narrative essay is a defined point of view presented in the paper and delivered through sharing emotions and sensory details with the reader. The model of storytelling is: plot, characters, setting, climax, ending. A narrative essay explains the point of view that the author claims in the opening statement and confirms in the conclusion of the paper. A descriptive narrative essay is another form of narrative essays. It has the form of a book report which gets the reader acquainted with the book‟s plot, the characters of the book and their actions. This type of narrative essay analyzes the message of the book and its purpose. A narrative essay idea can be taken from many sources like books, articles and personal experience. This is primarily because every single book, article or personal thought has a point of view it tries to deliver to the reader. The narrative essay is built on two main principles: it has no restrictions concerning „in what person‟ it should be 27 written. Usually the first person using „I‟ is used. It makes a deep emotional impression on the reader through the technique of using concrete and sensory details as the dominant of the paper. Narrative essay topics: Getting my first dollar/ My favorite day in the year/ My best friend/ The biggest mistake I have ever made/ The most embarrassing moment in my life/ My happiest vocation 28 1. If you are given directions make sure you follow them word by word 2. Be brief. Express your thought clearly and without unnecessary detail. 3. Make sure the essay is completely connected to you and reflects you absolutely. 4. Reveal an aspect that is your best side (a difficult project, a life experience). 5. Be positive and show that you are proud of your present achievements and want to succeed more. Never 1. Exceed the limits of the essay (it will be a prove that you cannot organize your space and cannot express your thought clearly) 2. Use broad-based generalizations in your essay. 3. Be afraid to express your anxieties (this is what makes you a real intellectually developed person). 4. Repeat the information you provided in other papers. Personal essays can be written on many different topics which aimed to reveal one‟s personality. Delicate approach to the choice of a topic or keen understanding of the one topic is the key element of good essay writing. 29 College Application Essay This type of essay is basically the list of reasons why the person is applying to a college or any other establishment. The applicant is supposed to indicate how he will benefit from becoming a student of a given college or university and what is that he can contribute to it.  College application essay writing is all about being different from other applicants and certainly better than they are.  A successful college application essay always has a very strong personal statement or in other words a reason why the student should be taken as the only candidate for whatever he is applying for.  The best college application essay format is the format of the uniqueness of the applicant (his uniqueness as a personality, as a character, as a potential student and also reveals his writing skills) The application essay personal statement is a vital element of any essay aimed to apply to a university, college, a company or a certain course. The college application essay topic is chosen according to the talents of 30 the applicant in order to demonstrate him in the most appealing way. The most popular application essays are: 1. College application essay 2. University application essay 3. Graduate school application essay 4. Scholarship application essay, etc. Application essay editing is done according to a list of “rules”. Be sure to mention:  All of your awards and honors  Community service  Projects realized  Jobs  Travel experiences  The biggest accomplishment of your life  The personality that has affected you mostly The essay should be concentrated on:  Events that have influenced the process of self- development  The situation of the biggest responsibility in life  The weaknesses as well as the strengths  The biggest aspirations to apply 31  Academic interests/ career goals  The reason the person applies Any application essay reveals the true motivation of the applicant or in other words indicated his interest and his true purpose to apply. The applicant‟s ability to objectively describe himself and predict his behavior in different possible future situations is crucial. A good college application essay never includes irrelevant personal details. 32 Lesson 4 Samples of different essay types 1. Cause & effect essay: More and more women are now going out to work and some women are now the major salary earner in the family. What are the causes of this, and what effect is this having on families and society? In the past, most women stayed at home to take care of domestic chores such as cooking or cleaning. Women's liberation and feminism have meant that this situation has been transformed and in contemporary society women are playing an almost equal role to men in terms of work. This has had significant consequences, both in terms of the family, for example by improving quality of life and increasing children's sense of independence, and also for society itself with greater gender equality. The main reasons behind the increase of women in the workplace are women's liberation and feminism. The women's liberation movement originated in the 1960s and was popularised by authors such as Simone de Beauvoir. As a consequence of this, new legislation emerged, granting women equal rights to men in many fields, in particular employment. Because of feminist ideas, 33 men have taken up roles which were previously seen as being for women only, most importantly those related to child rearing. As a result of this, women have more time to pursue their own careers and interests. These have led to some significant effects, both to family life and to society as a whole. Although the earning capacity of a woman in her lifetime is generally much less than that of a man, she can nevertheless make a significant contribution to the family income. The most important consequence of this is an improved quality of life. By helping to maintain a steady income for the family, the pressure on the husband is considerably reduced, hence improving both the husband's and the wife's emotional wellbeing. Additionally, the purchasing power of the family will also be raised. This means that the family can afford more luxuries such as foreign travel and a family car. A further effect on the family is the promotion of independence in the children. Some might argue that having both parents working might be damaging to the children because of a lack of parental attention. However, such children have to learn to look after themselves at an earlier age, and their parents often rely on them to help with the housework. This therefore teaches them important life skills. As regards society, the most significant impact of women going to work is greater gender equality. There are an increasing 34 number of women who are becoming politicians, lawyers, and even CEOs and company managers. This in turn has led to greater equality for women in all areas of life, not just employment. For example, women today have much stronger legal rights to protect themselves against domestic violence and sexual discrimination in the workplace. In conclusion, the increasing number of women at work has brought about some important changes to family life, including improved quality of life and increased independence for children, as well as affecting society itself. It is clear that the sexes are still a long way from being equal in all areas of life, however, and perhaps the challenge for the present century is to ensure that this takes place. 