Research I Q3 Lesson 1 PDF

3-Module 1: 8 Research I Quarter Week 1, Introduction to Research Methodology: Research Designs and Methods  8. The study makes use of human samples. 9. Scientific method is applied. 10. Findings were published. As you complete the table above, you were ex...

3-Module 1: 8 Research I Quarter Week 1, Introduction to Research Methodology: Research Designs and Methods  8. The study makes use of human samples. 9. Scientific method is applied. 10. Findings were published. As you complete the table above, you were examining the processes or procedures used by these scientists in conducting their researches. The processes and procedures you just studied answer the how’s of research. How is the research conducted? In the example given, both Jenner and Kendrick conducted scientific investigations. They both anchored their study using the scientific method, yet in Kendrick’s study, a control was used which is not present in Jenner. Experimental design was used in their studies. Does the phrase “experimental design” ring a bell? To know more, let’s read the next part of your module. What is It How did Jenner and Kendrick conduct their study? Are there any similarities and differences? The part of research that deals with the “How’s” of things is called the research methodology. This part is very important as it states the processes and procedures to be executed in the study. It provides information to its readers on how the research is conducted and how can it be validated. The research findings can be validated by simply following the procedures carefully. C’mon, let’s get to know more about it! What are present in the research methodology part of your paper? An Overview The research methodology contains the following information: Research Design Research Environment Research Respondents Research Instruments 5 Data Gathering Procedures Data Analysis (Treatment of data) Ethical Considerations Every part of the research methodology gives you different but interrelated information. Are you familiar with these parts? What do you think are present and to be written under these sections? Let’s have a short overview. Part of the Questions it seeks to answer Research Methodology Research Design ✓ What is the design to be used in the study? Research ✓ Where are you going to conduct your Environment study? ✓ What is/are your basis/bases?  Research ✓ Who are your research participants? Respondents ✓ Can you describe the samples or sources of data of your research? ✓ How will the samples be gathered? Research Instruments ✓ What tools are you going to use to gather the needed data? Data Gathering ✓ How will the data be collected, organized, and Procedures recorded? Data Analysis ✓ How will the data be analyzed and (Treatment of data) interpreted? ✓ What statistical tools are you going to use? Ethical ✓ What measures are to be followed/ conducted Considerations for the study to be ethical? Alright! I guess you were familiar with some, but you may need more information about the other sections. Do not worry as we will be focusing on research methodology for the whole quarter. As of this module, we will discuss first about research designs and methods. RESEARCH DESIGNS AND METHODS Fundamentally, research designs are categorized as (1) qualitative, (2) quantitative or, (3) mixed – a combination of qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research design or simply qualitative research seeks to gain an in depth understanding of a certain phenomenon from the point of view of the research participants. It involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, perceptions, or experiences. On the other hand, quantitative research design or simply quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data which seeks new knowledge that is generalizable to a bigger population. Moreover, research using mixed methods has qualities of both quantitative and qualitative, according to the specific questions tackled. Each research design has specific research methodologies. Research design is an overall plan or framework used to answer your research question/s. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data NOTE: The research problem determines the type of design you should use, not the other way around! 6 Alright! Let’s read the texts that follow to know more about the different research designs. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative research design focuses on human behavior from a participant's point of view. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, perceptions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research. It focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication. This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so as they are designed in a manner that helps reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, and others. Research Methods under Qualitative Research Design: RESEARCH METHOD DESCRIPTION Phenomenological Describing how a participant experiences a specific Research or event is the goal of the phenomenological design of Phenomenology research. It seeks to capture the “lived experiences” of the participants and the essence of such experiences. Interviews, observations, and surveys are utilized to gather information from subjects. Phenomenology is highly concerned with how participants feel about things during an event or activity. Businesses use this to develop processes to help sales representatives effectively close sales using styles that fit their personalities. Ethnography This study focuses on the culture – beliefs, values, attitudes that structure the behavior patterns - of a specific group of people. This method often immerses the researcher as a subject for extended periods of time to experience, learn, describe, and understand the culture of a certain group of people. Testing products personally or in beta groups before releasing them to the public is an example of ethnographic research. Grounded Theory The grounded theory method tries to explain why a course of action evolved the way it did. It focuses on building a theory that emerges from the “ground” or fieldwork. Theoretical models are developed based on existing data. Businesses use grounded theory when conducting user or satisfaction surveys that target why consumers use company products or services. 