Question Bank Summer 2024 - Lect 1 to 4 PDF

Chapter 1 1-Engineering ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Answer: false Correction: (Ethics) 2-Engineering ethics are a body of philosophy indicating the ways that engineers should conduct themselves in their professional capacity. Answer:...

Chapter 1 1-Engineering ethics are moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity. Answer: false Correction: (Ethics) 2-Engineering ethics are a body of philosophy indicating the ways that engineers should conduct themselves in their professional capacity. Answer: True 3-Ethics are the rules and standards governing the conduct of engineers in their role as professionals. Answer: false Correction: (engineering ethics) 4-Engineering ethics aims to learn how to solve complex problems in the most non ethical way appropriate to the situation. Answer: false Correction: (ethical) 5-Ethical issues can extend beyond public safety issues involving bribery, forgery, environmental protection and justice. Answer: True 6-Personal ethics deals with how we treat others in our daily lives. Answer: True 7- Personal ethics refers to ethics a person must adhere to it regarding his interactions and business transactions in his professional life. Answer: false Correction:(Professional ethics) 8-Personal and professional ethics are always in perfect harmony. Answer: false Correction:(In some cases), personal and professional ethics may collide and create an ethical (conflict). 9-The fact that something is legal makes it ethical. Answer: false Correction: The fact that something is legal (doesn't) make it ethical 10-The practice of engineering is subject to many laws at the international and local levels. Answer: True 11-Most types of lying are perfectly legal, but lying is generally recognized as unethical. Answer: True 12-Any paid work can be considered a profession (regardless of...Level of skill and responsibility) Answer: false Correction: (job) 13-profession is the employment through which someone earns a living. Answer: false Correction: (Occupation) 14- Profession is work that requires: sophisticated skills, judgment, and the ability to evaluate things, and is not routine and cannot be automated. Answer: True 15-Job requires extensive formal education. Answer: false Correction: (Professionalism) 16-For a job the professional knowledge level is low. Answer: True 17-For occupation the professional knowledge level is high. Answer: false Correction: (medium) 18-For profession the professional knowledge level is high. Answer: True 19-The occupation scope of profession was generalized. Answer: false Correction: (specialist) 20-The profession scope of profession was highly specialized. Answer: True 21-There was a huge variation in the entry routes into the profession in case of profession. Answer: false Correction: (job) 22-Continuing profession development in the job have high obligation. Answer: false Correction: (profession) 23-Code of ethics is an important aspect of the rules of professional associations. Answer: True 24-Codes of ethics are a prescription for ethical behavior or a legal document. Answer: false Correction: (are not) 25-No one may be arrested for violating the provisions of codes of ethics, although expulsion from the professional community may result from violations of the law. Answer: True 26-A code of ethics helps the engineer apply unethical principles to the unique situations encountered in professional practice. Answer: false Correction: (ethical) 27-The Milgram experiment sought to find out how easily the average person could be induced to commit heinous crimes under orders. Answer: True 28- The Milgram experiment is an experience that focuses on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. Answer: True 29-fuel tank design of the ford car was in accordance with accepted