35 2. Problem-solution essay Consumption of processed and convenience foods and our dependence on the car have led to an increase in obesity and reduction in the fitness level of the adult population. In some countries, especially industrialized ones, the number of obese people can amount to one third of the population. This is significant as obesity and poor fitness lead to a decrease in life expectancy, and it is therefore important for individuals and governments to work together to tackle this issue and improve their citizens' diet and fitness. Obesity and poor fitness decrease life expectancy. Overweight people are more likely to have serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, which can result in premature death. It is well known that regular exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, which means that those with poor fitness levels are at an increased risk of suffering from those problems. Changes by individuals to their diet and their physical activity can increase life expectancy. There is a reliance today on the consumption of processed foods, which have a high fat and sugar content. By preparing their own foods, and consuming more fruit and vegetables, people could ensure that their diets are healthier and more balanced, which could lead to a reduction in obesity levels. In order to improve fitness levels, people could choose to walk or cycle to work or to the shops rather than taking the car. They could also choose to walk up stairs instead of taking the lift. 36 These simple changes could lead to a significant improvement in fitness levels. Governments could also implement initiatives to improve their citizens' eating and exercise habits. This could be done through education, for example by adding classes to the curriculum about healthy diet and lifestyles. Governments could also do more to encourage their citizens to walk or cycle instead of taking the car, for instance by building more cycle lanes or increasing vehicle taxes. While some might argue that increased taxes are a negative way to solve the problem, it is no different from the high taxes imposed on cigarettes to reduce cigarette consumption. In short, obesity and poor fitness are a significant problem in modern life, leading to lower life expectancy. Individuals and governments can work together to tackle this problem and so improve diet and fitness. Of the solutions suggested, those made by individuals themselves are likely to have more impact, though it is clear that a concerted effort with the government is essential for success. With obesity levels in industrialized and industrializing countries continuing to rise, it is essential that we take action now to deal with this problem. 37 3. Argumentative Essay Good and Bad Teachers essay Teaching can without any doubts be called the leading power of the society‟s development. It is well known that there exist three main factors that influence the development of the personality. They are: heredity, social encirclement and education. Usually the term education is used meaning the great impact that parent have on the future personality of their child. But this also includes school education, because nowadays, when parents are very busy they are the people, who teach children what is beautiful and what is ugly, what is right and what is wrong. Through them children learn to perceive the inner world. And the way they perceive it depends on the teacher‟s personal particularities that are transmitted to children through interaction and the knowledge that the teacher offers them. A good teacher is a person who finds individual approach to every pupil, taking care about the child‟s adaptation in class, increasing one‟s social status in class and making sure the children learn to take into account and respect the thoughts of other people. Therefore there is much more to a teacher than high professionalism. What makes kids hardly wait until the lesson starts in one cases and hating the subject in others? Of course high professionalism in the field of the taught subject is very important, but when it comes to being a bad or a good teacher 38 this is not the weightiest factor. A good teacher is a person who not just reproduces the knowledge he got. Not a person that only brings up the interest to the subject. It is a person who finds individual approach to every pupil, taking care about the child‟s adaptation in class, increasing one‟s social status in class and making sure the children learn to take into account and respect the thoughts of other people. It is a man or a woman that can not “play” the teacher‟s role but he in the first place “ a feeling human being” in front of the students, a person that can show emotional response. For example, if the teacher is professionally good enough but does not take critics from the pupils constructively or does not explain why he thinks he is right this makes a huge gap between the students and the teacher. And when there is no emotional contact the learning cannot be called successful, for the students are not completely involved. When the teacher does not treat students as people that obey him, treats them like they are equal to him and explains equally to everybody it can really be a pointer of a “good” teacher. And one other very important thing is creativity. One of the indicators of a “good” teacher it is his desire to teach in a new, original form, adding something new and personal to make the learning process as exciting as it can possibly be. A bad teacher is a person that focuses only on the information he provides not taking into account the children or anything. It is a person that is doing its job. Such a person can be very good in the 39 theoretical part of his subject but he will never have students being emotionally attached to him. It is a teacher that lets his personal mood influence on the way he treats his students, ect. That cannot reduce awkward situations with humor either it is him in the situation or his student. Being a good teacher is about loving children and wanting to give them only the best the teacher has inside of him. 40 4. Compare and contrast essay: Differences between men and women at their workplace A very important issue concerning diversity is the difference between men and women at workplace. As the matter of international experience of hiring people it is very important to point out that there have been a great number of cases connected with discrimination. We consider this to be a vital problem even nowadays, in spite of the change of the reasons for discrimination. If in the past it was a major problem for women to find a job and to prove that they can provide results equal to men, in the present time the situation has quiet changed. In addition to that women start getting benefits and are sometimes the only possible employees for a given workplace. Women establish a very strong emotional contact with the client; at the same time they are treated as being less professional than their male colleagues. Male workers according to the opinion of the employers are more rational. They complement and substitute the women‟s emotional “contamination” by the rational aspect of the matter they are working with. Due to this employers sometimes prefer to eliminate either the “emotional”, or the “rational” factor and put “labels” on the employees taking their gender as an evaluating criterion. But nowadays everything has changed and men and women perform each other‟s work excellently. We have observed 41 in practice this difference, when a job, considered to be a “male job” was done perfectly by a woman but did not get the well- earned recognition in the company. One of the psychological reasons for that, as we assume, is the incapability of the authorities of the company to deal with a stereotype and change their ways according to the changing world around them. So therefore, it is the lack of flexibility. Women nevertheless are treated with a higher loyalty in any decent company. And sometimes their work results may be viewed as just needing some correction in comparison to the same work presented by men that would be considered wrong. But all these are exaggerated examples. The cultural component of this issue should be taken in count, too. For example is we take a black male and a white woman we may meet with a “special” treatment to the first one, due to the company‟s respect and desire to show that they do not have any racial prejudices. We, believe, that the difference between men and women still exists and women and the quality of their work nowadays displace men. Nevertheless, we have examined another opinion that concerns women. Rose Mary Wentling suggested another point of view on the differences between men and women at workplace. The author asserts that women are still experiencing difficulties in their workplaces. The main arguments that are brought are the next: women are not given the standard of work performance when they apply for a “male” job, therefore 42 do not get the detailed and clear picture of their involvement; women are not included in all the kinds of communication throughout a company; women lack the opportunity to ”grow, develop, and contribute to company profitability”. According to this point of view women are not given the opportunity to introduce their ideas and innovations to the company‟s functioning. But the main issue to work on is that the expectations of the employers concerning women are different than the ones concerning men. Women are ready to travel and move and relocate, and to make “the same commitment to the company as men aspiring to leadership positions” due to the reassessment of the woman‟s role in the society. Analyzing this different point of view we came to a conclusion that both men and women face gender difficulties at any kind of job. So therefore we consider providing them with equal conditional vital for the benefit of the company itself in the first place. A modern company should not pay attention to the gender attribute. Both men and women need to have career advancement opportunities and counseling. Men and women are potential employees of any company, no matter what position we are talking about. From with combination of two points of view we get an understanding that both men and women have examples of being not treated properly at their workplace in spite of having the required skills for the place. And it is not possible to say that either men or women are facing greater difficulties in their professional lives. So it can be said that the difference did not disappear, but it is not a single-sided issue. 