7 This data helps companies maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Case Study This method provides an in-depth look at one test subject. The subject can be a person or family, business or organization, or a town or city. Data is collected from various sources and compiled using the details to create a bigger conclusion. Businesses often use case studies when marketing to new clients to show how their business solutions solve a problem for the subject.  Historical Research Historical research describes past events to understand present patterns and anticipate future choices. This model answers questions based on a hypothetical idea and then uses resources to test the idea for any potential deviations. Businesses can use historical data of previous ad campaigns and the targeted demographic and split-test it with new campaigns to determine the most effective campaign. Narrative Research This study uses stories or narratives as data of analysis to understand the meaning of the experiences as revealed in the story/stories by the participants. The narrative model occurs over extended periods of time and compiles information as it happens. Like a story narrative, it takes subjects at a starting point and reviews situations as obstacles or opportunities occur, although the final narrative doesn't always remain in chronological order. Businesses use the narrative method to define buyer personas and use them to identify innovations that appeal to a target market. Source: https://bizfluent.com/info-8580000-six-types-qualitative-research.html QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research as it involves collecting and analyzing numerical data (e.g., height of a plant, weight of objects, scores) for statistical analysis. It is outlined as a scientific investigation of phenomena by gathering quantitative information and activity applying mathematics, or procedural techniques. They are objective, elaborate, and many times, even investigational. The results achieved from this research design are logical, statistical, and unbiased. Data collection happened using a structured method and was conducted on larger samples that represent the entire population. Research Methods under Quantitative Research Design: Experimental – These designs are characterized by the manipulation/ control of one or more variables. The purpose of this control is to determine whether one factor causes a change to another. This design is useful to establish a cause-and-effect 8 relationship between variables. The experimental designs can be further classified as (a) true or randomized experimental and (b) quasi-experimental. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION METHOD  Experimental Experimental research, often called true or randomized Research experimental research, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do with it. A true experiment is any study where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables. Subjects are assigned randomly to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring groups. The components of the experimental research design are prescribed below. A comparison group of participants who are randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. An independent variable which is the manipulated variable in the study. A dependent variable which is the responding variable. It responds to the manipulation done with the independent variable. Examples: Effectiveness of Moringa oleifera as antibacterial against S. aureus Effectiveness of positive reinforcement student attitude toward reading Quasi Causal-Comparative research attempts to establish Experimental cause-effect relationships among the variables. This type is Research/ very similar to true experiments, but with some key Causal differences. An independent variable is identified but not Comparative manipulated by the experimenter, and the effects of the Research independent variable on the dependent variable are measured. The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use subjects that are naturally formed or pre existing groups. Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable are studied and compared to groups who are not. Examples: Effectiveness of Kahoot application as assessment tool in Science Effectiveness of game-based module in the student performance in Science Source: https://libguides.rutgers.edu/c.php?g=337288&p=2273209#:~:text=Correlational%20resear c hattempts%20to%20determine,facts%20are%20sought%20and%20interpreted 9 Non-experimental – These designs do not involve the manipulation or control of variables. With this, non-experimental designs cannot determine causal effects. RESEARCH DESCRIPTION METHOD  Descriptive It seeks to describe a population, situation, or Research phenomenon accurately and systematically. It is used to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories by using frequencies, percentages, averages, and simple statistics. In addition, the researcher does not control or manipulate variables, but only observes and measures them. Examples: A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers A description of how parents feel about online distance learning A description of the attitudes of scientists on global warming Correlational It attempts to determine the extent of a relationship Research between two or more variables using statistical data. In this type of research, relationships between and among several factors are sought and interpreted. This type of research will recognize trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for these observed patterns. Cause and effect is not the basis of this type of observational research. The data, relationships, and distributions of variables are studied only. Variables are not manipulated; they are only identified and are studied as they occur in a natural setting. *Sometimes correlational research is considered a type of descriptive research, and not as its own type of research, as no variables are manipulated in the study. Examples: The relationship of smoking and lung cancer The relationship between