Petroleum Geology and Exploration Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a functional petroleum system?

  • Source rock
  • Reservoir rock
  • Seal rock
  • Trap rock (correct)

What is the main factor responsible for the formation of coal?

  • Oxidation of organic material
  • Photosynthesis
  • Rapid burial and conversion to kerogen
  • Burial of land-plants (correct)

Which type of kerogen is derived from land plants?

  • Type III (correct)
  • Type IV
  • Type I
  • Type II

What is the main factor determining the quality of a source rock?

<p>Total organic carbon (TOC) content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of 3D seismic data in petroleum exploration?

<p>To create detailed seismic images of the subsurface structure for detailed planning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key phase in petroleum exploration involving the use of seismic imaging?

<p>Seismic acquisition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the accumulation of oil and gas in a petroleum system?

<p>Traps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the quality of a source rock?

<p>Organic productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are seismic images produced?

<p>By the reflection of soundwaves at subsurface interfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process responsible for the migration of oil and gas?

<p>Fluid buoyancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary process in a petroleum system for the accumulation and retention of hydrocarbons?

<p>Source rock maturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do reservoir rocks play in the migration of oil and gas?

<p>Facilitating the flow of oil and gas due to high porosity and permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of kerogen is not mentioned in the text?

<p>Type IV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the carbon cycle primarily involved in transferring between various components?

<p>Organic matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is seismic migration considered to be?

<p>A non-unique process requiring iteration and advanced technology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is amplitude extraction tuned to as a direct hydrocarbon indicator?

<p>The gas-sand response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of material primarily contributes to the formation of oil?

<p>Algal and planktonic material (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rocks can serve as reservoir rocks for oil and gas?

<p>Sandstone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential processes for a functional petroleum system?

<p>Source rock maturation, migration, and accumulation in traps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological process is primarily responsible for the formation of coal?

<p>Burial and subsequent compaction and heating of land-plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the migration of oil and gas through reservoir rocks?

<p>Fluid buoyancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of seal rocks in a petroleum reservoir?

<p>Prevent hydrocarbon leakage over geological time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase that comes after exploration in petroleum exploration?

<p>Appraisal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological period primarily contributed to the formation of much of the world's coal?

<p>Carboniferous period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of seismic imaging in petroleum exploration?

<p>Create a picture of subsurface structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the essential characteristics of reservoir rocks for oil and gas?

<p>Porosity and permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process responsible for the formation of coal?

<p>Burial and subsequent compaction and heating of land-plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor causing the migration of oil and gas through reservoir rocks?

<p>Fluid buoyancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the initial recoverable reserves of the West Sole gas field in the Southern North Sea?

<p>200 million boe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated exploration success rate in offshore Ireland?

<p>30% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which basin is the Corrib Field associated with?

<p>Slyne Basin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for ultra-deep water drilling?

<p>Drilling in depths greater than 1500m (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Norwegian oilfield production mainly come from?

<p>Brent province reservoirs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which basin is not mentioned as an Irish exploration discovery offshore Ireland?

<p>Saloum Basin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the selected petroleum provinces of NW Europe mentioned in the text?

<p>The North Sea, Permo-Triassic Rotliegend system, and Paleogene turbidite system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current status of oil exploration in Ireland?

<p>Paused (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated recoverable reserves of the Groningen Gas Field in The Netherlands?

<p>73 TCF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated exploration success rate in offshore Ireland?

<p>1 in 10 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the depth classification for ultra-deep water drilling?

<p>Greater than 1500m (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which rift system is mentioned as a major petroleum province in NW Europe?

<p>The North Sea rift system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial recoverable reserves of the West Sole gas field in the Southern North Sea?

<p>2.4 TCF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the exploration success rate in offshore Ireland approximately?

<p>1 in 10 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for ultra-deep water drilling in terms of depth?

<p>Depths greater than 1500m (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of kerogen source rock are Coal Measures in the North Sea?

<p>Type 3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What period are Carboniferous rocks in the North Sea associated with?

<p>Permian period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the depositional environment represented by the Saloum Delta in West Africa?

<p>Deltaic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reservoirs were highlighted in the Oseberg and Gullfaks oilfields?

<p>Brent province (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association of the 2017 Druid/Drombeg well?

<p>Porcupine Basin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are oil exploration licenses still being issued in Ireland as of July 2019?

<p>Yes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the creaming curves suggest about the Central North Sea and West of Shetlands?

<p>Likely to contain major undiscovered reserves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of depositional environment do Paleogene turbidite reservoirs represent?

<p>Deep-water fan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the aims of the Programme for Government regarding oil and gas exploration?

<p>Stop the oil exploration ban and stop issuing licenses for gas exploration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological period contributed to the formation of much of the world's coal?

<p>Carboniferous period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated exploration success rate in offshore Ireland?

<p>15% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification for ultra-deep water drilling in terms of depth?

<p>Below 3000 meters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of kerogen source rock are Coal Measures in the North Sea?

<p>Type III (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which petroleum province is associated with the Jurassic Brent system?

<p>The North Sea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which basin is the Dunquin well discovered?

<p>Druid/Drombeg Basin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reservoir is the Druid/Drombeg well associated with?

<p>Paleogene turbidite reservoirs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the creaming curves, which provinces are suggested to contain major undiscovered reserves?