43 5. Narrative essay: Food culture and traditions Essay As a native African American, I usually hold to the tradition of using popular southern foods. These include such important ingredients as the okra vegetable. The vegetable was brought to New Orleans by African slaves. I like to follow the tradition. It means that I follow the traditions of the past while composing my food traditions. The tradition is often attributed to the imported products from African continent. Okra can be regarded as the principal ingredient in the popular Creole stew. This dish is often referred to as gumbo. The food is believed to belong to the traditional spiritual and healthful properties. The other properties include rice and seafood. These go along with sausage or chicken, and filé. File is a sassafras powder. The use of the powder is inspired by the Choctaw Indians. The main ingredient of the food is gumbo. There are many others common foods that are being rooted in African-American culture. These include black-eyed peas, benne seeds (sesame), eggplant, sorghum. Also, I adore watermelons, and peanuts. Southern food has one more name - "soul food." This is a very interesting story and is known by everyone who is African American. According to the general view, African Americans contend that soul is being projected to consist of African- American recipes. Many of these are known to have passed down from generation to generation. It is just the same story as the one 44 with African rituals. The legacy of African culture can be traced is many of the traditional recipes that are being practices by the Native people. Me personally like to eat foods made from rice. It seems that the tradition has not changed since the old times when the exploitation of the new territories begun. Also, Africans and West Indians are known to set foot in the New World, as well as on the territory of the southern United States. These states are known to have a dense population. The other thing is the development of new modern cooking culture. This culture remains true to the African-American tradition. The cooking traditions are widely present in the southern society. The tradition has been existing for years. Soul food is a hearty African cuisine. In the majority of cases, this cuisine is being associated with African Americans that are residing in the Northern part of the country. The territory is being inhabited by the people that came both from the North and South. The tradition is common among blacks and whites that live in the in the South. The basis of the tradition is the use of the cheap products have been received from farming, hunting and fishing. The tradition is based on the use of ham hocks and neck bones. These are often used to seasoning to soups. The same situation happens for boiled turnip, collard and mustard greens. The other common foods are being used for the procedure that includes such important foods as fried chicken, fish, and cornbread. There 45 were times, when the African-American population could be regarded to be more rural than it is no.w Things have changed however, but rabbit, possum and squirrel, as well as waterfowl still remain to be the important additions to the already present diet. Now let‟s come close to the analysis of American food traditions. These traditions can be regarded as the ones that are particularly intriguing. Also, many people are known for resisting some of the most persistent of traditions. Many of the people are known to resist the very idea of changing their food patterns. Me also. That is the main reason why food often becomes closely tied to cultural identity. The presence of this identity helps to reveal people the presence of cultural processes including blending, diffusion, or maintenance. Gumbo can be regarded as an excellent example of cultural blending. I like this dish since it is closely identified with South Louisiana food traditions. The name of the food is derived from the Bantu. This word is traditionally used for okra, nkombo. As for the okra plant, this plant can be regarded a favorite one in Africa. Of particular focus is the seafood gumbo. This food is thickened with okra. The food is more common along the coast. The dish is being done from meal, however, there is much space for the other ingredients. Something like boiled eggs. No matter which type of gumbo I am going to make, the ingredients for the 46 dish are not that difficult to find. Now I will tell you some things in which the right gumbo can be done since cooking gumbo is one of my favorite pastimes. Still, the whole procedure is rather complicated. Gumbo has also much to do with the cultural traditions of the people. First of all, the dish illustrates the process of cultural diffusion. While preparing African Gumbo Soop I am using the following ingredients: 1 (3- to 4-pound) chicken, cut into serving pieces and floured 4 tablespoons peanut oil 1 onions, peeled and chopped 3 tomatoes, peeled and chopped 2 quart chicken bouillon 2 teaspoon salt 1/3 teaspoon cayenne pepper 2 pound okra 1 tablespoon flour, mixed with 1/4 cup water  Brown chicken pieces in hot oil in stew pot. Add onions, tomatoes, bouillon, salt and cayenne. Simmer covered until chicken is tender.  Wash okra; snip off ends and cut into rounds. Add okra and simmer uncovered until tender. Thicken with flour.  Variation  Substitute 2 pounds washed, shelled and deveined shrimp or prawns for chicken The dish is delicious. Just try and you can the experience the taste of the real food. That food is simply delicious! 47 College Application essay: Letter of Appeal Dear Mr. (Mrs.) [name] I am writing this letter to appeal readmission to the college. Between the fall and the spring I continuously failed to attend surgery classes due to being extremely busy at work. My work hours did not allow me devoting time to my studies; as a result, I failed the surgery class. Now I am prepared to devote myself to professional studies, and to achieving the basic educational objectives. I am confident that my readmission will lead me to better professional achievements and will help me align my professional goals with strategic educational requirements. Because of my being busy at work, and because of my increasing devotion to professional growth, I failed my surgery classes. I realize the importance of education for my future career, and I also realize the need for aligning my professional strivings with educational achievements. Unfortunately, the period between 2007 and 2008 turned out to be a complete educational failure to me. I was trying my best to maintain stability in education, but due to the difficulties I was facing at work I would not be able to successfully complete the semester. I understand that the situation is not warranted, and that I risk losing a chance to become a student again. I also realize the seriousness of the situation that may prevent me from graduating 48 from college. Simultaneously, educational failures may minimize my chances to become a professional in my field of studies. My failures were the result of unavoidable circumstances. I understand that my workload may not be a good justification for my failures in college, but the situation was totally beyond my control, and I am prepared to facing the difficulties of the learning process. I am asking you to grant me with another opportunity to become an integral part of your college. I appreciate the time you have taken to read this letter and to consider an opportunity for my readmission. Sincerely, 49 Lesson 5 How to write a Cover Letter When it comes to finding a new job, cover letters are possibly the most underrated part of the whole application process. Mainly due to the fact that most of us aren‟t even 100% sure what they‟re actually for. But a well written cover letter is the perfect way to set yourself apart and help sell your application, not to mention convince a recruiter you‟re the right person for the role. To make sure you stop underestimating yours, here are a few things you should know about cover letters: What is a cover letter? A cover letter is a document you send with your CV. However, it differs from a CV in that instead of being a written overview of your skills and experience, it‟s specifically written with the job you‟re applying for in mind – allowing you to highlight certain areas you think would make you right for the role. 50 What should a cover letter include?  