Fascism Rises in Europe PDF

Fascism Rises in Europe Italy, Germany, Japan & Spain Italy was devastated after World War 1  Results of World War 1 on Italy 600,000 killed ; 950,000 wounded High inflation Food shortage Riots and strikes  Mussolini’s Rise to Power Poor...

Fascism Rises in Europe Italy, Germany, Japan & Spain Italy was devastated after World War 1  Results of World War 1 on Italy 600,000 killed ; 950,000 wounded High inflation Food shortage Riots and strikes  Mussolini’s Rise to Power Poor origins Worked as schoolteacher and newspaper editor Joined Italian forces in World War 1 In 1919, Mussolini started new political movement whose symbol became Fasces- strength through unity Mussolini’s party became known as the Fascist Party  Fascists rule “Action squads”, called Black-shirts patrolled cities attacking socialists, communists, Catholics and other opponents who disagreed with the Fascist party and Mussolini Fascist party grew in number from 1000 members in 1919 to 250,000 in 1922 Italy suffered rising inflation and unemployment Italy was a kingdom, the king appointed Mussolini as a prime minister fearing fascists' growing power The remaining opposition retreated in protest Italy became totalitarian state with a single ruling party Mussolini took the title of Il Duce ( The Leader) Mussolini made the Catholic Church an ally Totalitarian control characteristics * No basic individual rights or freedom * No freedom of speech or right to assemble * Censored press * Control in the country carried out by the army and police *Opponents sent to remote islands or imprisoned  Fascism Rise in Italy *Fascism – new , militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. *Fascists promised to revive the economy ,punish those responsible for hard times ,and restore order & national pride. *Fascists wore uniforms, used special salutes, and held rallies. * Fascists preached extreme form of nationalism Mussolini promised to revive Italian economy & rebuild its armed forces Once Mussolini came to power his government censored radio stations and outlawed strikes  Adolf Hitler A.Hitler Adolf ( Noble + wolf) was born in Austria, he later emigrated to Germany and denounced his Austrian citizenship in order to get the German citizenship. After few failed attempts to Vienna’s Academy of Arts he moved to Munich in Germany. Hitler joined German army in WWI and was twice awarded the Iron Cross, a medal for bravery. In 1919, Hitler joined a tiny right- wing political party, the Nazi party ( Nationalist Socialist German Workers party) Reasons for the economic collapse in Germany ( according to the Nazis) The Weimer Republic ( The Treaty of Versailles) Communists Jews Nazis promised to restore Order Prosperity National pride Mein Kampf When Hitler attempted to seize power by force in 1923, he was imprisoned and sentenced to five years in prison but served only 9 months. He then wrote his book Mein Kampf ( My Struggle ) while in prison in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany His book is considered autobiography and political theory. He named pure Germans in this book , Aryans or the Master race. Hitler declared other races like Jews, Gypsies and Slavs “ non –Aryans” therefore inferior to the master race. Hitler declared in his book that Germany is overcrowded and Germans need more living space or lebensraum ( living space) which he promised to secure through conquest of Russia and Eastern Europe.  My Struggle In Mein Kampf Hitler speaks of “ the Jewish danger and the Jewish conspiracy to gain world leadership” He claims in his book of not meeting Jew before his arrival in Vienna, Austria He also says that his first attitude was tolerant and liberal but that the idea of Zionism ( the international Jewish political movement that supported the creation of a country for Jewish people in Palestine) , which Hitler called “ the great movement” settled his view that one cannot be both a German and a Jew. Nazi Party in 1932 It reached the number of 1.4 million members  Hitler’s Rise on Power Jan. 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as a chancellor of Germany ( PM); March 1933, Reichstag ( Parliament) was destroyed by fire; Hitler blamed the communists; Aug.1934, President Hindenburg died; Hitler joined the function of president to the function of chancellor ; He named himself Der Fuhrer ( The Leader)  Swastika- Nazi symbol The use of flags, emblems and anthems of Nazi Germany (1933–1945) is currently illegal in a number of countries, such as Austria, Brazil, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. Video : Hitler Salute | Holocaust Education | USHMM HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=C8IUJOF6IL8 Ideology *The Nazis took command of the economy *Millions of workers were given jobs in factories, construction and military * The unemployment dropped School children had to join the Hitler Youth ( Hitler-Jugend) Hitler focused on : Creation of SS Troops Creation of Gestapo ( Nazi’s Germany’s Secret Police) Campaign against Jews  Nuremberg Laws -1935 Nürnberg Laws, two race-based measures depriving Jews of citizenship & rights, designed by Adolf Hitler and approved by the Nazi Party. *It defined Jews as persons with at least one Jewish grandparent Jewish passports were stamped with a red “J” (for Jude; “Jew”) Steps were taken to exclude Jews completely from the practice of medicine & law Marriage was forbidden between Germans and Jews Kristallnacht – The night of the broken glass November 9-10,1938 *It was the night when Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property throughout Austria and Germany. *The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. The violence continued during the day of November 10,and in some places acts of violence continued for several more days. 1000 synagogues were destroyed, thousands of businesses were demolished, 30,000 Jews were arrested and 100 Jews were killed. Reason for Kristallnacht *The pretext for the pogroms was the shooting in Paris on November 7 of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by a Polish-Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan in the German embassy in Paris. *News of Rath’s death on November 9 reached Adolf Hitler in Munich, Germany. *There, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels after conferring with Hitler, arranged a gathering of old storm troopers, urging violent reprisals staged to appear as “spontaneous demonstrations.” *The Nazi government barred Jews from schools on November 15 and authorized local authorities to impose curfews in late November. By December 1938, Jews were banned from most public places in Germany. Video : Kristallnacht- The Night of the Broken Glass https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- y0uwd9QAYE&t=114s  Communism / Fascism Communism Fascism – Nazism Ruled by dictators Ruled by dictators Only 1 political party Only 1 political party The state is supreme The state is supreme NATIONALISTS INTERNATIONALISTS BELIEVES IN RIGID SEEK S CLASSLESS CLASS SYSTEM IN WHICH SOCIETY ONE CLASS IS SUPERIOR TO THE OTHER S AND DESTINED TO RULE THE OTHER S.  SS Troops Heinrich Himmler Schutzstaffel – Protection Squadrons *Hitler established the SS as a security force in 1925. I *They served as Hitler’s personal bodyguards and started as an elite unit of 300 men. By 1933, it would have 50,000; by 1939, that number had grown to 250,000 into first rate paramilitary unit. *Himmler grew the SS rapidly. There were two major criteria for new members: absolute loyalty to Hitler (whom Himmler used as a personification of the Reich itself) and racial purity. He wanted the SS to be made up of the best German "racial material" possible. * Other criteria included to prove that none of their ancestors were Jewish and agree to marry only with the consent of their superior officers. In addition to receiving military training, recruits were taught that they were the elite not only of the Nazi Party but of all humankind. Benito Mussolini - Speech (26.03.1939 Rome) (English subtitle)https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Hpn9iPLbNDc ADOLF HITLER SPEECH COMPILATION W/ ENGLISH SUBTITLES | UNCENSORED HISTORY HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH? V=CH1QACPPR8G&T=553S