Practical Revision Questions - Physical Properties

**Physical properties** 1. The normal urine volume per day is: a\. Less than 500 ml b. 0.5 -- 1 L c\. 1 -- 2 L d. 1.5 -- 2.5 L e. 2 -- 3 L 2. Oliguria occurs when the urine volume per day is: a\. Less than 500 ml b. 0.5 -- 1 L c\. 1 -- 2 L d. 1.5 -- 2.5 L e. 2 -- 3 L 3. Whi...

**Physical properties** 1. The normal urine volume per day is: a\. Less than 500 ml b. 0.5 -- 1 L c\. 1 -- 2 L d. 1.5 -- 2.5 L e. 2 -- 3 L 2. Oliguria occurs when the urine volume per day is: a\. Less than 500 ml b. 0.5 -- 1 L c\. 1 -- 2 L d. 1.5 -- 2.5 L e. 2 -- 3 L 3. Which of the following doesn't produce polyuria: a\. Diabetes Mellitus b. Diabetes insipidus c\. Acute renal failure d. Chronic renal failure e\. Increased fluid intake 4. Which of the following doesn't produce oliguria: a\. Dehydration b. Shock and hemorrhage c\. Urinary obstruction d. Diabetes insipidus e\. Heart failure 5. The normal color of urine is: a\. Pale yellow b. Dark yellow c\. Amber yellow d. Greenish yellow e. Brown 6. Red urine is seen in cases of: a\. Polyuria b. Oliguria c\. Jaundice d. Hematuria e. Chyluria 7. Black urine is seen in cases of: a\. Polyuria b. Alkaptonuria c\. Jaundice d. Hematuria e. Chyluria 8. Chyluria means presence of........... in urine: a\. Pus b. Fat c\. Bile d. RBCs e. Crystals 9. Pyuria means presence of........... in urine: a\. Pus b. Fat c\. Bile d. RBCs e. Crystals 10. The shape of calcium oxalate crystals is: a\. Rhombic prisms b. Rectangular plates with notched corners c\. Coffin d. Envelope e. Dumb-bell shape 11. The shape of uric acid crystals is: a\. Rhombic prisms b. Rectangular plates with notched corners c\. Coffin d. Envelope e. Dumb-bell shape 12. The shape of triphosphate crystals is: a\. Rhombic prisms b. Rectangular plates with notched corners c\. Coffin d. Envelope e. Dumb-bell shape 13. The shape of cholesterol crystals is: a\. Rhombic prisms b. Rectangular plates with notched corners c\. Coffin d. Envelope e. Dumb-bell shape 14. The shape of calcium carbonate crystals is: a\. Rhombic prisms b. Rectangular plates with notched corners c\. Coffin d. Envelope e. Dumb-bell shape 15. Hippuric acid is formed of: a\. Benzoic acid + serine b. Benzoic acid + glycine c\. Benzoic acid + tyrosine d. Serine + glycine e\. Tyrosine + glycine **Complete** - Increased urine volume more than 2 L/day is called.... Polyuria.... - Decreased urine volume less...500 ml/day.. is called oliguria. - The normal odor of urine is called..uriniferous odor\... - A characteristic acetone odor of urine is seen in cases of sever ketoacidosis - Cystine crystals are..hexagonal.. in shape and appear in cases of.. cystinuria.. - Uric acid crystals appear in urine in cases of... gout... - The specific gravity of normal urine ranges between... 1015 and 1025.... - The normal pH of urine ranges from 5 - 7 (acidic) and this is due to predominance of the acid ash over the alkaline ash. **Enumerate** - Causes of polyuria: A. Physiological causes: 1. Increased fluid intake (water, tea, coffee.... etc.) 2. High protein meal (osmotic diuresis). 3. High salt diet (osmotic diuresis). B. Pathological causes: 1. Diabetes mellitus. 2. Diabetes insipidus. 3. Chronic renal failure. - Pathological causes of oliguria 1. Dehydration due to vomiting or diarrhea. 2. Shock and hemorrhage causing decreased blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). 3. Acute renal failure. 4. Urinary obstruction as in cases of stones or tumors. 5. Heart failure causes generalized edema. **Instruments** 1. Enumerate uses of centrifuge: 1. Separation of plasma by centrifuge blood on EDTA tube and serum by centrifuge blood on plain tube. 2. Urine analysis. 3. Extraction and preparation of DNA for quantitation and analysis. 4. Pharmaceutical companies also use vast centrifuges to separate chemicals for analysis and production. 5. Purify enveloped viruses and ribosomes. 2. **Beers law:** It states that, for a homogenous solution, the absorption of light by the solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the colored solution. 3. **Lambert's law:** It states that, for a homogenous solution the absorbance is in direct proportion of the thickness of the media or length path. 4. **Uses of Spectrophotometry:** 1. Measure concentration of chemical substances in blood like protein. 2. Calculate the concentration of DNA and RNA in a solution by UV spectrophotometer. 3. Determine the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reactions like ALT and AST (liver enzymes). 