Your personal details (e.g. name, address, phone number)  The hiring manager‟s name (if you have it)  Where you found the vacancy  Why you‟re suitable for the job  What you can do for the company  Closing statements (including thanking the recruiter for their time) Why is a cover letter important? To put it simply, your cover letter is the easiest and most effective way to stand out from the crowd. It brings a something extra to the table when you apply for a job – the employer will learn more about you, your personality, what you actually want from the job and gain insight as to why you‟re applying. And, as your CV is supposed to be short and sweet, your cover letter is the perfect way to elaborate on your achievements. How should a cover letter be formatted? Much like a CV, there is no one-size-fits-all format when it comes to writing a cover letter. However, the layout will say a lot about your approach, and your overall 51 attention to detail. For that reason, it definitely isn‟t something that should be underestimated. To make sure what you write is logical, to the point and easy to read, here are some key rules to follow for your cover letter:  Be clear and concise  Keep paragraphs short and direct  Back up any statements you make with facts & figures  Choose a professional font  Check spelling and grammar  Use a template How long should a cover letter be? Around half a page of A4 (one page maximum). It should be a little more in-depth than your CV, but keep it punchy and to the point. Recruiters don‟t want your life story. Do I have to have a cover letter? You should always submit a cover letter with your CV. No exceptions.* Not only does it show you‟re serious about the job you‟re applying for, it also gives you a chance to tailor your application to the role. 52 *You know, unless you’re specifically told not to. Then you’re officially off the hook. Do I need to include research in my cover letter? Researching the company will definitely help your cause. Of course, it‟s important not to go over the top and end up giving them a full history of their business, but don‟t be scared to throw in facts that are relevant. They‟ll be impressed when they see that you‟ve actually put a bit of time to one side so that you can learn about the company that you could potentially be working for. Can I use a cover letter template? Yes. Yes you can. Five things you need to stop doing on your cover letter Never underestimate the power of a cover letter… Although often overlooked, cover letters can be one of the main deciding factors when it comes to helping your application stand out. But what should (and shouldn‟t) you include? To point you in the right direction, here are five of the most common cover letter mistakes that could be costing you the job: 1. Using the same cover letter for every single job 53 If you‟re guilty of sending identical cover letters for every single role, stop. It may save you time, but it won‟t get you the job. A stock cover letter equals generic phrases and offers no specificity about the company, industry, or role you‟re applying for. You might also be including a wealth of information that isn‟t even relevant to the job, only indicating a lack of genuine interest, not to mention laziness, to most hiring managers. Instead, always refer to the job by its title and description, and explain how your skills could benefit the specific company (not just the industry as a whole). After all, the employer wants to know how you could be an asset to them personally, and aren‟t likely to be impressed by anyone who assume all roles and companies in an entire industry are on the same level. Do say: ‘I’ve been following *correct company name* for many years now, and your success in X and Y makes you stand out from your competition in the X sector. I believe my skills in Y from *specific projects* could help your company thrive further in its need for a *description of job title*.’ 54 Don‟t say: ‘I think I’d be a great fit for this position at *wrong company name*, and am keen to enter this thriving industry.’ 2. Being overly personal Maybe you‟ve been unlucky in love recently. Maybe you‟re struggling with money. Or maybe your „lucky interview socks‟ got a hole in them, inevitably causing your most recent job interview rejection. Life is tough sometimes, we get it. But that doesn‟t mean this information is cover letter friendly. It‟s never OK to talk about your personal life, or share irrelevant details on a professional document, and it definitely won‟t improve your employability. Other personal topics such as talking about the reasons for leaving your current job, overly detailed justifications for career breaks, or badmouthing your boss also fall firmly under the „do not mention‟ category. So, keep it to the point, and focus on the job you‟re applying for. After all, nobody‟s going to fall for the „pity vote‟. They‟re recruiters, not counsellors. 55 Do say: ‘During my seven years of experience in *specific field*, I have gained skills in X, Y, and Z. A recent example of this included *recent success in achievement, project, or task*, and I strongly believe that they could be utilised to help *company name* succeed in their mission of *company mission statement*.’ Don‟t say: ‘I left my last role on bad terms. My boss always had it in for me, if I’m honest.’ 3. Making it all about you Always remember that your application isn‟t based on what you want. It‟s all about what the employer wants. Sure, you should talk about your achievements, skills, and experience – but only if they relate directly back to the vacancy you‟re applying for. Avoid detailing your hopes and dreams, and don‟t explain what you‟d personally get out of the job. Because a cover letter isn‟t about being able to fulfil your objectives, it‟s about proving to a recruiter that you have what it takes to fulfil theirs. Place emphasis on what they‟d get out of employing you, whilst explaining how your specific skills could help them, and you‟ll be far more likely to impress. 56 Do say: ‘My enthusiasm and dedication to *field name* has resulted in me acquiring of a range of different skills in X and Y, proven most recently by X. This role requires a wealth of knowledge on Z, and my *relevant quantifiable experience* directly proves my in depth understanding and expertise in this particular area.’ Don‟t say: ‘I’ve always been interested in entering the *field name*, and I’d like to gain further experience and build on my current skills. It would also be a great opportunity for me to do what I love.’ 4. Drawing attention to your weaknesses A recruiter isn‟t interested in what you can‟t do – they want to know what you can do. If you‟re lacking in experience in certain areas but have strengths in others, then just focus on your strong points. Negativity has no place in a cover letter, so if it doesn‟t prove why you should get the job, it‟s probably not worth including. Additionally, confidence is key when it comes to job hunting, and a recruiter is unlikely to be blown away by anyone who doubts their suitability for the role. You‟ll 57 just be drawing attention to your application for all the wrong reasons. Remember: if you don‟t think you have the right skills for the job, it‟s unlikely the hiring manager will. Do say: ‘My experience in *specific field* has given me the transferrable skills in X and Y…’ Don‟t say: „Although I don’t have any experience in *specific field*…’ 5. Being too keen Enthusiasm is good. Desperation is not. Your application alone tells the recruiter you‟re interested, so there‟s no need to go overboard with unwarranted eagerness in your cover letter. Begging for the job isn‟t going to add anything to your selling potential, and if you appear overeager, the recruiter will just assume you‟re not actually that high in demand. Instead, be enthusiastic about the position you‟re applying for, and why you think their organisation would be a great company to work for. But try and keep all over- the-top adjectives and hyperbole to a minimum. Because there‟s a fine line between showing a genuine interest and trying too hard… 58 Do say: ‘Your recent successes in X and Y attracted me to your company, and as the market leader in Z, *company name* stood out to me…’ Don‟t say: ‘This is my absolute dream job. I want it more than anyone else, and I know for a fact that I’m the best person for the role.’ Honourable mentions: using clichéd phrases, failing to proofread, underselling or overselling yourself, being arrogant, lying, talking about salary expectations, including a headshot. How to: Write a cover letter Behind every CV is a good cover letter… Our step-by-step guide to help you get started on writing a cover letter: Do your research First things first, you need to do your research. Take some time to look into the role you‟re applying for and the company – and use this information to tailor your cover letter accordingly. Here are a few key things you should find out before you start writing:  What does the company do? 59  Who are their competitors?  Who are their target audience?  What does the role involve?  What are the essential skills? Once you‟ve found answers to these questions, you‟ll be able to make it clear in your cover letter how your skills and abilities match up with what the employer is looking for. Not only will doing research give you the knowledge you need to tailor your cover letter and CV to the style of the company, it also demonstrates that you‟ve got a real interest in the specific role and company. How to format a cover letter Your cover letter should be well-presented, concise, and to-the-point. So use an easy-to-read font, and don‟t get carried away with embellishments. No pictures, no Comic Sans, and definitely no word art necessary. Aside from ensuring its written using clear paragraphs – it also should be the right length. Too long, and you‟ll risk rambling (and/or boring the recruiter); but too short, and you‟re unlikely to have covered everything. 60 Aim for half a side of A4 (or one page maximum), and you‟ll be on the right track. How to address a cover letter Cover letters should be addressed to the person dealing with the applications. Usually, this will be shown somewhere in the job advert – and if not, don‟t be afraid to find out. Start by visiting the company‟s website to track down the name of a relevant recipient, and if you have no luck there – there‟s no harm in simply calling and asking. Not only will you be able to address your letter accurately, you‟ll also demonstrate your initiative and genuine interest in the role. If you manage to find a name – address with „Dear Mr Smith/Dear Ms Jones‟. And if you don‟t? „Dear Sir/Madam‟ will suffice. How to structure a cover letter Although there are no set rules on how your cover letter should be structured, making sure it flows well is vital if you want to impress recruiters. Here‟s a rough guideline of how your cover letter should look: 61 1. Opening the letter – Why are you getting in touch? The opening paragraph should be short and to the point, explaining why you‟re getting in touch. It‟s also useful to include where you found the ad i.e. as advertised on reed.co.uk. If someone referred you, mention their name in this section. Example: I wish to apply for the role of IT Manager, currently being advertised on reed.co.uk. Please find enclosed my CV for your consideration. 2. Second paragraph – Why are you suitable for the job? Briefly describe your professional and academic qualifications that are relevant to the role and ensure you refer to each of the skills listed in the job description. Example: As you can see from my attached CV, I have over three years’ experience in the IT Industry, and I believe the knowledge and skills built up during this time make me the perfect candidate for the role. 3. Third paragraph – What can you do for the company? Now‟s your opportunity to emphasise what you can do for the company. Outline your career goals (making it relevant to the position you‟re applying for) and expand 62 on pertinent points in your CV – including examples to back up your skills. Example: In my current role as Senior Marketing Executive at Software Company X Ltd, I have been responsible for increasing incoming client enquiries for our B2B product lines by 156% in under 12 months, which helped the business increase its revenue by 55% year-on-year. 4. Fourth paragraph – Reiterate Here‟s where you reiterate your interest in the role and why you would be the right fit for the role. It‟s also a good time to indicate you‟d like to meet with the employer for an interview. Example: I am confident that I can bring this level of success with me to your company and help IT Company LTD build upon their reputation as one the UK’s fastest-growing software houses. With my previous experience and expertise, I believe I can start actively contributing to the business as soon as possible. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss my application further. 63 5. Closing the letter Sign off your cover letter with „Yours sincerely‟ (if you know the name of the hiring manager), or „Yours faithfully‟ (if you don‟t), followed by your name. How to overcome common cover letter problems There‟s no covering up a bad cover letter…. Although you might feel like your CV is the centre of attention in a job application, never underestimate the importance of a good cover letter. But how can you make yours stand out from the crowd, and what‟s the best way to overcome cover letter difficulties? We‟ve already explained what a cover letter is and highlighted some cover letter lines to avoid, but here are five of the most common cover letter problems (and how you can overcome them): I‟ve got gaps in my work history Aside from proving your suitability to your prospective employer, a cover letter is also the perfect opportunity to explain any gaps you might have in your CV. Because although your CV will show the times you weren‟t working, it won‟t explain why. Instead, use your 64 cover letter to be resourceful, honest, and positive about the gaps in your work history. Whether you spent a few months travelling, or you took some time out to explore your career options, being proactive about your reasoning is vital to ensure prospective employers don‟t jump to any conclusions about your work ethic. Just make sure you explain yourself in a professional manner. Bringing personal issues or unimpressive excuses into your job application is never a good idea – and lying isn‟t either. The recruiter hasn‟t asked for a cover letter It isn‟t always clear whether you should submit a cover letter in a job application – but as a general rule (unless the employer states otherwise), we‟d always recommend adding one. Because although your CV will tell the employer everything they need to know about your skills, experience, and qualifications – a cover letter gives you the chance to expand on this information, without making your CV too wordy or hard to digest. 65 And if you add one without being prompted, there‟s a good chance you‟ll stand apart from candidates who chose not to make the extra effort. So less competition, and you get to show your initiative. It‟s a no-brainer. I‟m making a prospective application, so can‟t match myself to any specific jobs Not all positions have a job description that‟s readily available. In fact, if you‟re applying prospectively (for roles that aren‟t advertised yet), you won‟t have a detailed job specification to match yourself to. But that doesn‟t mean you can‟t tailor your application. Instead of using the advert as a guide, give a full description of the kind of role you‟re looking for – then, include any relevant experience, knowledge, and education that‟ll help to prove your suitability for this potential opportunity. Cover letters for prospective applications are also a great platform for you to show your knowledge of (and interest in) the company. So use it to express why you want to work there, and reference any of their recent 66 successes. Then, explain how these line up with your own career goals. Good research (and flattery) will always be a good look. I‟m not fully qualified for the role If you‟re underqualified for a position, standing out from the crowd can be tough. However, the worst thing you can do is draw attention to your flaws. Instead, use your cover letter to highlight your most impressive skills and qualifications – that will make up for the areas you may be lacking experience in. Just make sure you always link back to how it makes you suitable for the role. Your cover letter is all about relevancy – so if it‟s not going to prove to the employer that you can meet the job requirements, it‟s not worth including. And if you think a lack of qualifications could be holding you back, consider taking a course to quantify your skills. I don‟t know whether to include salary in my cover letter When it comes to job applications, employers are looking for candidates that can follow directions. 