LG 2.1 The Nature and Structure of the Genetic Material (Biology 2) PDF

LG 2.1 The Nature and Structure of the Genetic Material Biology 2: Fundamentals of Biology 2, SY. 2024-2025 January 15, 2025  Desired Learning Competencies Determine the roles and functions of nucleic acids in connection to its structure. ...

LG 2.1 The Nature and Structure of the Genetic Material Biology 2: Fundamentals of Biology 2, SY. 2024-2025 January 15, 2025  Desired Learning Competencies Determine the roles and functions of nucleic acids in connection to its structure.  What enzyme model is exemplified? Recall  What enzyme model is exemplified? Recall  Determine if the statement is TRUE or FALSE. 1. Enzymes with more active sites always catalyze reactions faster than enzymes with fewer active sites Recall 2. The optimal temperature for an enzyme is always 37°C (human body temperature). 3. All noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the same site on the enzyme molecule.  NUCLEIC ACIDS contain C, H, O, N, P store, transmit, and help express hereditary information polymer: nucleic acids (DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA - ribonucleic acid) monomer: nucleotides Recall: What do you call the bond that joins nucleotide forming nucleic acids? Image source: https://theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-rna-15169  Functions of Nucleic Acids 1. Information Storage 2. Protein Synthesis 3. Regulation of Gene Expression 4. Evolution and Inheritance Specific Functions of DNA vs RNA NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE Image source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ Nucleotides consist of three parts: 1. Nitrogenous base 2. Pentose sugar 3. Phosphate group Types of nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines – Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil Purines – Adenine, Guanine Types of pentose sugars: Deoxyribose (found in DNA) Ribose (found in RNA) How to differentiate DNA and RNA? Image source: https://www.thoughtco.com/  BUT first, how do we know that DNA is, indeed, a DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE? Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins (1952) - elucidated the structure of the DNA fiber using X-ray crystallography  Watson and Crick (1953) - published their work characterizing the structure of the DNA entitled "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid," in the british journal Nature - distinct pairing of the nitrogenous bases on the inside of the two sugar-phosphate backbones: Adenine=Thymine and Cytosine=Guanine.  How do the nucleotides connect with one another?  Formation of Nucleotides 1. PHOSPHODIESTER BOND - covalent bond formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar molecule (specifically the 5' carbon) of the next nucleotide  Formation of Nucleotides 2. HYDROGEN BONDS - add stability and specificity to the polynucleotide chain and are crucial for functions like DNA replication and gene expression - complementary base pairing  Complementary Base Pairing follows the Chargaff’s Rule – by Erwin Chargaff (1950) purine and pyrimidine base pairing – A =T – G =C Complementary Base Pairing  A scientist isolates a new organism and analyzes its DNA. They find that it has 42% cytosine (C) bases. CONCEPT CHECK a) What percentage of the bases are adenine (A)? b) Can you predict the percentage of guanine (G) and thymine (T) bases in this organism's DNA? Explain your reasoning.  What other nucleotide has/have significant role(s) in biological processes?  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP → adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. "molecular currency" of cells high-energy bonds between the phosphate groups has ability to release energy through HYDROLYSIS Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)  A doctor is investigating a rare genetic disease characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. She analyzes the cells of affected individuals and discovers a critical enzyme involved in ATP production is missing. CONCEPT 1. Explain how the lack of this enzyme would impact CHECK ATP levels in the cells. 2. Without sufficient ATP, what cellular processes would be most affected, leading to the observed symptoms of the disease?  Determine if the statement is TRUE or FALSE. 1. Nucleotides in DNA always contain the sugar deoxyribose. 2. RNA has a double-stranded structure like DNA, composed of two intertwined strands held together by CONCEPT hydrogen bonds. 3. The specific sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA CHECK (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) carries the genetic information of an organism. 4. RNA plays a more active role than DNA in protein synthesis, translating the genetic code into specific amino acid sequences. 5. The presence of thymine in a nucleic acid molecule indicates that it is DNA. ADVANCE What is CENTRAL DOGMA of STUDY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY?  References Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wesserman, Minorsky and Jackson (2015). Biology: A Global Approach. 10th edition. USA: Pearson Education Ltd. Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R., & Martin, D. W. (2008). Biology 8th edition. USA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Learning Guides in Biology 2 Prepared by: Reviewed by: ANGEL C. PALABRICA JERILE MAE E. CASIMIRO SST I AUH, Biology Date: January 14, 2025 Date: Jan. 14, 2025 * Edited from Biology 2 PPT from Viz and Casimiro (2023)