Linux Installation and Usage PDF

Chapter 2 Linux Installation and Usage Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. M ay not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ob...

Chapter 2 Linux Installation and Usage Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. M ay not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Prepare for and install Fedora Linux using good practices Outline the structure of the Linux interface Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation Properly shut down the Linux operating system Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Installing Linux (1 of 2) Preparing for installation All OSs require a minimum set of hardware components to function properly Obtained from manual or file in DVD of OS, or vendor website Each hardware component should be checked against the Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) found on the vendor’s website Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Installing Linux (2 of 2) Table 2-1: Fedora 28 recommended minimum hardware requirements Type of hardware Requirement Central processing unit (CPU) 1GHz or faster Intel x64 CPU Random access memory (RAM) 1GB Free disk space (permanent storage) 10GB free space Additional drives DVD drive (for DVD-based installation) Peripheral devices Fedora-compliant peripheral devices (e.g., video cards, sound cards, network cards) Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Installation Media (1 of 6) The most common source for Linux packages and installation program is DVD media To install form DVD, place the Linux DVD in the DVD drive and turn on the computer Most Linux distributions provide a website from which you can download DVD images (called ISO images) Can be written to a blank writable DVD using disc burning software Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Installation Media (2 of 6) Many Linux websites also allow you to download a bootable live media DVD image A fully functional graphical Linux OS is loaded into RAM Allows you to test the OS on your computer to ensure all hardware drivers were detected properly Computer does not have a DVD drive Install Linux by imaging the DVD or live media DVD image to a USB flash drive Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Understanding Installation Media (3 of 6) Figure 2-1 The Fedora Media Writer tool Source: Red Hat, Inc Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Installation Media (4 of 6) Virtualization software: used to run an OS within an existing OS concurrently Microsoft Hyper-V VMWare Oracle VM VirtualBox Virtual machine (VM): each OS that is run within virtualization software Virtual machine host (VM host): underlying OS running the virtualization software Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Installation Media (5 of 6) To install Linux as a VM Download the standard DVD or live media DVD ISO image to a directory on your VM host Open virtualization software and choose to create a new virtual machine Specify the location of the appropriate ISO image Virtualization software will boot from the ISO image directly Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Understanding Installation Media (6 of 6) Figure 2-3 Selecting installation media within the Hyper-V New VM Wizard Source: Red Hat, Inc Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Performing the Installation General stages of the installation program for Fedora 28 Linux Starting the installation Choosing an installation language as well as localization and system options Configuring disk partitions and filesystems Configuring user accounts Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Starting the Installation (1 of 2) Boot from Fedora installation media You will be prompted to: Start the installation Perform troubleshooting actions If you select the troubleshooting option, you will be presented with four additional options Start Fedora-Workstation-Live 28 in basic graphics mode Run a memory test Boot from local drive Return to main menu Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Starting the Installation (2 of 2) In most cases, the troubleshooting options are not necessary when installing Fedora Linux Simply choose Start Fedora-Workstation-Live 28 to start a live Fedora system Once loaded, you will be presented with a welcome screen that prompts you to install Fedora Linux on permanent storage If you choose Install to Hard Drive, the Fedora installation program will start Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choosing an Installation Language and Localization and System Options (1 of 4) You will be prompted to choose installation language Keyboard model and layout are automatically detected Network interface is set to obtain network configuration automatically using the DHCP protocol Date and time are automatically obtained from the Internet if network has Internet connectivity Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choosing an Installation Language and Localization and System Options (2 of 4) Figure 2-8 Selecting an installation language Source: Red Hat, Inc Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choosing an Installation Language and Localization and System Options (3 of 4) You must manually select an installation destination before installation can continue Select a permanent storage device that will contain the Linux OS Most common storage devices for storing Linux OS are hard disks Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA) Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Choosing an Installation Language and Localization and System Options (4 of 4) By clicking the Installation Destination icon you will be presented with a list of the different permanent storage devices If you have multiple disk devices select the disk that will be used to contain Linux You can also install Linux on an external iSCSI or FCoE Storage Area Network (SAN), Direct Access Storage Device (DASD), Multipath IO (MPIO), or firmware Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Configuring Disk Partitions and Filesystems (1 of 5) Each hard disk is divided into partitions Partitions are formatted with filesystems Filesystem is a structure that specifies how data should reside on the hard disk Maximum four primary partitions Extended partition can be divided into logical drives Master Boot Record (MBR) Table of all partition information for a certain hard disk or SSD Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Configuring Disk Partitions and Filesystems (2 of 5) Filesystems can be accessed by Linux if it is attached (mounted) to a certain directory Fedora installation program can automatically create partitions