engineering standards, although it meets federal safety standards. Answer: false Correction: (was not) 30-Ford engineers were not aware of the design risks. Answer: false Correction: (were) 31-The Milgram experiment showed that people can commit charitable (‫ )خيرية‬daily. Answer: false Correction: (brutality) 32-In intel Pentium chips case study, computers were able to perform some simple calculations correctly. Answer: false Correction: unable 33-Many people requested to change this defective intel pentium chip and the company accepted. Answer: false Correction: (refused) 34-Apple has admitted that it is slowly working on older iPhones to encourage consumers to buy iPhone in a simple way. Answer: True  LECTURE 2 1. Moral and ethics are interchangeable terms that signify the same concept. (F) (have different meanings) 2. The codes of ethics are legal documents (False) (not legal) 3. Ethical theories provide individuals with universally applicable moral guidelines. (False) (do not provide) 4. "In the Paradyne Case, Trucking CSI (a subcontractor) filed a lawsuit against the runway paving contractor. (False) (Runway at Denver Airport DIA Case Study) 5. "The Paradyne system included new and development technology." (False) (under development( 6. Ethics refers to individual principles regarding right and wrong. (False) (Moral) 7. If a lawyer defends a murderer, this act is unethical. (False) (immoral) 8. "Selling counterfeit products to customers to make more profit is unethical." (False) ( neither moral nor ethical) 9. Utilitarianism is mean "Individual welfare before societal welfare." (False) (after) 10. Duty ethics mean “"People have rights that you must respect." (False) (Rights ethics) 11. Duty is mean that one of your duties is to recognize others' rights. (True) 12. "From Western ethical thinking: Indian ethics and Buddhist ethics." (false) (Non- Western) 13. The difference between moral and ethics is that moral refers to personal beliefs, while ethics refers to societal norms. - True 14. Utilitarianism is the ethical theory that believes actions should be judged based on their consequences. - True 15. Duty ethics is the ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of following moral duties and obligations. - True 16. Rights ethics focuses on the rights and freedoms of individuals. - True 17. Virtue ethics emphasizes the development of virtuous characteristics in individuals. - True 18. Virtue ethics suggests that actions should be based on moral virtues and character traits. - True 19. Utilitarianism emphasizes the pursuit of overall happiness and the greatest good for the greatest number of people. - True 20. Rights ethics believes that ethical actions should be based on the principles of justice and fairness. - True 21. Duty ethics emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and moral obligations. - True 22. If a lawyer defends a murderer, this act is neither moral nor ethical. - True LECTURE (3) 1. The first step in solving any ethical problem is a full understanding of all the issues involved (TRUE).‫تتمثل الخطوة األولى في حل أي مشكلة أخالقية هو الفهم الكامل لجميع القضايا المطروحة‬ 2. Factual issues (what is known about the reality of the situation) (TRUE). ‫ الحقيقي المعروف عن القضية‬/ ‫ هو الواقع‬:)FACTUAL ISSUES( 3. Conceptual issues (what is known about the reality of the situation) (FALSE). ‫ الحقيقي المعروف عن القضية‬/ ‫ هو الواقع‬:(CONCEPTUAL ISSUES) 4. Moral issues (what is known about the reality of the situation) (FALSE)..‫ الحقيقي المعروف عن القضية‬/ ‫ هو الواقع‬:(MORAL ISSUES) 5. Conceptual issues (related to the meaning or applicability of an idea, e.g., distinguishing bribery from an acceptable gift) (TRUE) ‫ تتعلق بمعنى الفكرة أو قابليتها للتطبيق بمعني اخر تحديد ما يشكل رشوة‬:)CONCEPTUAL ISSUES(.