Grade 9 Geography Exam Study Notes PDF

Geography Exam Notes Unit 1: Intro to Geography, Mapping Skills ____________________________________________________________________________ Themes of Geography: Movement: how and why people move Region: group of places with physical or human characteristics(climate,language) Human-Environment...

Geography Exam Notes Unit 1: Intro to Geography, Mapping Skills ____________________________________________________________________________ Themes of Geography: Movement: how and why people move Region: group of places with physical or human characteristics(climate,language) Human-Environment Interaction: how humans adapt to and change the environment, positive and negative Location:Absolute and Relative Place:Physical and human characteristics that make up an environment ____________________________________________________________________________ Physical vs Human Geography: Physical Geography: Natural features of the earth Human Geography: Man made features of the earth ____________________________________________________________________________ Absolute vs Relative Location: Absolute Location: Exact location of something(Mr. Mandrozos’ class is in room 163) Relative Location: Location of something in comparison to another(Mr. Mandrozos’ class is next to Mrs. Thomas’) ____________________________________________________________________________ The Compass Rose: 4 Cardinal Points: North, East, South, West ​ 4 Ordinal/Inter Cardinal Points: Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest ____________________________________________________________________________ Canada’s Provinces, Territories, and Capital Cities: Province/Territory Capital City British Columbia Victoria Alberta Edmonton Saskatchewan Regina Manitoba Winnipeg Ontario Toronto Quebec Quebec City Newfoundland St. John’s New Brunswick Fredericton Nova Scotia Halifax Prince Edward Island Charlottetown Yukon Whitehorse Northwest Territories Yellowknife Nunavut Iqaluit ____________________________________________________________________________ Components of A Map: Title: identifies the area shown and states topics, purposes and focus of map. Borders: sets map apart from other info, limits the scope of info presented Compass: allows reader to understand orientation and direction, provides a point of reference Legend: explains the meaning of symbols and colours Date of Publication: identifies if the map is recent or not Scale: compares distance between points on the map with real life distance ____________________________________________________________________________ Types of Maps: Political Map: shows political borders, important town and city names Topographic Map: shows physical/terrain features, use contour lines to highlight elevation Thematic Map: emphasises specific themes(population, climate, etc) Historical Map: type of thematic map, how things were in the past ____________________________________________________________________________ Grid Systems: Alphanumeric: letters and numbers to identify symbols, letter first Military: combination of numbers Latitude and Longitude: uses degrees ____________________________________________________________________________ Latitude and Longitude: Lines of Latitude: horizontal lines, measure distance north and south of the equator Lines of Longitude: vertical lines, measures distance east and west of Prime Meridian Equator: imaginary line that divides the earth in two, northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere Prime Meridian: imaginary line that divides the earth in two, eastern hemisphere and southern hemisphere Using Longitude and Latitude Grid System:​ ​ Step 1: Start with Latitude, north of equator=N, south of equator=S Step 2: Write lines of Longitude, west of Prime Meridian=W, east of Prime Meridian=E Step 3: Put it together, N&W, S&E, etc ____________________________________________________________________________ Timezones of Canada: There are six time zones in Canada: The time increases one hour as you move east, in exception for Newfoundland Standard Time which increases 30 Minutes Unit 2: Landforms, Geology, Human Activities ____________________________________________________________________________ Layers of the Earth: Crust: outer shell of the earth, thick, cold, and fragile Mantle: thick zone of magma, hot, molten Outer Core: 2000 km thick, 3000-4000 celsius Inner Core: 1400 km thick, 5000-6000 celsius ____________________________________________________________________________ Tectonic Plates: Tectonic Plates: Massive slabs of rock that make up the earth There are 7 tectonic plates that make up our world North American South American African Eurasian Australian Pacific Antarctic Why do plates move? 1.​ Heat leaves the core to the mantle 2.​ Heat generates convection currents 3.​ Convection currents move plates Types of Plate Movement: Divergent: plates move away from each other usually along a mid ocean ridge, causes mountain ranges and volcanic activity Convergent: plates that move towards each other, causes mountain ranges and subduction Transform: plates that slide past each other, causes earthquakes and valleys Subduction: when a heavy oceanic plate slides under a continental plate ____________________________________________________________________________ Theory of Continental Drift: Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift that theorised that the seven modern continents were at one point in time connected. He had 4 main pieces of evidence to support his theory: 1.​ Coastlines: the coastlines of many modern continents fit together such as Africa and South America 2.