Generally a good practice to manually partition Linux typically requires only two partitions Partition mounted to the root directory Partition for virtual memory (swap memory) Area on hard disk used to store information normally residing in physical memory (RAM) Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Configuring Disk Partitions and Filesystems (3 of 5) Different types of filesystems Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, VFAT, and XFS Journaling Keeps track of the information written to the hard drive Installation destination Once selected, the installation program will prompt you to choose automatic or custom partitioning scheme Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Configuring Disk Partitions and Filesystems (4 of 5) Figure 2-11 Configuring disk partitions and filesystems Source: Red Hat, Inc Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Configuring Disk Partitions and Filesystems (5 of 5) Instead of standard partitions, choose a partition scheme that creates logical volumes Use the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) Support the new B-tree Filesystem (BTRFS) Easier system recovery Choose a standard partition scheme Ensure that contents of disk partitions are not encrypted Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Configuring User Accounts Authentication Users log in via valid user name and password Configure two user accounts Administrator account (root): full rights to system Regular user account: system administration tasks Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Basic Linux Usage Different types of user interface Essential to understand Basic tasks Command execution Obtaining online help Shutting down the Linux system Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (1 of 4) Terminal: channel allowing users to log on to the kernel locally or across a network Shell: user interface which accepts user inputs and transfers them to the kernel BASH Shell (Bourne Again Shell): default Linux shell Linux can have many terminals that allow you to log in to the computer locally or across a network Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (2 of 4) Figure 2-13 Shells, terminals, and the kernel Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (3 of 4) Graphical user interface Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell Switch to a graphical terminal From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal Ctrl+Alt+F2 Command line prompt reflects the type of user that is logged in Root user: # Regular user: $ Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (4 of 4) Default GUI environment in Fedora Linux is GNOME Command-line terminal may be accessed through the Activities menu in the upper left of the desktop Navigate to Show Applications, Utilities, Terminal Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Basic Shell Commands Commands: indicate the name of program to execute Case sensitive Options: specific letters starting with a dash “-” and appear after command name Alter the way the command works Arguments: specify a command’s specific working parameters Do not start with a dash Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Shell Metacharacters Metacharacters: keyboard characters with a special meaning A $ tells the shell that the following text refers to a variable Avoid use of metacharacters when typing commands unless using their special functionality Single quotation marks ‘ ’ protect metacharacter from being interpreted specially by the shell Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Getting Command Help (1 of 3) Manual (man) pages: most common form of documentation for Linux commands At command prompt, type the man command followed by command name Manual pages Contain different sections Section numbers describe the category of the command in the manual page database Searchable by keyword Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Getting Command Help (2 of 3) Table 2-8 Manual page section numbers Manual page section Description 1 Commands that any user can execute 2 Linux system calls 3 Library routines 4 Special device files 5 File formats 6 Games 7 Miscellaneous 8 Commands that only the root user can execute 9 Linux kernel routines n New commands not categorized yet Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Getting Command Help (3 of 3) GNU info pages Originally intended to replace the man command in Linux At command prompt, type the info command followed by a command name Some commands do not have manual or info pages Usually functions that are built into the BASH shell Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Shutting Down the Linux System (1 of 2) OS handles writing data from computer memory to the disk drives Simply turning off power to the computer might result in damaged user and system files Shutdown command Can halt or reboot your computer after a certain period of time Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Shutting Down the Linux System (2 of 2) Table 2-9: Commands to halt and reboot the Linux operating system Command Description shutdown –P +4 Powers off your system in four minute shutdown –H +4 Halts the operating system from executing in four minutes, but does not invoke the ACPI function in your BIOS to turn off power to your computer shutdown –r +4 Reboots your system in four minutes shutdown –P now Powers off your system immediately shutdown –r now Reboots your system immediately shutdown –c Cancels a scheduled shutdown halt Halts your system immediately, but does not power it off poweroff Powers off your system immediately reboot Reboots your system immediately Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary (1 of 2) Prior to installation, verify hardware requirements and compatibility You can obtain Linux installation media by downloading an ISO image from the Internet Typical Linux installation prompts for language, date, time zone, keyboard layout, network configuration, user account configuration, and permanent storage configuration Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Summary (2 of 2) Users must log in to a terminal and receive a shell before they are able to interact with the Linux system and kernel Regardless of the type of terminal, you can enter commands, options, and arguments at a shell prompt to perform system tasks, obtain command help, or shut down the Linux system. The shell is case sensitive and understands a variety of special characters called shell metacharacters, which should be protected if their special meaning is not required Eckert, Linux+ and LPIC-1 Guide to Linux Certification, 5th Edition. © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.