67 This means that whether you include salary information all depends on what the employer is asking for. So, if the advert doesn‟t mention anything about your current salary or expectations, you‟re probably safest leaving it out of your cover letter. But if they do, ensure your answers allow a good level of leeway. For example, if you‟re asked to include your salary history, giving a range instead of exact figures will help show you‟re flexible. And, if you‟re asked about your expectations – it‟s up to you how you handle it. If you don‟t want to give anything away yet, it‟s perfectly acceptable to say your expectations are negotiable. Alternatively, you could include a realistic salary range, based on the research you‟ve done. 68 Free cover letter template [Your Name] [Address] [Hiring manager‟s name] [Hiring manager‟s company name] [Company address] [Today‟s Date] [Name of Recipient] Dear Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms[Hiring managers name – if not known, simply Sir/Madam] I wish to apply for the role of [Job Title], currently being advertised on reed.co.uk. Please find enclosed my CV for your consideration. As you can see from my attached CV, I have over [time period]experience in the [Sector]industry, and I believe the knowledge and skills built up during this time make me theright/perfect candidate for the role. In my current role as a [job title]at [employer name], I have been responsible for [Insert a quantifiable and notable achievement/s - e.g. a x% increase in revenue], which when coupled with my enthusiasm and dedication[insert skills relevant to the role – usually found in the job description], has helped the business to [measure of success]. I am confidentthat I can bring this level of success with me to your organisation and help [company name] build upon their reputation as [state their position in market – learned through your research]. With my previous 69 experience and expertise, I believe my contribution will have an immediate impact on the business. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss my application further. Yours sincerely/Yours faithfully, [Your name] [contact phone number] [Signature - if desired] 70 71 72 Lesson 6 Writing your own CV What to do when you have a long career history Worried you have too much experience? Having a long career history is a great way to build an extensive set of skills and experience over time. However, it also means you‟ll have to do a bit of extra legwork when it comes to ensuring your CV fits within the two page limit most recruiters prefer. To make sure you‟re only sharing the most relevant information, here‟s what to do when you have a long career history: How many pages should a CV be? A CV should be around two pages in length, no matter how long your employment history is. Whilst having a long career history can make keeping your CV short and 73 succinct particularly challenging, that doesn‟t mean it‟s impossible. In fact, if you‟re ruthless with what you include, and ensure the contents of your CV are 100% relevant to the job you‟re applying for, it might be easier than you think. What should I do if I have a long career history? If you have too much work experience Top tip: only include what’s relevant/recent. If you‟ve been working for a number of years, it‟s no surprise that your employment history alone has the potential to exceed two pages. The solution? Don‟t include everything you‟ve ever done. For example, work you‟ve carried out decades ago is unlikely to be an essential part of your CV – especially if you have more recent experience that ticks the same boxes. But if you really want to include it, the job title alone is more than enough. 74 Alternatively, stating something such as ‘various retail positions (date – date)’ will also suffice. The same goes for roles that don‟t demonstrate the skills needed for the job you‟re applying for, whether it‟s a totally different line of work, or you have more senior positions that better fit with the vacancy‟s requirements. If in doubt – always refer back to the job description. And whatever work experience doesn‟t prove your suitability for this particular role, omit it. If you‟ve got gaps in your employment Top tip: always explain any employment gaps in your cover letter. A long career history doesn‟t necessarily mean your employment was non-stop. Whether it‟s that you‟ve taken gap years, sabbaticals, or career breaks, or you stopped working all together to raise a family or go back to university – there are a number of reasons there could be 75 gaps in your employment. Even if your work experience spans across twenty years. The good news is, scaling back the detail is perfectly acceptable if you‟ve had a lot of jobs, and this is also a great way to draw attention away from any gaps. You should also show you‟ve been proactive with your time off by mentioning any volunteer work, courses, or even hobbies that kept you busy. Use dates to your advantage. Omitting months from the dates (and simply stating years) that you‟ve worked at a company is a great way to make short gaps less obvious. And if none of the above works? Your cover letter is the perfect place to elaborate on any unexplained gaps without sacrificing space in your CV – providing your reasoning is honest and positive. If you‟ve frequently job-hopped 76 Top tip: condense any similar jobs into one title (e.g. various temp roles). Whilst in some fields, job hopping is expected (e.g. contract/freelance/temp work), employers in other industries might not see it in such a positive light. But that doesn‟t mean you can‟t turn it around. Lumping similar roles together is a great way to keep your CV concise, whilst still being able to highlight the most relevant skills and accomplishments from each one. For example, ‘Marketing Assistant, [X] and [Y] (dates)’ or ‘Various IT temp roles (dates)’. It‟s also a good idea to explain job hops in your cover letter, particularly if they were involuntary (e.g. due to redundancy, downsizing etc.), or based on a natural progression of your career – something which will prove your ambition, determination, and willingness to learn and grow. 77 And, if you‟ve had a number of short stints of work that don‟t add much to your application, it‟s perfectly acceptable to omit them all together. Final thoughts Is your CV still over the two page mark? Keep making cuts. Cutting down on your responsibilities for each role, for example, will help keep things more streamlined – not to mention make your main accomplishments stand out. Remember: your CV is your own personal sales tool. It‟s not a list of everything you‟ve ever done. So take out any unnecessary phrases, clichéd phrases or sections that don‟t add value. Trust us. Your future employer will thank you for it later. How long should a CV be? Does size matter? When it comes to your CV, the answer is yes… 78 CV length can be a crucial factor in determining whether or not you get the job. Think about it: if a recruiter has 100 CVs to go through in a day, there‟s a chance that at some point they‟ll lose concentration. So, the trick is to grab their attention – and, crucially, to make your CV stand out from every other applicant. To help you keep it short and sweet, here are how many pages recruiters really want, and some of our top tips for reducing the length of your CV. What‟s the ideal CV length? 91% of recruiters we surveyed called two pages the perfect CV length. Obviously, this might vary depending on your experience. If you‟re just graduating, for example, chances are you won‟t have as much to say as someone who‟s been working in an industry for 30 years. Even so, you should always try stripping back to include 79 only the main facts. If you can fit it on one page, then do it. If you can‟t, two should generally be the maximum. What‟s the best font for a CV? When it comes to choosing a font size and type for your CV, it‟s vital to keep it simple. So pick an easy to read, black, size 12 font (such as Times New Roman, Georgie, Bell MT, Goudy Old Style, Arial, Tahoma, Century Gothic, or Lucida Sans), and ensure it remains consistent throughout. It‟s perfectly acceptable to make headings bold, larger (e.g. size 14-16), and even capitalised if it fits with the style of your CV. How to reduce your CV size 1) Is it all relevant? Remember: you don‟t need to include everything. You‟re advertising yourself for a role, not giving them your life story. Take your employment history: while the paper round you did when you were 14 may have built 80 your confidence, unless you‟re going for the job of „senior paper delivery boy‟, your employer probably won‟t need to know. The same goes for your interests. You may like eating out, and long walks along the beach but the reality is that the person reading your CV probably doesn‟t care. We all enjoy socialising with friends. Keep it pertinent and, above all, relevant. 