‫خالفا للهدية مقبولة‬ 6. Moral issues (related to the meaning or applicability of an idea, e.g., distinguishing bribery from an acceptable gift) (FALSE) ‫ تتعلق بمعنى الفكرة أو قابليتها للتطبيق بمعني اخر تحديد ما يشكل رشوة خالفا للهدية‬:(MORAL ISSUES).‫مقبولة‬ 7. Sometimes, the issues (Factual, Conceptual & Moral) can be controversial and not 100% clear. (TRUE).‫واضحة‬100٪ ‫ تلك القضايا (الفعلية والمشكالت المفاهيمية واألخالقية) مثيرة للجدل وليست‬،‫في بعض األحيان‬ 8. Often, all that is required to solve a particular ethical problem is a deeper analysis of the issues involved according to the appropriate principles (TRUE)  ‫ كل ما هو مطلوب لحل مشكلة أخالقية معينة هو تحليل أعمق للقضايا المتضمنة وفقا للمبادئ‬،‫في كثير من األحيان‬.‫المناسبة‬ 9. The Paradyne issue as hiring a former SSA employee to influence the contract decision is a FACTUAL issue that doesn’t seem particularly controversial. (TRUE) ‫ ال تبدو القضايا الواقعية مثيرة للجدل‬،‫ هنا‬.‫مشكلة تتمثل في توظيف موظف سابق في للتأثير على قرار العقد‬.‫بشكل خاص‬ 10. In Paradyne issue lying in practicing to get bid for providing a ready product when the actual product is still in the planning stages? Considered as the Conceptual issues. (TRUE) 11. In Paradyne issue Is it deceptive to place a Paradyne label over the real manufacturer's label? Considered as Conceptual issues. (TRUE) 12. In Paradyne issue the lying in business practice considered as The Moral issues (TRUE) 13. In Paradyne issues Is it okay to be deceptive if it allows your company to secure a contract? Considered as Moral Issues. (TRUE) 14. In Paradyne issue if we theoretically determine that Paradyne's practices were deceptive, then their actions were unethical. (TRUE).‫ فإن أفعالهم كانت غير أخالقية‬،‫ كانت خادعة‬Paradyne ‫ إذا قررنا من الناحية النظرية أن ممارسات‬،‫لذلك‬ 15. Methods for solving ethical issues are two Methods: 1. Line Drawing method 2. Flow-chart method (TRUE) 16. The Flow Chart method involves locating ethical issues on a line between a positive model and a negative model, to assess whether the issue is ethically acceptable or unacceptable. (FALSE) (LINE Drawing) 17. The Line Drawing Method is Applying a simple diagram chart to an issue involves emphasizing the potential decisions made while considering the issue's identification. (FALSE) (FLOW Chart) ‫ مع التركيز على القرارات المحتملة التي يتم اتخاذها‬،‫طريقة رسم الخط تتضمن تطبيق مخطط بسيط على قضية‬.‫أثناء النظر في تحديد القضية‬ 18. In Bhobal Disaster The main factor that contributed to this incident was the reduction in plant maintenance as part of a cost-cutting effort. (TRUE).‫كان العامل الرئيسي الذي ساهم في هذا الحادث هو تقليص صيانة المصنع كجزء من جهد خفض التكاليف‬ 19. In Bhobal Disaster The cooling unit had stopped working five months before the incident and was repaired. (FALSE){ was Not Repaired}.‫توقفت وحدة التبريد عن العمل قبل خمسة أشهر من الحادث وتم إصالحها‬ 20. In Bhobal Disaster The alarm was set correctly and the flare tower was not functioning. (FALSE) {alarm was set incorrectly}.‫تم ضبط جهاز االنذار بشكل صحيح وبرج التوهج ال يعمل‬ 21. In Bhobal Disaster Very few safety standards that should be adhered to by American companies are applied in India. (TRUE).‫القليل جدا في معايير السالمة يتم تطبيقها في الهند والتي يجب على الشركات األمريكية العمل بموجبه‬ 23. In Bhobal Disaster The blame falls on the plant designer ONLY. (FALSE) {Plant designer, Union Carbide, Management team and Indian government} ‫يقع اللوم علي مصمم المصنع فقط‬ 24. In Bhobal Disaster The plant designers did their job by anticipating potential problems and installing safety systems to prevent or mitigate possible accidents. (TRUE) ‫قام مصممو المصنع بعملهم من خالل توقع المشكالت التي قد تحدث وتثبيت أنظمة السالمة لمنع أو تخفيف‬.‫الحوادث المحتملة‬ 25. In Bhobal Disaster The failure to operate all safety systems simultaneously is inexcusable. (TRUE) ‫إن عدم تشغيل جميع أنظمة السالمة في وقت واحد أمر ال يغتفر‬ 26. In Bhobal Disaster Union Carbide had a plan for notifying and evacuating the surrounding population in the event of an incident. (FALSE) {Had No PLAN}.