Filipino Psychology Notes - Introduction & History

FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Instructor of Philosophy at the UP Baguio College (Summer Institute) in 1962. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO...

FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Instructor of Philosophy at the UP Baguio College (Summer Institute) in 1962. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO  Formally entered the Psychology Field as an  A psychology rooted in its Malayo-Polynesian Instructor in Psychology at the UP College of Asian heritage. Arts and Sciences (CAS) in 1963. By 1965, he  A psychology based on the experience, ideas and was one of the few teachers teaching the subject orientation of the Filipino. purely in the Filipino language.  The systematic and scientific study, appreciation  In 1966, left for the USA to be a Rochefeller and application of indigenous knowledge of, for Foundation Scholar in Humanities and Social and by the Filipinos of their own psychological Sciences, at Northwestern University (NU) in make- up society and culture. Evanston, Illinois.  It is regulated by the Pambansang Samahan sa  In the same University, he finished both his M.A. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Organization of Psychology on 1970 and his Ph.D. in Social Filipino Psychology). Psychology on 1971 (NHI 1994; Navarro 2007, 2013).  It was established in 1975 by Virgilio Enriquez, regarded by many as the Father of Filipino  During that time, he was in correspondence with Psychology. Alfredo Lagmay (Chairperson of the UP Psychology Department), where he found out there was an intense discussion about teaching using purely Filipino, circulating the University. VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ  When he returned as Assistant Professor in  Also dubbed/called as Psychology at UP-CAS in 1971, he was even "Doc E" and regarded more passionate in his perspective and as the Father of orientation towards the Filipino experience Filipino Psychology. rather than Western Perspectives.  Born on November  He established the Philippine Psychology 24, 1942 in Santol, Research and Training House (PPRTH) in 1971 Balagtas, Bulacan. that eventually became the Surian ng  Youngest of 5 Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SSP) which was a part of children of Arsenio Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino & Libiran Enriquez and Akademya ng Kultura at Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Rosario Galvez Gaspar. but eventually became an independent body.  Ever since he was young, he was trained by his  While being an Associate Professor in father to be excellent at expressing and speaking Psychology at UP Diliman & President of PAP, his thoughts in the Filipino language--so much he spearheaded the first ever "Pambansang so that they always had lengthy discourses in Kumperensya sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino" that was Filipino. (Pe-Pua at Protacio- Marcelino 2000). held at UP Diliman on November 6-11, 1975 where Sikolohiyang Pilipino was formally  Exercise of translating English Newspaper to introduced to the public in collaboration with Pure Filipino. Alfredo Lagmay, Armando Bonifacio, Prospero  Finished A.B. Philosophy in 1961 then studied Covar, at Zeus Salazar. Psychology for his Graduate Studies at the  It was due to this conference that the University of the Philippines (NHI 1994; Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino Navarro 2007, 2013). (PSSP) was born that was formally established  He was an academically inclined student and on December 19, 1975 and officially registered active member/officer of at least five (5) different on January 23, 1976, with him as the first organizations during his time at University. president.  He was a Student Assistant in Philosophy at the  He was hailed Chairperson of the UP UP University College then eventually Psychology Department from 1978-1982, and Teaching Assistant in Philosophy from 1961- during this time, he was elevated to Professor in 1963 while concurrently being an Assistant FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah Psychology and eventual, Professor Emeritus in dito sa Pilipinas ay maaring maging Psychology at UP Diliman. isang bahagi na ng silid-aklatang iyon.  