Grade 11 Geography Notes PDF

Grade 11 Geography Covering: Earthquake composition of the Atmosphere Temperature calculation “Nature is a powerful force, and earthquakes remind us of its power and unpredictability.” – Al Gore “An earthquake is a reminder of the fragility of life and the need to be p...

Grade 11 Geography Covering: Earthquake composition of the Atmosphere Temperature calculation “Nature is a powerful force, and earthquakes remind us of its power and unpredictability.” – Al Gore “An earthquake is a reminder of the fragility of life and the need to be prepared for anything.” – Jacinda Ardern “ Instructor: Mr. Trokon M. Monwell This lesson is developed and designed by Isaac A. David Sr. Memorial School to provide a roadmap for students in Isaac A. David Sr. Memorial School. All rights reserved. This document may not be used or reproduced in any manner without prior written permission by Isaac A. Daviod Sr. Memorial School.  Table of Content LESSON AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2 Aims of Lesson: 2 Student Learning Outcomes: 3 Student Learning Outcomes Key Concepts 3 CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE LESSON 6 Branches of Geography : 7 LESSON TWO: INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 8 : LOCATING RELATIVE POSITION ( revision) 9 What is bearing? 9 Magnetic bearing: 10 LESSON THREE: MAP SCALE 10 LESSON FOUR:How do you calculate curved line distance from a map? 11 Calculating regular and irregular shapes 11 Skills file: Determining area using three different techniques 11 Determine the area of a dam with an irregular shape using the grid method. 12 Working with 1: 50 000 Topographic maps 12 What is a cross - section and how do you construct one? 13 What is vertical exaggeration used for? 13 LESSON AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aims of Lesson: Learners are able to explain the causes and effects of earthquakes, composition of the atmosphere, and calculate temperature according to height. Student Learning Outcomes: Learners will be able to: identify the major composition of the atmosphere locate relative positions define bearing correctly calculate true bearing and magnetic bearing define scale and calculate temperature according to height. Student Learning Outcomes Key Concepts You will be asked to perform various tasks to demonstrate your knowledge of what you were taught. It is critical that, when you are asked, you truly understand what you are being asked and what exactly you need to do. The below terms are the exact tasks that you will be asked to perform throughout this period. Kindly read this thoroughly and practice the meaning over and over. Draw: Pictorial view of Provide a well object or terms label diagram Outline/Highlight: To explain, Outline two discuss or significance of describe related the study of bullet points. geography to students. Response: 1. To study the way of Life of other people. 2. To  understand other areas of other subjects -. List/Name: List: To write List/name two down in an branches of itemized way. Geography Response: 1. Human Geography 2. Physical geography Calculate/Demonstrat To show how e something is done or how it works. Compare & Contrast Compare: stating that two things physical are alike. geography Contrast: stating and human that two things geography are disalike. both deal with spatial patterns over spaces and places. Physical Geography looks at the  natural process of the earth such as climate , wind movements etc while human Geography looks at the impact and behavior of people and their implication in the physical world.. CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE LESSON Landforms are features on the Earth's surface that make up the terrain, such as mountains, valleys, plains or plateaux. They also include coastal features, such as peninsulas or bays, and underwater features, such as ocean basins and mid-ocean ridges. No Things/Mat Key Physics concept Image. erials 1. GPS Global Positioning System (GPS). A part of our daily lives, it speaks for itself. Spoiler alert: informs most items on this list. 2. Maps We all use them. Before the advent of the above #1, we had these paper things that had routes, roads, highways (dare I say topographic features?) all accurately drawn. Nowadays we can use an electronic one that utilizes GPS such as the iPhone map. Or, for those with nostalgia, the paper one works just fine. 3.. Housing Location, location, location. If you haven’t figured it out by now, geography defines and informs just that. It’s where you are in the world. In fact, when it comes to housing, you may have already utilized numbers 1-5 on this list to better understand the features of an area you are choosing to move to. Will you be living near the ocean, downtown, a farm, a school? Will the area have public transit? Are there pedestrian and bike friendly sidewalks/lanes? These are all questions asked and/or considered when moving to a new place. 4. Planning a Planners play a unique role in the place to live places we choose to live. The questions asked above by the everyday citizen are a microcosm of the questions planners themselves raise when designing and planning a region, city, urban renewal project, transit system, green space project, town center, etc. The people, community, culture, politics, local features and physical attributes of a location all influence the decisions planners make and essentially are the pinnacle of geography. LESSON ONE: What Is an Earthquake? An earthquake is an intense shaking of Earth’s surface. The shaking is caused by movements in Earth’s outermost layer. Why Do Earthquakes Happen? Although the Earth looks like a pretty solid place from the surface, it’s actually extremely active just below the surface. The Earth is made of four basic layers: a solid crust, a hot, nearly solid mantle, a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. A diagram of Earth's layers. Earthquakes are caused by shifts in the outer layers of Earth—a region called the lithosphere. The solid crust and top, stiff layer of the mantle make up a region called the lithosphere. The lithosphere isn’t a continuous piece that wraps around the whole Earth like an eggshell. It’s actually made up of giant puzzle pieces called tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are constantly shifting as they drift around on the viscous, or slowly flowing, mantle layer below. Earth's crust is fractured into tectonic plates that have been moving very slowly over the Earth's surface for millions of years. Credit: USGS This non-stop movement causes stress on Earth’s crust. When the stresses get too large, it leads to cracks called faults. When tectonic plates move, it also causes movements at the faults. An earthquake is the sudden movement of Earth’s crust at a fault line. This photograph shows the San Andreas Fault, a 750-mile-long fault in California. Credit: Public Domain The location where an earthquake begins is called the epicenter. An earthquake’s most intense shaking is often felt near the epicenter. However, the vibrations from an earthquake can