‫ خطة إلخطار وإخالء األشخاص المحيطين في حالة وقوع حادث‬Union Carbide‫كان لدى‬ 27. In Bhobal Disaster Union Carbide cannot claim that such an incident was unexpected. (TRUE) ‫ من القول إن مثل هذا الحادث كان غير متوقع‬Union Carbide‫لم تتمكن‬ 28. In Bhobal Disaster The local government have a policy that prevented people from living close to such factories. (FALSE) {Didn’t have}.‫كان لدى الحكومة المحلية سياسة تمنع الناس من العيش بالقرب من مثل هذه المصانع‬ 29. In Bhobal Disaster the Third World countries often see pollution control and safety regulation as prohibitively expensive. (TRUE).‫غالبًا ما رأت دول العالم الثالث أن التحكم في التلوث وتنظيم السالمة أمر مكلف للغاية‬ 30. In Bhobal Disaster the Union Carbide helped in setting up training programs and resettlement programs for the victims. (TRUE).‫ في إعداد برامج للتدريب وبرامج إعادة التوطين للضحايا‬Union Carbide‫ساعد‬ 31. The Aberdeen Proving Ground, a United States Army development and testing center, was used for the development, testing, storage, and disposal of chemical weapons. (TRUE) ‫(مركز تطوير واختبار أسلحة الجيش األمريكي) لتطوير األسلحة الكيميائية واختبارها‬Aberdeen ‫تم استخدام‬.‫وتخزينها والتخلص منها‬ 32. In The Aberdeen three This is one of the classic cases often used to illustrate the importance of: Environmental protection & Safety of workers exposed to hazardous and toxic chemicals. (TRUE) :‫هذه واحدة من الحاالت الكالسيكية التي تُستخدم غالبًا لتوضيح أهمية‬ ‫حماية البيئة وسالمة العمال المعرضين للمواد الكيميائية الخطرة والسامة‬ 33. In The Aberdeen three Federal safety investigations revealed: - Inadequate fencing for containing chemicals - The system for containing and treating hazardous chemicals had corroded and caused chemical leaks. (TRUE) :‫كشفت تحقيقات السالمة الفيدرالية‬ ‫اسوار غير مناسبة لالحتفاظ بالكيماويات‬ ‫كان نظام احتواء ومعالجة الكيماويات الخطرة قد تآكل وتسبب في تسرب الكيماويات‬ 34. In The Aberdeen three the three engineers were charged with violating the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. (TRUE) )‫اتُهم المهندسين الثالثة بانتهاك قانون حماية الموارد واصالحها(انعاشها‬ 35. In The Aberdeen three the three engineers claimed that they were aware that the factory's storage practices were illegal. (FALSE) {UNAWARE} ‫ادعى المهندسين الثالثة أنهم كانوا على علم بأن ممارسات تخزين المصنع غير قانونية‬ 36. In The Aberdeen three the three engineers claimed that they acted according to the practices accepted in the factory. (TRUE) ‫ادعى المهندسين الثالثة أنهم فعلوا أشياء وفقا للممارسات المقبولة في المصنع‬ ‫‪37. In The Aberdeen three as managers of the plant, the three were not responsible for‬‬ ‫)‪how chemicals were stored and how safety equipment was maintained. (FALSE‬‬ ‫}‪{were responsible‬‬ ‫كمديرين للمصنع‪ ،‬لم يكن الثالثة مسؤولين عن كيفية تخزين المواد الكيميائية وصيانة معدات السالمة‪.‬‬ ‫‪38. Wrong is wrong even if everyone is doing it & Right is right even if no one is doing‬‬ ‫)‪it. (TRUE‬‬ ‫‪39. Almost everything that is engineered carries some health or safety risks associated‬‬ ‫)‪with it. (TRUE‬‬ ‫تقريبا كل شيء مصمم هندسيا لديه بعض المخاطر على الصحة والسالمة المرتبطة به‪.‬‬ ‫)‪LEC (4‬‬ ‫]‪ bribery and gift are considered as two sides for the same coin [FALSE‬‬ ‫الرشوة والهدية وجهان لعملة واحدة‬ ‫‪CORRECTION:‬‬ ‫عرض المال أو الخدمات‪ ،‬يتم تقديمه إلى شخص ما في وضع الثقة او المسئولية من اجل حثه على التصرف غير االمين‬ ‫الرشوة‪:‬‬ ‫الهدية‪ :‬بينما الهدية ال يترتب عليها ممارسات غير اخالقية او تصرف غير امين مثال‪ :‬كوب القهوة أو التقويمات التي تحمل‬ ‫شعار البائع ورقم هاتفه‪ ،‬هي مجرد أداة إعالنية‬ ‫‪ everyone gets what everything they want through applying the creative middle way‬‬ ‫]‪in solving conflict problems [FALSE‬‬ ‫يحصل كل فرد على كل ما يريده من خالل تطبيق الحلول الوسطية اإلبداعية في حل المشكالت المتضاربة؟