He also became the founding Chairperson of the  Kaya ito ay may kinalaman sa kabuuang Language Education Council of the Philippines sikolohiya ng ating bansa kasama na ang (LEDCO) during 1981. mga sariling sikolohiya at ang sikolohiya  Outside of UP, he was able to teach either as na nadala ng dayuhan sa bansang part-time or visiting professor at the following Pilipinas maging ito man ay sa anong colleges/universities: De La Salle University paraan at anyo. (DLSU), Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM), University of Santo Tomas (UST), and II. Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Centro Escolar University (CEU).  Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, pananaliksik at  He was also a Visiting Professor to the following mga konsepto sa sikolohiya na may foreign Universities/Institutions: University of kinalaman sa mga Pilipino. Hawaii (UH), Tokyo University of Foreign  Halimbawa: Ang Pilipinas ay binubuo ng Studies (TUFS), University of Malaya (UM), at iba't ibang pangkat etniko kung saan University of Hong Kong (UHK) teaching about may kanyan- kanyang nakaugaliang Filipino Psychology. mga kultura kung kaya't itong  He also taught Filipino (language) to the nagkakaiba't-ibang pangkat etniko ng Kapiolani Community College in Honolulu, Pilipinas ay ang bumubuo sa tinutukoy Hawaii; University of California (UC), and na Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino. Doelger Community Center at Daly City, California. III. Sikolohiyang Pilipino  Outside of the country, he was known, not just  Nilalayong anyo ng sikolohiya sa as the leading figure for pushing Sikolohiyang Pilipinas. Sikolohiyang bunga ng Pilipino but one of the proponents who Karanasan, Kaisipan at Oryentasyong established Indigenous Psychology and Cross- Pilipino. (KKO) Cultural Psychology or amplty, Cross-  Halimbawa: Ang isang kulturang Indigenous Psychology. \ ipinaiiral ng isang pamilya sa kanilang  Along with Rogelio Diaz-Guerrero, Durganand tahanan ay ang batayan sa Sikolohiyang Sinha, Henry Kao, Herbert Kelman, Cigdem Pilipino na nagbibigay ng matatag na Kagitcibasi, and Michel Duro Jayiye, he helped katunayan sa pagkakaroon ng sariling form the International Association for Cross- kultur ana tinutukoy dito. Cultural Psychology (IACCP) and the Division IN SHORT… of National Development ng International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP).  Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas  He also became the founding president of the o “Bisita sa bahay” Pandaigdigang Katipunan sa Sikolohiyang  Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino Pilipino (PKSP). o “Mga tao sa bahay”  He died on August 31, 1994 in San Francisco,  Sikolohiyang Pilipino California due to cancer at the age of 51 years o “Ang maybahay/taongbahay” old. BASIC ORIENTATION & CONTEXT TATLONG ANYO NG SIKOLOHIYA  Filipino psychology is usually thought of as a I. Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas branch of Asian psychology, the placement,  Lahat ng mga pag-aaral, libro (texbook), determined primarily on culture. at sikolohiyang makikita sa Pilipinas,  However, there is an ongoing debate on the banyaga man o makapilipino. makeup of Philippine culture, because these will  Halimbawa: Ang aklat na galing sa ibang generally determine whether Philippine bansa at inilagay sa isang silid-aklatan FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah Psychology is to be placed under the realms of PRINCIPAL EMPHASIS OF SIKOLOHIYANG either Asian psychology or Western psychology. PILIPINO  The vast majority of Philippine psychologists seem to prefer to classify this field as Asian, but  Identity & National Consciousness there is a steadily growing body that attempts to  Social Awareness & Involvement place the field as Eurasian.  Psychology of Language & Culture  Applications & Bases of Filipino Psychology (health practices, agriculture, art & religion) LIMITS OF WESTERN CONCEPTS & METHODS  On teaching & research AREAS OF PRITESTS OF SIKOLOHIYANG o Western theories and principles taught, PILIPINO as well as the research concepts and methods used in the Philippine setting  It is AGAINST do not often align with the culture & o A psychology that perpetuates the practice of Filipinos in real-life. colonial status of the Filipino Mind.  On practice with Filipino clients o A psychology that is used for the o The limits of applicability of the exploitation of the masses. Western concepts, values and methods o The imposition of psychologies in its approach to the social sciences is developed in foreign countries. very far removed to the concrete realities of Asian societies. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO IS A CALL…...for the exercise of care in the adoption of foreign WESTERN RESEARCH METHODS theories. INAPPROPRIATE TO FILIPINO CULTURE ("Uncritical rejection is just as dangerous as uncritical  Familiarity: not desired in Western methods acceptance of Western Theories") (source of bias), but crucial in makapilipinong pananaliksik in eliciting an open, truthful, and in- Example: Psychological problems are the same depth sharing of information. anywhere, however the sources of such problems differe  (For example, western methodology insists that greatly. an interview must be done privately and one-on- one. In the Philippines, it can be expected that someone will join in the conversation, offer some POSITIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO refreshment, and request to be interviewed also.)  Filipinos are not used to experimentation and  On Mentalism: Behaviorism Issue testing as this is perceived as unnatural. o Uses both phenomenological & behavioristic concepts, but lesser on the individual experience and greater emphasis on the collective experience. SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO o Attaches greater importance to  Refers to a psychology based on the Filipino’s kamalayan (emotive & cognitive true thoughts, feelings, behaviors and must consciousness), and subsidiary derive from indigenous Filipino sources, importance to ulirat (awareness of language, and methods. immediate surroundings).  “Pag-aaral ng kamalayan, ulirat, isip, diwa,  On Analysis: Wholeness Issue kalooban at kaluluwa ng mga Pilipino” o Methodologically leans on the side of (Enriquez, 1976) analysis...but interprets the result of analysis with a bias for wholeness (social FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah context, political implications, cultural ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY meaning of the study). o Example: The study explored and (NATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT) analyzed the individual experiences of A. Indigenous Psychology people in Baranggay 1, but tend to o (1) Kinagisnan and (2) Katutubong generalize the results of such an analysis Sikolohiya to all the whole Filipino people. B. Psychology of Filipinos o Perceived ethnic traits as observed by foreigners, or as felt and expressed by FOUR AFFILIATIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG Filipinos PILIPINO C. The Practice of Psychology by Filipinos o Techniques of enculturation &  De La Salle University-Manila was one of the socialization few universities in the country to first offer Philippine Psychology as a course. Zeus Salazar A. INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY (1985), a historian, identified four traditions I. Kinagisnang Sikolohiya (Innate Psychology) upon which Philippine psychology is rooted. o The subconscious psychology in the Academic native language, art, music, culture and Academic Scientific religion. Philosophic Psychology or Psychology or o One that one is born into and mostly Akademiko- Akademiko- unaware Siyentipikal na Pilosopiya na II. Katutubong Sikolohiya (Native Psychology) Sikolohiya Sikolohiya o The beliefs and experiences of indigenous people. Western Tradition: Western Tradition: B. PSYCHOLOGY OF FILIPINOS This follows the This was started by tradition of Wilhelm priest-professors at the I. Based on mainly Western system of thought Wundt in 1876 and is University of Santo towards what Filipinos are. essentially the Tomas. This tradition American-oriented is mainly focused on E.g. Spanish (Pigafetta’s objective observation Western psychology what is called 'Rational'. of the Filipinos in the Visayas---impressed by being studied them); American (Worcester’s view of the in the Philippines. Filipinos as having distinct ethnic groups that differ from one another, and as Christian and Non-Christian--- Pagans and Moros). Psycho-Medical Ethnic Psychology or Religious Psychology Taal na Sikolohiya or Sikolohiyang Siko- C. THE PRACTICE OF PSYCHOLOGY BY medikal FILIPINOS This is the tradition on The tradition that fuses I. Indigenous Techniques of which Philippine native healing Enculturation/Socialization psychology is primarily techniques and explains based. it in an indigenous E.g. Myths for Social Control (as affected by religious context. Christianity or Islam) This refers to the II. Proto-Clinical Practice indigenous concepts that are studied using E.g. Tagapayo, Manghuhula, Ancient indigenous psychological Techniques of Group Therapy that are still orientation and present (ex. Alternating chants during wakes, methodologies. poetry, consensus). FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah BASIC RATIONALE FOR INDIGENIZATION: RESEARCH APPROACHES LANGUAGE & CULTURE 1. Experimental: Adherence to predetermined set of English Word Labas Loob procedures. STOP PIGIL TIMPI 2. Survey: conform to an informal agreement with HONOR PURI DANGAL respondents. FEEL DAMA DAMDAM 3. Participatory: negotiate issues jointly as they arise. 