Quarter 3 Test 1 Study Guide (Lesson 1-5) PDF

Quarter 3 Test 1 Study Guide (Unit 5: Lesson 1- 5) What is health inequality?  Health inequality is unfair and avoidable differences in health across the population and between different groups within society. What are healthcare systems li...

Quarter 3 Test 1 Study Guide (Unit 5: Lesson 1- 5) What is health inequality?  Health inequality is unfair and avoidable differences in health across the population and between different groups within society. What are healthcare systems like in other countries? 1. Most High-Income Countries like Canada have universal healthcare that is paid through with taxes taken from citizens 2. However, healthcare in Low- and Middle-Income countries people pay for healthcare themselves when they need it. What is health and healthcare like in HICs and LICs? HIC (High-Income countries) LIC (Low-Income countries) 1. Most HICs have good healthcare; it is 1. Workplaces do not follow safety rules. free in some countries (e.g., the UK's 2. Poor sanitation, people do not have NHS, Canada, etc). access to toilets or places to wash 2. Modern, clean hospitals and clinics their hands. provide up-to-date treatments. 3. Dirty, polluted water causes many 3. Nearby doctors and hospitals ensure diseases. access to treatment when needed. 4. Lack of healthy food means you cannot 4. People with good incomes can afford fight off illness. medicines and treatment when not 5. Travelling long distances to receive free. 5. Vaccinations prevent life-threatening treatment. diseases, especially for children. 6. Because of poverty, people cannot afford to pay for medicine, treatment, or vaccinations What is life expectancy?  The average period a person may expect to live. Influences on Life expectancy There are 5 influences on a person’s life expectancy, they are: 1. Lifestyle  Healthy eating and regular exercise can Prevent cardiovascular issues and boost energy levels.  Social activities: Keep the mind active and promote relaxation, joy, and peace of mind.  2. Heredity  Heredity is when genes are passed down from generation to generation.  Genes form our DNA and genetic makeup. They are inherited from our ancestors.  Impact on life expectancy: Strong immune system genes can extend life expectancy. Genes prone to diseases can shorten life expectancy. 3. Politics  Healthcare Access: Weak governments may not provide enough funding for doctors, hospitals, or medicines.  Economic Policies: Poor political decisions can increase poverty, making it harder for people to access basic needs like food, water, and housing.  War and Conflict: Political instability can lead to war, damaging healthcare systems, causing injuries, spreading diseases, and displacing people.  Environmental Neglect: Bad policies on pollution and resource use can lead to unsafe air, water, and increased diseases. 4. Economics  GDP per capita (per person): Gross Domestic Product is…How much money or value each person in a country produces in a year. It gives an idea of how wealthy or developed a country  How does this impact a person’s life expectancy?  Impact on life expectancy: High GDP per capita = higher life expectancy (people have more money to spend on healthy food, good doctors, & medicine)  Low GDP per capita = lower life expectancy. (People don’t have enough money for these things, and they may not live as long)  Benefits of high GDP per capita: Better access to nutrition, improved public healthcare and healthcare infrastructure and advanced medical technology. 5. Access to  Unequal healthcare leads to different life expectancies. Health Care  People in wealthy countries live, on average, over 18 years longer than those in poorer countries.  Countries with better healthcare and advanced medical technology have longer life expectancies. What is meningitis?  It’s a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord What are the symptoms of meningitis?  It causes fever, headache, nausea, and a stiff neck and without treatment, it can be deadly. How is meningitis spread?  It spreads when cold temperatures and dusty winds irritate the nose and lungs and spread by coughing, sneezing, and close contact. Which countries are affected by it?  The northern part of sub-Saharan countries, from Senegal to Ethiopia & Burkina Faso is called the “meningitis belt” because it spreads in those countries the most. Why Do Epidemics Spread Quickly Today?  Global travel makes it easier for diseases to spread quickly across countries and continents, turning local epidemics into global pandemics. Why is Meningitis Worse in Sub-Saharan Africa?  People are poor and have little access to doctors or medicine and overcrowded living conditions. Can Epidemics Be Stopped?  They’re hard to stop once they start, so vaccines help prevent them. Why Are Vaccines Important?  Vaccines protect against diseases. Older meningitis vaccines didn’t work well for children and needed frequent re-dosing. What is MenAfriVac and what makes it special?  It’s a vaccine created to protect people from meningitis. It was special because it was worked for children as young as one year and provided long-lasting protection. How Did MenAfriVac Impact Burkina Faso?  In Burkina Faso, after using the vaccine, cases dropped from 4,000 to just four in six months. What is obesity?  Obesity is a medical term used to describe a person with a high excess of body fat.  A person is described as obese if their body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30 kg/m².  BMI is just one way to measure obesity.  An obese person is at greater risk of, heart disease and some types of cancer. Comparing obesity in both Kuwait vs USA Kuwait USA 1. Both countries have high rates of diabetes, mostly among adults. 2. Both countries don't get enough physical activity. 3. Poor Diet: High-fat and sugary diets lead to obesity in both countries 4. Solutions for Kuwait: 4. Solutions for USA: Promote more fruits and vegetables  Better access to healthy food: and make traditional foods Ensure everyone can get healthy healthier. food and exercise options.   Government support by making  Targeted campaigns: Focus on healthy food cheaper and limiting communities with higher obesity unhealthy food and processed foods. rates.  Better healthcare: Improve care for  Community programs: Create managing obesity and related fitness groups and community diseases. gardens to encourage activity. Where is Sardinia?  It's an island in the Mediterranean Sea near Italy. What’s so special about Sardinia?  It was home to many great civilizations like the Romans and the Greeks.  Seniors are regularly physically active. Sardinia is home to the world’s highest concentration of male centenarians.  Cancer and heart disease are relatively rare here. What are “Blue Zones”?  Sardinia is considered a “Blue Zone” region because people live long lives.  Blue Zones are studied to understand the secrets of longevity and good health.  Other Blue Zones around the world include Okinawa (Japan), Nicoya (Costa Rica), and Loma Linda (California). What’s their secret to long life?  A 1996 study found that genetics accounts for only about 25% of someone’s health and lifespan.  The remaining 75% is determined by lifestyle factors—what you do, who you surround yourself with, and your environment. Healthy balanced diet  Blue Zone people eat more plant-based foods than meat—vegetables, legumes (peas, beans, lentils, peanuts).  Meals are served in ways that discourage overeating.  Physical activity is part of daily life (walking, gardening, yard work), but they don’t “work out” in a gym. Family and Community  Family and Community in Blue Zones are a top priority—adult children care for aging parents, and grandparents help take care of the grandchildren.  A strong sense of community, with shared religious beliefs and customs that unite people.  People in Blue Zones have a sense of purpose—whether caring for family or sharing knowledge, they know why they wake up daily.  Vocabulary Words Term Definition HICs High income countries have a high quality of life. LICs Low-income countries have a low quality of life. Epidemic A sudden outbreak of a disease that spreads quickly and affects many people in a specific area. Pandemic An epidemic that spreads across countries or continents. Vaccine A substance used to protect people from diseases by boosting the immune system. Outbreak A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease. MenAfriVac A vaccine was developed specifically to prevent meningitis A in Africa. Obese is a medical term used to describe a person with a high excess of body fat. BMI BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It’s a number that helps us understand if a person’s weight is healthy for their height. Centenarians a person who is 100 or more years old Blue zone a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally long lives beyond the age of 80 Longevity Living a long life