​ Fossils: some fossils of animals/plants species were found on opposite coastlines 3.​ Similar mountain ranges were found on two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. 4.​ Ice sheets were found in places like India, South America and Australia meaning that in the past, they were near the South pole. ____________________________________________________________________________ Rocks: Rock Cycle: a series of processes that transforms rocks on the earth’s crust 3 types of rocks: Igneous: formed when molten rock cools, there are two types of igneous rocks Intrusive Igneous: magma cools slowly beneath the earth’s surface, has coarse grained texture with visible crystals(granite) Extrusive Igneous: lava cools rapidly near the earth’s surface resulting in fine glass like texture, contains small cavities called ventricles which form from gas bubbles cooling(obsidian) Sedimentary: formed from compaction of sediments over time, many contain plant or animal fossils, have layers called strata Metamorphic: formed from preexisting rocks that change due to heat, pressure, etc. Have foliation or layered/banded appearance. Rock Cycle: ____________________________________________________________________________ Unit 3: Climate ____________________________________________________________________________ Weather & Climate: Weather: short term atmospheric conditions(it’s raining today) Climate: weather conditions over a long period of time(a snowy winter) 6 factors that affect climate: Latitude: distance from the equator impacts the climate of a region, as latitude increases, temperature decreases Ocean Currents: continuous, direct movements of ocean water, warm water near the equator gets colder as it moves further to the poles, and cold water near the poles get warmer as it moves further to the equator Winds and Air Masses: large bodies of wind in the atmosphere that takes on the climate conditions of the area it is formed in Elevation: distance on earth above sea level, higher the elevation, lower the temperature Relief: shape of the land, windward side facing the ocean gets more wind and rain, leeward side facing opposite from the ocean gets less wind and rain Nearness to water: maritime climate is near to water and gets more precipitation and cool year round, continental climate is far from oceans and gets less precipitation. ____________________________________________________________________________ Climate Graphs: Climate graphs: a graph that shows the climate of an area over a year Bar graph= precipitation per month Line graph= average daily temperature every month A horizontal green line represents the growing season, 6 cm Unit 4: Population, Resources, Industries ____________________________________________________________________________ Types of Resources: Renewable: resources that regenerate if used carefully(fish,forests) Non-renewable: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up(gold, coal, natural gas) Flow: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when they occur or will be lost(sunlight, water, wind) Other: resources that don’t fit into any other categories(Niagara Falls, rocky mountains ____________________________________________________________________________ 3 Rs: Reduce: reduce the amount of waste made in the first place Reuse: reuse or repurpose something Recycle: the product gets remade into something else ____________________________________________________________________________ Canada’s Economy: 3 Economic Sectors: Primary: collects resources directly from nature, gives us raw materials for food, products, energy(farming, fishing, forestry, mining, oil extraction) Secondary: turning raw materials into finished products, creates everyday goods like clothes, cars, food(factories, food processing plants, construction companies) Tertiary: provides services to people or businesses, connects people with products or services they need( teachers, doctors, truck drivers, technology services) ____________________________________________________________________________ Demography: Demography: the study of human populations Birth Rate: the number of births per 1000 people| # of births ÷ population x 1000 = birth rate Death Rate: the number of deaths per 100 people| # of deaths ÷ population x 1000 = death rate Natural Increase Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate Immigration Rate: number of people permanently arriving per 1000 people| # of immigrants ÷ population x 1000 = immigration rate Emigration Rate: number of people permanently leaving per 1000 people| # of emigrants ÷ population x 1000 = emigration rate Net Migration Rate = Immigration - Emigration Rate Population Growth Rate = rate at which the overall population increases or decreases in a year Net Increase Rate + Net Migration Rate = Population Growth Rate ____________________________________________________________________________ Immigration: Migration: movement into or out of an area ​ Immigrant: a person who moves to one country from another Internal Immigration: movement within a country External Immigration: movement outside one’s country Pull Factors: anything that pulls one to immigrate another country Push Factors: anything that pushes one to immigrate from their home country Common push factors: war, economic/ environmental conditions, natural disasters Sponsorship: a Canadian citizen supporting family to come settle in Canada Two Types of Immigrations: Economic: benefits the economy, 60%+ immigrants, permanent or temporary Social/ Humanitarian: reunites families, shelters people