2) Are you just repeating yourself? When writing a CV, it‟s tempting to keep trying to make the same points. But if you say that versatility is one of your key attributes, you probably won‟t need to mention that you‟re also flexible and adapt well to new situations. We know that the synonym button is tempting, but be careful. Remember: If you‟ve made a point well enough, you shouldn‟t need to make it again. 3) Are you afraid of the white space? 81 Nearly all recruiters will be skim reading your CV, so always avoid trying to cram as much information in as possible. You need to grab their attention, and keep them interested. Presentation can be just as important as the content. Don‟t be afraid of the gaps. Be bold. Use bullet points. Keep the focus on what you want them to see, and draw attention to any key facts or bits of information that may be relevant. Leave out everything else. And whilst you may think that moving the margins and changing the typeface is a clever way around this, it‟ll only make your CV stand out for the wrong reasons. 4) Are you using your cover letter? A well-crafted cover letter is essential for any job you apply for. Your cover letter should be used to expand on your past achievements, and explain why you think you‟d be the ideal candidate for the role. It‟s also a great way to clear up any gaps in your employment. Once again, 82 there‟s no point in recycling material. Use this space to clearly outline your objectives, underlining particular projects or interests that you think will make you stand out. 5) Are you getting straight to the point? As well as relevant content, there are certain words and phrases that you can do without. Write in the first person, but remove „I‟ when listing points. The same goes for articles such as „a‟, „an‟, „the‟ etc. For example, the sentence: „I was recently selected to manage a team of five co-workers. I supervised them for a specific project based task which lasted for three months‟, can be shortened to „Managed a team of five, for a specialist project lasting three months‟. This not only reduces length, it also makes sentences more active, giving your accomplishments greater authority. Play to your strengths, but get straight to the point. 83 Final thoughts When it comes to your CV, less is always more. And despite the common CV myth that you need to include everything you‟ve ever done in your application, adopting this approach will never end well. A recruiter doesn‟t have time to go through pages and pages of information, hundreds of times over. Save them some time, and get straight to the point. The same goes for lying – especially if you‟re just trying to fill the page. If you‟re confident in your abilities, there‟s no need for embellishment. You‟re not writing an essay, and there‟s no word count. Only include things that are likely to help you get the job. Nothing else. And, finally, remember: anyone who says „Size doesn‟t matter. It‟s what you do with it that counts‟ is, almost always, lying. 84 How to: Write a CV Writing a CV can be a stressful task, especially if you‟re starting from scratch… And although there‟s no one-size-fits-all solution for the perfect CV, it should always be clearly formatted and short enough for a recruiter to scan quickly – and most importantly – tailored to the role you‟re applying for. Not sure where to start? Here are some basic rules on how to write a CV: What information should I include on my CV? CVs should never be completely formulaic, but there are a few things they should always contain: Personal details: It may sound obvious, but you‟d be surprised how many people forget to include their name, email, contact phone number and address. To avoid any awkward moments, make sure these are clearly presented 85 at the top of your CV. „Curriculum Vitae‟ is an unnecessary title – your name is not. Personal statement: As it‟s the first thing that‟s shown on your CV, a personal statement is an essential part of standing out from the crowd. It explains who you are, what you‟re offering, and what you‟re looking for. Aim to prove why you‟re suitable in one short and succinct paragraph. Work experience: This section should include all of your relevant work experience, listed with the most recent first. Include your job title, the name of the organisation, time in post, and your key responsibilities. Achievements: This is your chance to show how your previous experience has given you the skills needed to make you a suitable candidate. List all of your relevant skills and achievements (backing them up with examples), 86 and make it clear how you would apply these to the new role. Education: Your educational experience and achievements should be listed here, along with dates, the type of qualification and/or the grade you achieved – although the specific parts of education that you include in your CV will depend on your individual situation. For example, if you have more educational achievements than work experience, placing an emphasis on this section is a good idea. Hobbies and interests: You don‟t always need to include hobbies and interests in your CV, but mentioning relevant ones could back up your skills and help you to stand out from the crowd – not to mention give you something to talk about at an interview. Just don‟t say you enjoy socialising with friends just for the sake of including something. If it‟s not going to add value, leave it out. 87 Any extra information, such as reasons for a career change or reasons for gaps in career history should also be included as required. Free CV template Name Address 01234 000000 0113 000 0000 [email protected] Personal statement A conscientious and professional personal assistant with extensive experience in administration, PA and secretarial roles, currently seeking a new position as an Executive PA. A highly organised and efficient individual, whose thorough and precise approach to projects has yielded excellent results. Recent achievements with my current employer include the implementation of an innovative new filing and indexing system. Key Skills  80 words per minute typing  Proficiency in all areas of Microsoft Office, including Access, Excel, Word and PowerPoint  Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal  Accredited member of APA (Association of Personal Assistants)  Fully qualified first-aider Employment History 88 PA to Personnel Manager, Company Name, Location (April 2011 – Present) Achievements and responsibilities:  Implemented a change of stationery supplier, reducing costs by 20%  Reorganised the meeting booking process, implementing an online system which all staff can access, leading to reduced diary conflictswithin the team  Devised and implemented a new filing and indexing system for files, resulting in greater ease of access and a more time-efficient process  Helped provide a safer workplace by cataloguing and dispatching health and safety information and posters for the whole company  Diary management, typing correspondence and documents, creating presentations and creating meeting minutes Front of House Receptionist, Company Name, Location (June 2010 – April 2011) Achievements and responsibilities:  Presenting a professional and friendly first impression of the firm to all visitors and clients  Managing incoming phone calls and mail  Organising stationery orders and liaising with suppliers to meet business requests  Replenishing and restocking the bar, always ensuring high level of stock management efficiency  Also assumed the role of fire/health and safety officer for the entire office staff Secretary, Company Name,Location (October 2007 – May 2010) 89 Achievements and responsibilities:  Maintaining and organising the company filing system  Answering incoming calls  Typing all necessary documents and correspondence as required  Printing any supplementary notes as required  Running professional errands Education College/School Name (September 2004 – June 2006) A-levels:  General Studies – B  English – C  Mathematics – C School Name (September 1998 –June 2004) 10 GCSEs, grade A-C, including Maths and English Hobbies & Interests I am involved in a local amateur dramatics society, where I volunteer as a lighting and sound technician. I have been involved with this society for three years and very much enjoy being part of the team. More recently, I assumed the role of Stage Manager for a two week production andrelished the chance to take control of performances and react to a high-pressure environment. References References are available upon request. 