Urinalysis PDF

Urinalysis  Uses of urine analysis Diagnosis of some diseases (Urinary tract infection “UTI”). Study metabolism of some drugs. Study efficiency of organs as Kidney.  Collection of urine sample Best sample is the mid-stream urine. Sample is collec...

Urinalysis  Uses of urine analysis Diagnosis of some diseases (Urinary tract infection “UTI”). Study metabolism of some drugs. Study efficiency of organs as Kidney.  Collection of urine sample Best sample is the mid-stream urine. Sample is collected after washing external genitalia First stream urine should be discarded.  Collection of urine sample Remarks Urine sample is taken in a clean, sterile container and should be labeled with the patient information. The urine sample must be examined within one hour or keep it in refrigerator not more than 24 hours. If the sample will be kept more than 24 hours, A preservative must be added to it such as formalin or chloroform. Clean sterile urine sample container  Changes occur to non-preserved urine sample 1. Increase bacterial count ↓↓ Glucose in sample (??) Conversion of urea to ammonia (Why??) (pH??) 2. Evaporation of volatile substances and ↓ketone bodies as acetone. 3. Degradation of Photosensitive subs as bilirubin. 4. Decomposition of RBCs, WBCs, proteins… Urine formation 1. Glomerular filtration (ultrafiltrate) 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion  Normal urine constituents 1. 2. Organic Inorganic constituents constituents (Urea-uric acid) (Minerals Ca-Cl)  Urine report 1. Physical examination 2. Chemical examination 3. Microscopic examination Physical properties of urine 1. Volume 2. Aspect 3. Reaction = pH 4. Odor 5. Color 6. Deposits = Sediments 7. Foam 8. Specific gravity 9. Total solids 1. Volume From 800 - 1500 mL / day (in adults and according to fluid intake). Fresh random sample (10 ml) Abnormal volumes: a. Polyuria. b. Oliguria. c. Anuria. A. Polyuria 1) Diabetes Mellitus → 5 liters / day. 2) Diabetes insipidus → 10-15 liters / day. B. Oliguria Less that 500 ml /day. As in Dehydration-Decrease in water intake. C. Anuria Heart disease Kidney disease or U.T obstruction 2. Aspect A. Normal → Clear and transparent. B. Abnormal → Turbid in case of Albuminuria and Long standing urine sample (ammonia, Ca phosphate, p.p.t of epithelial cells) 3. Reaction= pH Normal urine is slightly acidic (6.4-6.8) Abnormal : Alkaline pH → UTI and drugs like antacids Acidic pH → Diabetic ketoacidosis (ketone bodies) 4. Odor Normal odor → Uriniferous odor Abnormal odor → Fruity odor (acetone) Ammoniacal odor (bacteria)  5. Color Normal color → Amber yellow or Straw yellow Abnormal color →Pale yellow : Physiological or D.M or D.I Deep yellow : Oliguria Red : Hematuria (RBCs) Greenish : Obstructive jaundice Black color : Alkaptonuria (phenylalanine) Milky urine = Chyluria : Lymph (obstruction)  6. Deposits = Sediments Normally → No sediment Abnormal → Crystals, Cells or Casts (under the Microscope) 7. Foam Normally → No foam Presence of foam → Proteinuria - Biliuria In the upcoming section 8. Specific gravity 9. Total solids Thank you