<p>Central North Sea and West of Shetlands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbon Cycle

The natural process involving the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, and rocks.

Coal

Sedimentary rock formed from the accumulation and compaction of organic matter, mainly land-plants, over millions of years.

Oil

A type of fossil fuel formed primarily from the remains of algae and planktonic organisms, accumulated over millions of years.

Reservoir Rocks

Rocks that allow fluids, like oil and gas, to flow through them due to their interconnected pores.

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Seal Rocks

Rocks that act as barriers, preventing hydrocarbons from escaping a reservoir, due to their low permeability and high ductility.

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Petroleum System

A geological process that includes the formation of oil or gas, its movement from the source rock, and its accumulation in a trap.

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Seismic Imaging

A technique used in petroleum exploration that involves sending sound waves into the Earth's subsurface and analyzing the reflected energy to create an image of the subsurface structure.

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Exploration

The stage in petroleum exploration where geological data is collected and analyzed to identify potential oil or gas reservoirs.

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Appraisal

The phase in petroleum exploration where the size and potential of a discovered reservoir are evaluated.

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Development

The stage in petroleum exploration where the infrastructure for extracting and producing oil or gas from a discovered reservoir is constructed.

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Production

The phase in petroleum exploration where oil or gas is extracted from the reservoir and transported to market.

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Oilfield

A geological formation containing significant quantities of recoverable hydrocarbons.

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Migration

The process of oil and gas moving from their source rock to a reservoir rock, driven by pressure differences and buoyancy.

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Trap

A geological structure that traps hydrocarbons, preventing them from escaping to the surface.

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Recoverable Reserves

A measure of the volume of oil or gas that can be economically extracted from a reservoir.

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Petroleum Geology

The study of the origin, accumulation, and distribution of oil and gas.

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Depositional Environment

A geological environment where sediments accumulate and form sedimentary rocks, including potential source rocks for oil and gas.

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Kerogen

A type of organic matter found in sedimentary rocks that can generate oil or gas when subjected to heat and pressure.

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Maturation

The process by which organic matter in source rocks is transformed into hydrocarbons, oil or gas, through heat and pressure.

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Oil Window

The depth at which a source rock has reached the temperature and pressure necessary for hydrocarbons to be generated.

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Gas Window

The depth at which a source rock has reached the temperature and pressure necessary for gas to be generated.

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Recovery Factor

A measure of how much oil or gas can be extracted from a reservoir, usually expressed as a percentage.

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Production Curve

A plot showing the volume of oil or gas produced from a reservoir over time.

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Creaming Curve

A graphical representation of the distribution of oil or gas in a reservoir, showing the concentration of hydrocarbons at different depths.

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Drilling

The act of drilling a well into the Earth's subsurface to explore for oil or gas and potentially extract it.

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Porcupine Basin

A geological basin in the North Atlantic Ocean, located off the west coast of Ireland, known for its potential oil and gas resources.

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Brent Province

A geological formation in the North Sea, known for its significant oil and gas reserves.

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West Sole Gas Field

A geological formation in the North Sea, known for its gas resources.

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Study Notes

Petroleum Geology and Exploration Summary

  • The carbon cycle involves the transfer of carbon between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks, including the surficial and subsurface cycles.
  • Much of the world's coal is the product of land-plants alive in the Carboniferous period, while oil is produced from algal and planktonic material.
  • Oil is primarily produced from algal and planktonic material, not land-plants.
  • Reservoir rocks need to have porosity and permeability to allow fluid flow, and sandstone is a type of sedimentary rock that can serve as a reservoir rock.
  • Seal rocks in a reservoir must have low permeability and high ductility to effectively prevent hydrocarbon leakage over geological time.
  • A functional petroleum system requires the processes of source rock maturation, migration, and accumulation in traps.
  • Seismic imaging is used in petroleum exploration to create a picture of subsurface structure by analyzing reflected energy from soundwaves sent into the subsurface.
  • Coal is primarily formed from land-plants and the subsequent compaction and heating over millions of years.
  • The phases in petroleum exploration are exploration, appraisal, development, and production.
  • Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks.
  • Coal is formed from the burial of land-plants and the subsequent compaction and heating over millions of years.
  • Oil and gas migrate due to fluid buoyancy, causing them to rise through the reservoir rocks.

Petroleum Exploration and Reservoir Systems in NW Europe

  • The creaming curves suggest that the Central North Sea and West of Shetlands are likely to contain major undiscovered reserves
  • The Programme for Government aims to stop the oil exploration ban and has pledged to stop issuing licenses for gas exploration
  • Coal Measures are a type 3 kerogen source rock for gas in the North Sea
  • The West Sole gas field in the Southern North Sea has an initial recoverable reserves of 2.4 TCF
  • Carboniferous rocks in the North Sea are associated with the Permian period
  • The Saloum Delta in West Africa represents a deltaic depositional environment
  • The Brent province reservoirs were highlighted in the Oseberg and Gullfaks oilfields
  • The exploration success rate in offshore Ireland is approximately 1 in 10
  • Ultra-deep water drilling is classified as depths greater than 1500m
  • As of July 2019, oil exploration licenses are still being issued in Ireland
  • The 2017 Druid/Drombeg well is associated with the Porcupine Basin
  • The Paleogene turbidite reservoirs represent a deep-water fan depositional environment

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