90 CV examples and samples Graduate CV For recent graduates, the most effective way to structure your CV may differ slightly from the norm. This is because you will generally have little previous experience to work with, meaning the focus should be placed squarely on your studies. And it isn‟t just about stating your degree classification and A level results. Going into greater detail about the modules you‟ve undertaken will help demonstrate your wider knowledge of the subject – which can really help if you‟re applying to a role related to your degree. You should also use your course to back up your personal statement and cover letter. After all, you spent three years of your life studying. At the very least you should be able to put some of it to good use. 91 Name Address 01234 900621 0113 000 0000 [email protected] Driving Licence Own Car Personal statement A recent business economics graduate with a 2:1 honours degree from the University of X,looking to secure a Graduate Commercial Analyst position or similar to utilise my current analytical skills and knowledge and also help me to further develop these skills in a practical and fast-paced environment. My eventual career goal is to assume responsibility for the analysis and implementation of all commercial data and actively contribute to the overall success of any business I work for. Education University Name (2009 – 2012) 2:1 BSc. (Honours) Business Economics Key Skills gained:  A keen international commercial acumen through applying economic theories and case studies to economies across the world.  Analytical and conceptual thinking, with a conscientious approach to managing workloads. 92  Ability to handle, analyse and interpret complex data, before presenting it back based on the overall analysis made.  Advanced problem solving and numeracy skills.  Accomplished communication skills, both written and verbal, developed through numerous essays and presentations.  Proficiency in all areas of Microsoft Office, including Access, Excel, Word and Powerpoint. Notable Modules - Microeconomic & Macroeconomic Principles, International Economics, Econometric Methods & Applications, Financial Accounting & Statement Analysis College/School Name (2007 – 2009) A-levels:  History – A  Business Studies – A  Mathematics – B School Name (2001 - 2007) 10 GCSEs, grade A-C including Maths and English Work Experience Sales Assistant, Shop Name. Location (April 2012 – Present) Key results:  Achieved four out of five revenue targets, equating to 93 over 150% against overall targets set during entire period of employment.  Personally billed over £25,000 since starting position.  Demonstrated resilience and ability to upsell products, consistently meeting KPIs set for adding more value to sales.  Significantly improved negotiation skills, regularly converting customers from point of enquiry to sale, something which earned me Sales Assistant of the period during the month of June. Bartender, Bar Name. Location. (2010 – 2012) Duties include:  Serving customers in a polite and professional manner.  Replenishing and restocking the bar, always ensuring high level of stock management efficiency.  Helping train new team members in key competencies.  Demonstrating an in-depth knowledge of key health and safety standards used within the industry. Hobbies & Interests I have a keen interest in photography. I was vice- president of the photography club during my time at university, and during this period I organised a number of very successful exhibitions and events both on and off campus. I also play the piano to grade 8 standard. 94 References References are available on request. Career break CV Trying to address a lengthy career break? There are many reasons you might end up with a gap in your CV, but the worst thing you can do is ignore it. Having the confidence to properly address your time out will speak volumes for your character – not to mention ensure you keep all interview awkwardness to a minimum if it is brought up. You don‟t need to go into details, but just a short line or two in your CV (or the accompanying cover letter) will be more than enough to cover it. And never be tempted to lie. You. Will. Always. Be. Found. Out. 95 Name Address 01234 000000 0113 000 0000 [email protected] Personal statement A highly motivated and experienced PA, currently looking to resume my professional career after dedicating the last five years to raising a family. Excellent admin skills, thorough knowledge of all Microsoft Office programs, as well as proficiency in minute-taking and extensive experience liaising with clients. After volunteering for one day a week with a local charity to refresh my skills, now fully committed to continuing my career on a full-time basis. Key Skills  Advanced typing skills (around 80 words per minute)  Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS)  Executive PA Diploma holder  Experienced user of ICB Sage  Qualified in both minute taking, and shorthand Employment History Voluntary Administrator, Company Name, Location (January 2014 – Present) 96 Achievements and responsibilities:  Typing correspondence  Organising paperwork and filing documents  Managing incoming post, and sending out any external mail  Scheduling meetings between staff members  Carrying out other administrative errands including photocopying, faxing and ordering stationery Career break taken to raise family (2008 – 2013) PA to Managing Director, Company Name, Location (March 2004 – 2008) Achievements and responsibilities:  Provideadministrative support to Managing Director  Taking minutes during meetings with the board, which were then later typed and filed for easy access  Represented the MD at any meeting she could not attend, and presented back all information gathered  Full diary management, including booking meetings, event tickets, accommodation, transportation and flights efficiently, and within an annual budget of £5,000  Organised and co-ordinated an annual training event for more than 50 members of staff  Answering emails, incoming calls and running professional and personal errands to ensure MD could dedicate all available time to the business 97 Office Manager, Company Name, Location (October 2002 – March2004) Achievements and responsibilities:  Implemented a change of stationery supplier, reducing costs by 20%  Reorganised the meeting room booking process, implementing an online system which all staff can access, leading to reduced diary conflicts within the team  Devised and implemented a new filing and indexing system for documents, resulting in greater ease of access and a more time-efficient process  Tracked office expenditure and prepared invoices  Supervised all admin activities to ensure the office ran smoothly and efficiently Office Administrator, Company Name,Location (October 1997 – September 2002) Achievements and responsibilities:  Greeting up to 50 clients a day and presenting a professional and friendly first impression of the business to all visitors  Managing incoming phone calls and mail  Organising stationery orders and liaising with suppliers to meet business requests  Carrying out other administrative errands including 98 photocopying, printing and faxing Education Executive PA Diploma (April2004 – January 2005) College/School Name (September 1995 – June 1997) A-levels:  English – C  Mathematics – C  Drama - D School Name (September 1990–June 1995) 10 GCSEs, grade A-C, including Maths and English References References are available upon request. Career change CV If you‟re looking to try something different, don‟t be tempted to send the same old CV. 99 Although you should always tailor your application to every job you apply for, this takes on even greater importance for anyone going for a career change. Instead of concentrating on your work history, restructure your CV to place precedence on your transferable skills. Not only will it allow you to take focus away from your lack of past experience, it will also help demonstrate your abilities and alleviate any worries your prospective employer may have. And always remember to back up your skills with real-life examples. Because just saying you‟re a „good team player‟ probably isn‟t enough to land you the role… Name Address 01234 000000 0113 000 0000 [email protected] Personal statement As an experienced Sales Manager, my tenacious and proactive approach has resulted in numerous important contract wins. My excellent networking skills have 100 continued to providemy team with vital client leads, and I‟ve particularly excelledin developing client relationships -resulting in an 18% increase in business renewals for my current organisation. I would now like to utilise these skills,as well as theexperience gained from my eight years in sales, and undertake a new challenge as an Events Manager for an award-winning Marketing agency. Key Skills  Advanced negotiation skills

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