‬ ‫‪CORRECTION:‬‬ ‫الطريقة المتوسطة االبداعية ‪the creative middle way‬‬ ‫نوع من التسوية التي ستعمل من أجل الجميع"‬ ‫الحل حيث ال يحصل أي شخص على كل ما يريد و لكن تسعى هذه الطريقة لمحاولة نفع الجميع باكثر وسيلة ممكنة‬ ‫‪ is Any offer of money or services, made to someone in a position of trust or‬‬ ‫]‪confidence to induce dishonest behavior considered a bribe [True‬‬ ‫عرض المال أو الخدمات‪ ،‬يتم تقديمه إلى شخص ما في وضع المسؤلية من اجل حثه على التصرف غير االمين يعد رشوة‬ ‫هل الثقة او‬ ‫]‪ Bribery corrupts a competitive free market economic system [True‬‬  ‫الرشوة تفسد نظام السوق الحرة االقتصادية والتنافسية‬ bribery Let the rich make all the rules [True] ‫تقوم الرشوة بالسماح لألثرياء بوضع جميع القواعد‬ the bribery considered as insult to us as people and corrupting buyer and seller [True] ‫تعد الرشوة مهينة لنا كبشر و تفسد كال من البائع و المشتري‬ there is no boundaries between a legitimate gift and a bribe [FALSE] ‫ال توجد الحدود بين هدية مشروعة ورشوة‬ CORRECTION: :‫الحدود بين هدية مشروعة ورشوة هي خفية جدا حيث ان‬ ‫ يتم تقديمه إلى شخص ما في وضع الثقة او المسئولية من اجل حثه على التصرف غير االمين‬،‫عرض المال أو الخدمات‬ :‫الرشوة‬ ‫ كوب القهوة أو التقويمات التي تحمل‬:‫ بينما الهدية ال يترتب عليها ممارسات غير اخالقية او تصرف غير امين مثال‬:‫الهدية‬ ‫ هي مجرد أداة إعالنية‬، ‫شعار البائع ورقم هاتفه‬ Coffee mugs or calendars bearing the seller's logo and phone number are considered as an acceptable advertising tool without ethical concerns [True] ‫ هي مجرد اداة اعالنية بدون شبهة اخالقية‬، ‫إن كوب القهوة أو التقويمات التي تحمل شعار البائع ورقم هاتفه‬ Eating with a customer or supplier considered as an acceptable practice especially if everyone is paying in their own way [True] ‫يعد تناول الطعام مع عميل أو مورد ممارسة مقبولة خاصة اذا كان الجميع يدفعون بطريقتهم الخاصة‬ When meals or gifts are not low cost and not made Sharing the costs of these items equally, they become a possibility of abuse Great usage [True] ‫ تصبح امكانية اساءة‬, ‫عندما ال تكون الوجبات أو الهدايا منخفضة التكلفة وال يتم تقاسم تكاليف هذه العناصر بالتساوي‬ ‫االستخدام كبيرة‬ In the absence of policies, prior approval from the person's management is the best guidance on what is acceptable regarding gifts from their clients [True] ‫ فإن الموافقة المسبقة من إدارة الشخص هي أفضل توجيه بشأن ما يتعلق بالهدايا المقدمة من عمالئه‬،‫في غياب السياسات‬ due to absence of company’s policies regarding bribe & gift, so the newspaper test based on your ability to defend yourself in case you were accused in the newspaper to accept a gift from your client [True] ‫ فإن اختبار الصحيفة يعتمد على قدرتك على الدفاع عن نفسك في‬،‫نظرا لغياب سياسات الشركة فيما يتعلق بالرشوة والهدايا‬ ً ‫حالة اتهامك في الصحيفة بقبول هدية من عميلك‬ Members of the profession must keep information about test results and products that have not yet been released to the market [True].‫ يجب ان يحتفظ أعضاء المهنة بمعلومات نتائج االختبارات والمنتجات اللي لم تصدر الى السوق بعد بسرية تامة‬- The number of employees working on the project and the identity of suppliers are freely owned and can be disclosed by members of the profession [FALSE] CORRECTION: This information must not be disclosed ‫ عدد الموظفين العاملين في المشروع وهوية الموردين هي ملكية حرة يمكن ألعضاء المهنة اإلفصاح عنها‬- The cost of production falls under the heading of ownership of information [True] ‫ تكلفة اإلنتاج تندرج تحت بند ملكية المعلومات‬- A conflict of interest arises when an interest, if pursued, would prevent an employee from fulfilling one of his obligations. [True].‫ إلى منع الموظف من الوفاء بأحد التزاماته‬،‫ إذا تم السعي وراءها‬،‫ ينشأ تضارب المصالح عندما تؤدي المصلحة‬- There are two types of conflicts of interest: actual conflicts of interest and potential conflicts of interest [FALSE] CORRECTION: three types (actual, potential, perceived) ‫ هناك نوعين من تضارب المصالح وهما تضارب المصالح الفعلي وتضارب المصالح المحتمل‬- In order to avoid conflicts of interest, you must follow company policy [True].