Human Physiology Study Guide PDF

Study Guide for Final Exam Human Physiology In preparation for your Final exam, please review the following as your study guide: Please be (specifically) mindful of the following: A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts at least 200 millisecond(s)....

Study Guide for Final Exam Human Physiology In preparation for your Final exam, please review the following as your study guide: Please be (specifically) mindful of the following: A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts at least 200 millisecond(s). A cell transports large molecules out of the cell by exocytosis. Angiogenesis refers to the growth of new blood vessels. Compared to skeletal muscle, contraction of smooth muscle cells is a slower response to a stimulus and sustained without fatigue. Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the mitochondria. Pinocytosis is endocytosis of liquid cargo. Relative to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle uses less energy to generate a given amount of force, can sustain contractile force without fatigue and uses calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular space. The binding of acetylcholine to its receptor at the neuromuscular junction causes the opening of a channel for both Na+ and K+. The hepatic portal vein carries blood away from the digestive tract. The purpose of transverse tubules is to rapidly conduct action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber. This junction contributes to the blood-brain barrier. tight junction A tactile receptor that is composed of dendritic processes that lie within a series of concentric connective tissue layers is a Pacinian corpuscle. Angiotensin II stimulates thirst, causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body, and causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. In diabetes mellitus, abnormal metabolism of fats and amino acids creates strong acids known as ketoacids. In the digestive system, HCl is released by parietal cells of the stomach, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the pancreas. Exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the autonomic division. Choroid plexus is involved in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. Aromatase is an enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol. Page 1 of 3 The Electrocardiogram reflects electrical activity. QRS complex wave represent ventricular depolarization. P wave represent atrial depolarization. Nociceptors are responsible for the perception of pain and itch. Phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order: atrial systole begins, ventricular filling is complete, ventricular systole begins, closure of the AV valves, isovolumetric contraction, opening of the semilunar valves, ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation. The brain consumes about half of the glucose circulating in the body. The endocrine system releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body, releases hormones that alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously, produces effects that can last for hours, days, and even longer, and functions to control ongoing metabolic processes. The glucostatic theory states that glucose utilization by hypothalamic centers regulates food intake. The hormone that is released to enhance the fight-or-flight response is epinephrine. The mixed cranial nerve that projects to and from internal organs, muscles, and glands is the vagus nerve. The most important chemical regulator of respiration in a healthy individual is carbon dioxide. The most primitive region of the cerebrum is probably the limbic system. The primary role of the parathyroid gland is to regulate serum calcium levels. The reflex that prevents damage from overstretching is the stretch reflex. The site of information integration in the nervous system is the trigger zone. The three systems that work together most closely to regulate blood pressure, osmolarity, and pH are the urinary, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems Varicosities are found in the autonomic division, are enlarged regions found along the axon, store and release neurotransmitters. When stimulated by a particular hormone, there is a marked increase in the activity of G proteins in the membrane. The hormone is probably a peptide. Hypothalamus brain area is considered to be the integrating center for homeostasis Chemical type of synapse is most common in the nervous system? Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete norepinephrine onto their target cells. Antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the autonomic division. The afferent and efferent neurons together form the peripheral nervous system. Page 2 of 3 Pancreas is an accessory organ of digestion. The basis of integration of neural information is addition of postsynaptic potentials overlapping in time and space. Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle are structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them. ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. The term meaning programmed cell death is apoptosis. The cardiac output is equal to the product of heart rate and stroke volume. When a skeletal muscle generates enough force during contraction to shorten, the sarcomere and the I band will shorten. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. Glial cells only provide structural and metabolic support, only guide neurons during growth and repair.only help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid, and provide structural and metabolic support and help maintain homeostasis of the brain's extracellular fluid. Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone calcitonin. These autorhythmic cells in the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart are sinoatrial nodes, internodal pathway, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers. Best wishes and Good Luck! Page 3 of 3