Quiz 7 & 8 Ch. Soc 216 PDF

1) What is a theory? A theory is a statement about the relationship between two classes of phenomena 2) What are three basic theoretical models for treatment in p/p? Psychoanalytic theory, Reality therapy, Behavior/learning theory 3) Why is the unconscious so important in psychoanalytic theory?...

1) What is a theory? A theory is a statement about the relationship between two classes of phenomena 2) What are three basic theoretical models for treatment in p/p? Psychoanalytic theory, Reality therapy, Behavior/learning theory 3) Why is the unconscious so important in psychoanalytic theory? “The unconscious is essentially dynamic and capable of profoundly affecting conscious ideational or emotional life without the individual’s being aware of this influence” 4) According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the three stages of psychological development through which a person passes? 1. Conscious. Contents of a person’s thoughts at any given time. 2. Preconscious. Thoughts and memories that can easily be called into conscious awareness. 3. Unconscious. Repressed feelings 5) What types of deviant behavior can be traced to the stages of development? A great deal of deviant behavior in the adult is traced to stages of psychological development 6) What are the three psychic phenomena that develop during the stages of psychological development? Id, ego, superego. 7) Why is the superego so important? The superego exercises a criticizing power, a sense of morality over the ego: “It represents the whole demands of morality, and we see all at once that our moral sense of guilt is the expression of tension between the ego [which strives to discharge id drives] and the superego” (Freud, 1933) 8) What is social casework? social casework—the supplying of concrete services to persons in need—solving problems rather than changing personalities. Mary Richmond (1917), 9) What is motivational interviewing? Motivational Interviewing (MI) refers to “a style of communicating that helps people explore and resolve ambivalence about changing specific, maladaptive behaviors” (1980’s) Bogue+Nandi 10)According to learning/behavior theory what is the cause of antisocial behavior? Antisocial behavior is merely the result of learning directly from others (e.g.,peers) or the failure to learn how to discriminate between competing norms, both law-ful and unlawful, because of inappropriate reinforcement. 11) Why is operant conditioning difficult to apply in p/p? The need for timely reinforcement makes operant conditioning difficult to apply in P/P practice. Stimulants (such as cocaine) and depressants (such as heroin), for  example,are powerful reinforcements that can provide instant gratification and relieve the psycho-logical stress that frequently drives drug use. 12) What do cognitive behavior therapists believe is the basis of psychological problems?“ Cognitive therapists believe that psychological problems stem from faulty learning, making incorrect assumptions as the result of inadequate or incorrect information and not being able to adequately distinguish between imagination and reality” (Hansen, 2008:43). 13) What is the belief upon which cognitive skills training is based? A popular group approach in P/P entails the application of cognitive behavior theory (discussed earlier) and is known as cognitive skills training (CST); some call it problem-solving therapy (PST). 14) What is aversive therapy used in treatment? Behavior modification can also use aversive therapy in which the therapist specifies in advance an unpleasant event that will occur if the subject performs an undesirable behavior. Drug antagonists, for example, can render the use of alcohol or other substances ineffective (lack of positive reinforcement) or extremely unpleasant (negative reinforcement or punishment). 15) What is the goal of reality therapy? Reality Therapy (RT) was developed as a mode of treatment by William Glasser (“Reality therapists focus on helping clients make responsible choices while getting their basic needs met”) : Accountability. 16)What are the advantages of group work? Group work provides a therapeutic milieu wherein individuals agree to help one another;in contrast with the therapist in casework, the group is the agency of help. According to Allan Brown, the basic operating premise of social group work is that “groups of people with similar needs can be a source of mutual support, mutual aid and problem solving” (1986: 10); probationers/parolees discover in the group that they are not alone with their problems and that others share similar difficulties 17) Two primary goals of probation and parole (P/P): Rehabilitation: Helping offenders reintegrate into society and avoid reoffending. Supervision: Monitoring offenders to ensure they comply with the conditions of their release. 18)How understanding modes of treatment aid probation/parole officers? It helps officers tailor interventions to the needs of offenders, improving rehabilitation outcomes and reducing recidivism. 19)Strain caused by anomie:  Anomie refers to a breakdown in social norms, causing individuals to feel disconnected and unable to achieve societal goals through accepted means, often leading to deviance. 20) Basic view of differential association:Criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly in groups that promote criminal values and norms. 21)What does neutralization explain about delinquents? Delinquents justify or rationalize their behavior through techniques of neutralization (e.g., denial of responsibility) to ease guilt and continue offending. 22)What is meant by differential opportunity? Access to legitimate or illegitimate opportunities for success varies by social class, influencing whether individuals resort to crime. 23)According to labeling theory, how can the criminal justice system hinder rehabilitation? By labeling individuals as criminals, the justice system can reinforce deviant identities, making it harder for offenders to reintegrate and avoid reoffending. 24)According to social control theory, when does delinquency result? Delinquency results when individuals lack strong bonds to society (e.g., attachment to family, commitment to school). 25)What does the theory of drift say about juvenile delinquents? Juveniles drift between conventional and deviant behavior, making them more susceptible to delinquency during periods of weak social control or personal conflict.