‫ لكي تتجنب تضارب المصالح يجب ان تتبع سياسة الشركة‬- Asking your coworker or manager increases the chance of a conflict of interest. [FALSE] CORRECTION: it decreases the chance of a conflict of interest..‫ سؤال زميلك في العمل أو مديرك يزيد من فرصة حدوث تضارب المصالح‬- people can (reasonably) object to company policy. [True].‫ يمكن لألفراد االعتراض (بشكل معقول) على سياسة الشركة‬- The right of professional conscience is the right to refuse to engage in unethical behavior. [True].‫ حق الضمير المهني هو الحق في رفض االنخراط في سلوك غير أخالقي‬- Whistleblower is the employee's action by informing senior management of unethical or illegal behavior by the employer or supervisor. [True] ‫ كاشف الفساد هو تصرف الموظف بإبالغ اإلدارة العليا بالسلوك غير األخالقي او غير القانوني من قبل صاحب العمل او‬-.‫المشرف‬ There are two types of whistleblowers (internal and external). [True].)‫ خارجي‬،‫ يوجد نوعين من كاشف الفساد (داخلي‬- The whistleblower must be in a clear position to report the problem. [True].‫ يجب ان يكون كاشف الفساد في وضع واضح لإلبالغ عن المشكلة‬- A whistleblower must report if there is clear and significant harm that could be avoided if he reported. [True].‫ يجب على كاشف الفساد اإلبالغ في حالة وجود ضرر واضح ومهم يمكن تجنبه في حالة اإلبالغ‬- Commitment to ethical behavior and mandatory ethical training for all employees contributes to eradicating corruption. [True].‫ االلتزام بالسلوك االخالقي والتدريب األخالقي اإللزامي لجميع الموظفين يساهم في محو الفساد‬- All employees should have genuine access to high-level managers in order to raise their concerns. [True].‫ يجب أن يتمتع جميع الموظفين بوصول حقيقي إلى المديرين رفيعي المستوى من أجل عرض مخاوفهم‬- Having clear lines of communication within the company is one of the steps to reduce the whistleblowing risks. [True].‫ وجود خطوط اتصال واضحة داخل الشركة من خطوات تقليل مخاطر اإلبالغ عن المخالفات‬- Whistleblowing is the action taken by an employee to inform the public or senior management about inappropriate behavior by the employer or administration. [True] ‫الكشف عن الفساد هو اإلجراء الذي يتخذه الموظف إلبالغ الجمهور أو اإلدارة العليا عن السلوك غير المناسب من قبل صاحب‬ ‫العمل أو اإلدارة‬. Reporting a problem to higher management within the company is an example of external whistleblowing. [False] ‫اإلبالغ عن مشكلة لإلدارة العليا داخل الشركة هو مثال على الكشف الخارجي عن الفساد‬. CORRECTION: internal whistleblowing An acknowledged whistleblower is an employee who puts his name behind the accusations and is willing to resist the scrutiny his accusations provoke. [True] ‫الكاشف المعترف به للفساد هو الموظف الذي يضع اسمه خلف االتهامات ويكون على استعداد لمقاومة التدقيق الذي تثيره‬ ‫اتهاماته‬. External whistleblowing occurs when an employee goes outside the company and reports irregularities to newspapers or law enforcement authorities. [True] ‫يحدث الكشف الخارجي عن الفساد عندما يخرج الموظف خارج الشركة ويبلغ عن المخالفات للصحف أو السلطات القانونية‬. An anonymous whistleblower is an employee who refuses to reveal his name when bringing charges. [True] ‫الكاشف المجهول عن الفساد هو الموظف الذي يرفض الكشف عن اسمه عند توجيه االتهامات‬. Whistleblowing to the public should be a first resort rather than a last resort. [False]  ‫يجب أن يكون الكشف عن الفساد للعامة المالذ األول وليس األخير‬ CORRECTION: public whistleblowing should be the last resort The proximity principle in whistleblowing states that the whistleblower must be in a clear position to report the problem. [True] ‫تنص قاعدة القرب في الكشف عن الفساد على أن الكاشف يجب أن يكون في موقف واضح لإلبالغ عن المشكلة‬ Clear lines of communication within the company are not important for effective whistleblowing. [False] ‫خطوط االتصال الواضحة داخل الشركة ليست مهمة للكشف الفعال عن الفساد‬