4. Indigenous: seek to enhance awareness as one-with- the-other. KAPWA: THE SHARED INNER SELF  In English means “Others” o “Others” is used in opposition to the Self, FILPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS which implies the recognition of the 1. Pakapa-kapa: "Groping"-a field method “self” as a separate identity.  In Filpino means “Oneness in Being” 2. Pagtanong-tanong: Asking Questions o A recognition of shared identity o An inner self shared with others 3. Pakikiramdam: Shared sensitivities o The “Ako” and the “Iba sa Akin (others) 4. Pakikialam: Concerned interference are one & the same in Kapwa Psychology 5. Pakikilahok: Participation  A core concept in Filipino Psychology 6. Pakikisangkot: Integral Involvement  Levels of Interaction o Ibang-Tao Category (Outsider) 7. Pagdalaw-dalaw: Casual but repeated visits. 1. Pakikitungo: Being civil 2. Pakikisalamuha: Mixing with 3. Pakikilahok: Joining/Participating HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 4. Pakikibagay: Conforming PHILIPPINES 5. Pakikisama: Adjusting  1901 – 1910 o Hinid Ibang-Tao Category (One-of-Us) o General Psychology, 1. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: Genetic Psychology, mutually trusting Educational 2. Pakikisangkot: getting involved Psychology and Tests 3. Pakikiisa: Being one with and Measurements are taught by Dr. Henry S. Townsend at UP Philosophy MAKAPILIPINONG PANANALIKSIK Department w/c he chaired.  The Basic Assumption o The personal nature of the researcher-  1911 – 1920 participant relationship will open up a o In 1918, became part of greater wealth of data which would not College of Education and be made available to him if he would under Dean Francisco maintain a strictly impersonal kind of Benitez, the UP modeled relationship with the participants as the for the entire country the strict western scientific tradition would utilization of psychology have him do. (Margallo, 1981) in education. FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah  1921 – 1930 services and is the main retailer of o The UP psychological tests. Department of Psychology is o The Psychological established within Association of the the School of Education—Agustin Philippines (PAP) is Alonzo is chairman (1926). The founded (1962). Department of Psychology at the PAP holds it first University of Santo Tomas is established annual convention, (1930). leading its first publication, Symposium on the Filipino Personality (1963). The  1931 – 1940 Philippine Journal of Psychology, the o Sinforoso Padilla official journal of the PAP makes its first organizes the appearance. Psychological Clinic at the University of the  1971 – 1985 Philippines (1932). Jesus o PAP introduces a bill Perpinan sets up the Far in Batasan Pambansa Eastern University that would require Psychological Clinic (1933). Angel De practicing Blas, OP, sets up the Experimental psychologists to be Psychology laboratory in the University licensed (1982). of Santo Tomas (1938). Amaryllis T. Torres is named an Outstanding Young Scientist by the  1941 – 1950 NAST "In recognition of her researches o Estefania Aldaba- in population, industrial psychology, Lim (first Filipina to social development as well as her work claim PhD in on human development training" ClinPsych) sets up the Institute of  1986 – 1990 Human Relations at o EDSA revolution Philippine Women's overthrows the Marcos University (1948). dictatorship. Psychologists play a key  1951 – 1960 role in the new o Joseph Goertz government's Moral establishes the Recovery Program Psychology (1986). Department of the o Ma. Lourdes Arrelano-Carandang's University of San book Filipino Children Under Stress is Carlos (1954) published. The book cited by the Catholic Mass Media Awards.  