4. Pharmaceutical companies rely on spectrophotometers to monitor and control the production of the small molecules they manufacture. 5. Molecular weight determination 6. Determine the relative numbers of bacteria in a sample by measuring the turbidity of cultures is known as turbidometry. 5. The method used for colorimetric determination of serum glucose is called glucose oxidase method. 6. Serum glucose concentration is measured at a wavelength of 500 nm. 7. The method used for colorimetric determination of serum glucose is called Zak method. 8. Serum glucose concentration is measured at a wavelength of 560 nm. **Chemical composition of urine** 1. Which of the following is not considered a non-protein nitrogenous compound: a\. Urea b. Creatine c\. Creatinine d. Albumin e. Amino acids 2. The urinary level of urea is increased in cases of: a\. Low protein diet b. Increased protein catabolism c\. Liver failure d. Renal failure e. Sever acidosis 3. Which of the following is a physiological cause of increased urinary creatine: a\. Hypogonadism b. Increased protein catabolism c\. Myopathies d. After labor e. Vitamin E deficiency **Complete** - Uric acid is the metabolic end product of.. purine catabolism.. and increased in cases of.. gout. - Creatinine is the end product of..creatine.. catabolism. - Urinary ammonia is markedly increased in acidosis and cystitis and decreases in severe nephritis and is absent in alkalosis. - 60% of urinary ammonia are synthesized by the action of the glutaminase enzyme on glutamine coming from other tissues. - In cystinuria there is hereditary defect in the reabsorption of cystine, lysine, ornithine, and arginine. - In Fanconi\`s syndrome, there is generalized aminoaciduria, glucosuria and phosphaturia. - Lactose appears in urine during lactation and late months of pregnancy. - Thiamine deficiency leads to lactic acidosis **Enumerate** - Causes of decreased urinary urea 1. Low protein diet. 2. Increased protein anabolism e.g. pregnancy and lactation. 3. Decreased synthesis caused by liver failure. 4. Renal failure. - Causes of increased urinary creatine - Physiological e.g. after labor. - Pathological: due to - Increased protein catabolism e.g. fever, starvation, diabetes mellitus and Cushing\`s syndrome. - Hypogonadism. - Myopathies. - Vitamin E deficiency - 2 causes of generalized aminoaciduria: 1. Fanconi\`s syndrome: There is generalized aminoaciduria, glucosuria and phosphaturia. 2. Cystinosis: There is deposition of cystine in cells causing damage to tissues. - Causes of increased urinary oxalate: 1. Ingestion of food rich in oxalates. 2. Intake of large amounts of vitamin C. 3. Inborn error of glycine metabolism e.g. primary hyperoxaluria. **Abnormal composition of urine** 1. Which of the following proteins is increased in cases of multiple myeloma: a\. Hemoglobin b. Benz- Jones proteins c\. Myoglobin d. Amylase enzyme e\. Lysozyme 2. Which of the following proteins is increased in cases of acute pancreatitis: a\. Hemoglobin b. Benz- Jones proteins c\. Myoglobin d. Amylase enzyme e\. Lysozyme 3. Which of the following proteins is increased in cases of intravascular hemolysis: a\. Hemoglobin b. Benz- Jones proteins c\. Myoglobin d. Amylase enzyme e\. Lysozyme 4. Which of the following proteins is increased in cases of crushing injuries: a\. Hemoglobin b. Benz- Jones proteins c\. Myoglobin d. Amylase enzyme e\. Lysozyme 5. Which of the following proteins is increased in cases of leukemia: a\. Hemoglobin b. Benz- Jones proteins c\. Myoglobin d. Amylase enzyme e\. Lysozyme **Complete** 1. The test used to detect glucose in urine is Benedict test. 2. Principal of Benedict test: The free carbonyl group of the sugar molecule will result in reduction of cupric **Cu^+2^** ions (blue color) in Benedict's (or Fehling) solution and formation of cuprous **Cu^+1^** ions (red color) 3. The test used to detect protein in urine is called heat coagulation test and confirmed by Hellers test. 4. The test used to detect ketones in urine is called Rothera test. 5. The test used to detect bile salts in urine is called Hay's sulphur test. 6. The test used to detect bile pigments in urine is called Fauchet's test. 7. 2 causes of pre-renal proteinuria: - Heart failure (Albuminuria) - Overflow proteinuria: **Enumerate** 1. Types of renal proteinuria: - Glomerular - Tubular 2. Causes of ketonuria: 1. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus 2. Prolonged starvation. 3. Obesity. 3. Predisposing factors of urinary calculi: - Urinary infection - Vitamin A deficiency - Hypercalciuria - Hyperoxaluria - Cystinuria - Low water intake