diet and anxiety Survey Collecting information from a pool of respondents by asking multiple questions to gain information and insights into various topics of interest. Source: https://libguides.rutgers.edu/c.php?g=337288&p=2273209#:~:text=Correlational%20researc h attempts%20to%20determine,facts%20are%20sought%20and%20interpreted 10 MIXED METHOD RESEARCH DESIGN Is it possible to make use of both quantitative and qualitative data? Yes, in that case, we are using mixed method research design. There are questions that cannot be answered by pure numbers alone, and there are questions that cannot be answered by text and images alone. Mixed method is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and “mixing” both quantitative and qualitative research designs in a single study to better understand a research problem. The term “mixed methods” is an emergent methodology of research that advances the systematic integration, or “mixing,” of quantitative and qualitative data within a single investigation. The basic premise of this methodology is that such integration permits a more complete and synergistic utilization of data than do separate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis. Hooray! Those are the different quantitative and qualitative research designs and methods. If you wish to dig more into these designs, you can search the internet and read. Is there a design and method that caught your attention? For sure! What do you think is the research design and method that fits your current study or problem? Who are your target population? How many samples do you need? Where are you going to conduct this study? What procedures do you need to perform to make your research a reality? Those are the questions that you may have in mind. To answer those, you need to share ideas with your groupmates. Don’t worry as the succeeding modules will further help you answer these questions. Okay! As of now, let’s check what you’ve got! Let’s go! What’s More Situational Analysis Directions: Identify the research method being used or to be used in the given scenario. Choose your answers from the box below. CASE STUDY EXPERIMENTAL CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL GROUNDED THEORY CORRELATIONAL HISTORICAL RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH NARRATIVE RESEARCH ETHNOGRAPHY PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1. Kyle lives for half a year in a tribe to experience and understand their culture and means of living. 2. Alfred randomly grouped the participants into two and tested the effects of his new product on their endurance. 3. Lexie studied and gathered data on the best practices of the top-performing universities of the country. 4. Vincent conducts a study that will further get to know the frequency of scrub cases between the north and south affiliated hospitals of their school. 5. Diana interviewed students on their lived experiences (opportunities and challenges) during the COVID19 pandemic. 11 What I Have Learned Key points: ✓ Research methodology is the third and the last part of a research proposal. It contains the following: ▪ Research design ▪ Research environment ▪ Research respondents  ▪ Research instruments ▪ Data gathering procedures ▪ Data analysis (Treatment of Data) ▪ Ethical considerations ✓ Research designs could be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. ✓ Qualitative research focuses on human behavior from a participant's point of view. It involves collecting and analyzing non numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. ✓ Qualitative research design includes phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, historical research, and narrative research. ✓ Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative research as it involves collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis. It is outlined as a scientific investigation of phenomena by gathering quantitative information with the application of mathematics, or procedural techniques. It could be experimental or non-experimental. ✓ Experimental designs are characterized by the manipulation/ control of one or more variables. The purpose of this control is to determine whether one factor causes a change to another. This design is useful to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. The experimental designs can be further classified as (a) true or randomized experimental and (b) quasi experimental/causal-comparative. ✓ Non-experimental designs do not involve the manipulation or control of variables. With this, non-experimental designs cannot determine causal effects. These include descriptive, correlational, and survey research. ✓ A mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and “mixing” both quantitative and qualitative research designs in a single study to better understand a research problem. 12 What I Can Do My Future Research: Writing my Research Methodology Directions: Write the research methodology part of your research proposal. Brainstorm with your groupmates to reach a group consensus. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Research Design & Method What research design and method are fit to be used in your study? Discuss and explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________. Research Environment Where are you going to conduct your study? Discuss and explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________. Research Respondents Who or what are the sources of data in your research? Discuss and explain. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________. 13 Rubrics: (My Future Research: Writing my Research Methodology) Criteria / Points 10 7 4 Content Substantially Sufficiently Limited developed developed content with content with content with inadequate elaborate adequate elaboration. supporting details. elaboration. Clarity of ideas Ideas are stated Ideas are Ideas are clearly, stated clearly vague and coherently, and but lack difficult to objectively. coherence. understand. Correctness The research Only 2 out of the Only 1 out of design, research 3 information the 3 environment, are information are and research correct and correct and respondents are appropriate. appropriate. correct and appropriate.