still be felt and detected hundreds, or even thousands of miles away from the epicenter. How Do We Measure Earthquakes? The energy from an earthquake travels through Earth in vibrations called seismic waves. Scientists can measure these seismic waves on instruments called seismometer. A seismometer detects seismic waves below the instrument and records them as a series of zig-zags. Scientists can determine the time, location and intensity of an earthquake from the information recorded by a seismometer. This record also provides information about the rocks the seismic waves traveled through. A seismometer records seismic waves as a series of zig-zags. Credit: Wikimedia Commons user Z22, CC BY-SA 3.0 Do Earthquakes Only Happen on Earth? Earthquake is a name for seismic activity on Earth, but Earth isn’t the only place with seismic activity. Scientists have measured quakes on Earth's Moon, and see evidence for seismic activity on Mars, Venus and several moons of Jupiter, too! ATmosphere - Composition and Structure [UPSC Geography] THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE AND COMPOSITION The atmosphere is described as the air that surrounds the earth. 1. The thickness of the earth’s atmosphere is about 480 km. 99 percent of the thickness lies up to the height of 32 km from the earth. 2. With increasing altitude, the air pressure decreases. 3. The atmosphere has a mixture of gasses that sustains life on earth. 4. The earth’s gravity helps hold the atmosphere in place. 5. The major role of the atmosphere is to contain the entry of ultraviolet rays. The composition of the earth’s atmosphere is as mentioned below: 1. Nitrogen — 78 percent 2. Oxygen — 21 percent 3. Argon — 0.93 percent 4. Carbon dioxide — 0.04 percent 5. Trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen, as well as water vapour Composition of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is a layer of gas or layers of gases that envelope a planet and is held in place by the gravity of the planetary body. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. The atmosphere of earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. A variable amount of water vapour is also present in the atmosphere (approx.1% at sea level) and it decreases with altitude. Carbon dioxide gas is largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is transparent to the incoming solar radiation but is opaque to the outgoing terrestrial radiation. It absorbs a part of terrestrial radiation and reflects back some of it towards the earth’s surface. Dust particles are also present in the atmosphere. They originate from different sources like fine soil, smoke-soot, pollen, dust and disintegrated particles of meteors. Dust and salt particles act as hygroscopic nuclei around which water vapour condenses to produce clouds. Composition of the Atmosphere – Ozone Gas Present around 10-50 km above the earth’s surface and acts as a sieve, absorbing UV (ultraviolet rays) from the sun. Ozone averts harmful rays from reaching the surface of the earth. Composition of the Atmosphere – Water Vapour  Water vapour is a variable gas, declines with altitude. It also drops towards the poles from the equator. It acts like a blanket letting the earth from becoming neither too hot nor too cold. It also contributes to the stability and instability in the air. Composition of the Atmosphere – Dust Particles Dust particles are in higher concentrations in temperate and subtropical regions due to dry winds in contrast to the polar and equatorial regions. They act as hygroscopic nuclei over which water vapour of the atmosphere condenses to create clouds. Composition of the Atmosphere – Nitrogen The atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen. Nitrogen cannot be used directly from the air. Biotic things need nitrogen to make proteins. The Nitrogen Cycle is the way of supplying the required nitrogen for living things. Composition of the atmosphere – Oxygen The atmosphere is composed of 21% oxygen. It is used by all living things and is essential for respiration. It is obligatory for burning. Also read: Oxygen Cycle Composition of the Atmosphere – Argon The atmosphere is composed of 0.9% argon. They are mainly used in light bulbs. Composition of the Atmosphere – Carbon Dioxide The atmosphere is composed of 0.03% carbon dioxide. Plants use it to make oxygen. It is significant as it is opaque to outgoing terrestrial radiation and transparent to incoming solar radiation. It is also one of the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect. Structure of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into five different layers depending upon the temperature conditions – troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. Troposphere It is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. The average height of the troposphere is 13 km; its height is about 8 km near the poles and about 18 km at the equator. At the equator, its  thickness is greatest because heat is transported to great heights by strong convection currents. All the climatic and weather changes take place in this layer of the atmosphere. The temperature decreases with the increase in height; for every 165 m of height, the temperature decreases by 1℃ (normal lapse rate). Tropopause is a zone that separates the troposphere from the stratosphere. The temperature in this zone is nearly constant (-80℃ over the equator and about -45℃ over the poles) and hence, it is called the tropopause. Stratosphere It is the second layer of the atmosphere, just above the troposphere and extends up to a height of 50 km. This layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer which absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun and protects life from harmful forms of energy. The UV radiations absorbed by the ozone layer gets converted into heat, that is why the stratosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude (unlike the troposphere). Weather-related phenomena are absent in this layer of the atmosphere, that is why aeroplanes fly in the stratosphere for a smooth ride. Stratopause separates the stratosphere and mesosphere. Mesosphere Mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere which extends up to a height of 80 km. In this layer, temperature decreases with increasing altitude and drops down to minus 100℃ at the height of 80 km. Meteorites burn in this layer on entering the atmosphere from outer space. Its upper limit is mesopause which separates the mesosphere and thermosphere. Thermosphere The ionosphere lies within the thermosphere. It is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesosphere and contains electrically charged particles called ions, hence the name ionosphere. In this layer of the atmosphere, temperature increases with increasing height. Radio Waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer. Satellites orbit in the upper part of the thermosphere.  Exosphere The uppermost layer of the atmosphere above the thermosphere is called the exosphere. This layer gradually merges with outer space. WATCH: Structure of the Atmosphere