1961 – 1970 o Fr. Jaime Bulatao  1986 – 1990 establishes the o Alfredo V. Psych Dept and the Lagmay is Central Guidance named Bureau at the National ADMU (1961). The Philippine Scientist by President Corazon Aquino Psychological Corporation is founded. (1988). The corporation offers psychological FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah o Jaime Bulatao is named the National (R.A. 10029) The Philippine Psychology Social Scientist by the Philippine Social Act of 2009 (2016) Science Council (1990). o PAP hosted the 4th AASP (Asian Association of Social Psychology)  1991 – 2000 o Ma. Cecilia G. THE FOUR FILITIONS & HISTORY OF Conaco is named an SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO Outstanding Young Scientist by the Lines of filiations in Philippine psychological thought: NAST "for her pioneering works  Academic-Scientific Psychology: Western on ethnicity and o Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition fertility which led to the development of – one of the founding figures in modern models and ethnic specific population psychology, 1876 control strategies in the Philippines. o University of the Philippines (1908) and (1911). other American traditional schools o Allan B.I. Bernardo is  Academic Philosophical Psychology: Clergy named Outstanding o Studied psychology as an aspect of Young Scientist philosophy Award by the NAST o Under the leadership of monks, "In recognition of his preachers, and the Jesuits significant studies on o Thomistic philosophy and psychology- the roles of language University of Santo Tomas (1611) and other contextual factors in the  Ethnic Psychology: Indigenous psychology development of higher order cognitive o Major basis of SP for integrating processes and representation academic- scientific and academic- particularly in the area of mathematical philosophical into a national tradition of reform (1995). Psychology and Philosophy as universal disciplines o Allan B.I. Bernardo o This stream includes: is awarded the (1) Indigenous psychology, National Research (2) Psychology of Filipinos and Council of the (3) Practice of psychology by Filipinos Philippines Achievement  Psycho-Medical System: Religion (as Award being a cohesive element and explanation) prolific researcher and author, respected o (1565) Babaylan or Catalonan professor and academic leader. techniques of healing; disease theory, o PAP confers the title of "Outstanding causation, therapy Psychologist" to 6 psychologists: Betty o (1650) Messianic movements (1730) Abregana, Anna DaisyJavier Carlota, Herbolaryo Noemi Catalan, Rosemarie Salazar- o (1900) Espiritista Clemeña, Elizabeth R. Ventura and Imelda Villar (2000).  2011 – 2016 o Continued growth of psychology as a discipline. o Licensure for psychologists and Psychometricians FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY NOTES MOD1: INTRODUCTION & HISTORY Magbanua, Keilah FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY IN THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF SP AS AN PHILIPPINES INDIGENOUS ASIAN PSYCHOLOGY  Colonial Times  Philosophical Antecedents o Jose Rizal o Empirical philosophy, academic- o Apolinario Mabini scientific, logical analysis of language o Rational philosophy, clerical tradition, o Expressed phenomenology, Thomistic philosophy, dissatisfaction – and psychology interpretation of o Liberalism, the Philippine Propaganda Filipino behaviors by Western observers Movement, the writings of Philippine heroes like Mabini, Jacinto, del Pilar,  1960s o ethnic Psychology o Sensitivity grew  Principal Emphasis in Psychology is on among Filipino o Identity and national consciousness intellectuals and o Social awareness and involvement scholars to the o Psychology of language and culture inadequacy and o Proper applications to health, unfairness of the o agriculture, art, mass media, religion and Western approach other spheres of people's daily to Psychology lives (i.e. indirectness);  Positions on Certain Issues o No concerted efforts to reject and o As principal methods of investigation: correct traditional ways of teaching ▪ encourages cross-indigenous psychology method, multi- method multi- language approach, appropriate  1970 – 1975 field methods, total approach o Virgilio (triangulation method). Enriquez, o In Areas of protest: Introduced ▪ Against colonial mentality, Sikolohiyang exploitation of masses, and Pilipino with Dr. imposition to a Third World Alfredo Lagmay and emmbarked on country of psychologies research into the historical and cultural developed in industrialized roots of Psychology countries. o Developed a personality test, Panukat o Regarding psychological practice: ng Ugali at Pagkatao (Measurement of ▪ Livelihood psychology vs character and personality) industrial psychology ▪ Health psychology vs clinical o Enriquez chaired -- psychology Unang Pambansang ▪ Indigenous techniques in Kumperensya sa healing...religio- medical...rural Sikolohiyang psychology Pilipino held at UP and it was there that the ideas, concepts and formulations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino were first articulated