Q2 Topics SY 2022-2023 - Biotechnology PDF

SECOND QUARTER TOPICS  TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY  TECHNIQUES OR PRACTICES USED IN TRADITI ONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY  MICROBES USED IN BIOTECHNOLOGY  VITAL ROLE OF DNA, RNA, PROTEINS IN THE T RANSMISSION OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS  MUTATIONS IN DNA/GENETIC DISEASES TRADITIONAL MODERN ...

SECOND QUARTER TOPICS  TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY  TECHNIQUES OR PRACTICES USED IN TRADITI ONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY  MICROBES USED IN BIOTECHNOLOGY  VITAL ROLE OF DNA, RNA, PROTEINS IN THE T RANSMISSION OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS  MUTATIONS IN DNA/GENETIC DISEASES TRADITIONAL MODERN Traditional Biotechnology is the use of natural organisms by humans to create or modify foods or other useful products. Examples of traditional biotechnology include using yeasts for fermentation and practicing selective seed collection to create hardier crops. Early civilizations used traditional biotechnology techniques in a trial and error manner without understanding why they worked. Many traditional biotechnology techniques continue to be used and improved with a growing understanding of scientific principles. Modern Biotechnology is the use of an organism, or a component of an organism or other biological system, to make a product or process for a specific use. This is a very broad definition, and as mentioned above, it can include both cutting-edge laboratory techniques and traditional agricultural and culinary techniques that have been practiced for hundreds of years. Difference? We can distinguish between traditional and modern biotechnology. Whereas traditional biotechnology exploits the potential of processes performed by living organisms, such as fermentation, modern biotechnology manipulates the genes of organisms and inserts them into other organisms to acquire the desired trait. COMPARISON CHART Traditional Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology SLOGAN/POSTER/LOGO RUBRICS: TECHNIQUES OR PRACTICES USED IN TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY The utilization of biological processes, organisms or systems to produce products that are anticipated to improve human lives is termed biotechnology. Broadly, this can be defined as the engineering of organisms for the purpose of human usage. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Currently biotechnology places more emphasis on the establishment of hybrid genes followed by their transfer into organisms in which some, or all, of the gene is not usually present. In prehistoric times, a primitive form of biotechnology was practised by agriculturalists who established better-quality species of plants and animals by methods of cross-pollination or cross-breeding. HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Later, it was discovered that micro-organisms, e.g. bacteria, yeast or molds, hydrolyze sugars when they lack oxygen and are ultimately responsible for fermentation. During the prehistoric era some civilizations considered fermentation to be a gift from their gods. MOULDY CHEESE EARLY EXAMPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY The earliest example of biotechnology is the domestication of plants and animals. Domestication began over 10,000 years ago when our ancestors started keeping plants as a reliable source of food. Wild animals were tamed to provide milk or meat or help with ploughing or guarding the farm. The dog, sheep and goat are thought to be among the first animals that were domesticated. DOMESTICATED ANIMALS Making new foods using biotechnology Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a French chemist who made several key discoveries. He proved that infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms, developed the first vaccines and invented pasteurisation. Louis Pasteur first described the scientific basis for fermentation in the late 1800s. Pasteur’s hypothesis, called the germ theory, showed the existence of microorganisms and their effect on fermentation. Pasteur’s work gave birth to many branches of science. LOUIS PASTEUR Making new foods using biotechnology The products generated from fermentation affect the nature of the food that the microorganism is in - carbon dioxide causes bread to rise, lactic acid makes yoghurt sour, and alcohol is produced in the formation of beer and wine. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Peter Molan explains that honey has been used in medicine since ancient Egyptian times. For example, the ancient Egyptians used honey for respiratory infections and as an ointment for wounds. Honey is a natural antibiotic, killing the germs in wounds. By about 600BC, the Chinese were using mouldy soybean curds to treat boils. Similarly, Ukrainian peasants were using mouldy cheese to treat infected wounds. PETER MOLAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE The moulds released natural antibiotics that killed bacteria and prevented the spread of infection. Despite these natural treatments, it wasn’t until 1928 that Alexander Fleming first extracted penicillin – the first antibiotic – from mould. ALEXANDER FLEMING SELECTIVE BREEDING Teosinte is an ancient grain thought to have been selectively bred into maize 6,000 to 10,000 years ago. It has few kernels, and they are enclosed in a hard casing. Early pioneers of selective breeding mated organisms with desirable traits to enhance these traits in their offspring. Selective breeding pioneers were manipulating the genetic makeup of organisms, without even realising it. TEOSINTE AND MAIZE ACTIVITY: CROSSWORD! ACROSS 1 it is the exploitation of biological processes for industrial purposes. Especially genetic manipulation of microorganisms for production of antibiotics. 3 He was a French Chemist and microbiologist 4 An individual animal, plant or single-celled ACTIVITY: CROSSWORD! DOWN 5 he was a New Zealand Biochemist, noted for his education of medicinal properties of manuka honey. 2 The chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms. ACTIVITY: JEOPARDY! The teacher will give an answer and the learners will create a 1 question out of the provided answer. Answer Question This is one of the processes from Fermentation traditional biotechnology that is being used until this modern day? ESSAY! Enumerate 3 traditional biotechnology techniques and describe each technique or practices and answer question number 2 with a minimum of 5-10 sentences. What do you think is the importance of traditional biotechnology and its contribution to our lives especially during this pandemic? MICROBES USED IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LIFELINE: CALL a FRIEND (x2) AUDIENCE OPINION 5 points 5 points 1. Who is the father of traditional biotechnology? A. Karl Ereki B. Karl Ereky C. Karl Erecky D. Karl Erekee 10 points 10 points 2. What Bacteria causes infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia) after surgery. A. Pseudomonas B. Escherichia Coli C. Aspergillus D. Bacillus 15 points 15 points 3. What bacteria is being shown? A. Pseudomonas B. Escherichia Coli C. Aspergillus D. Bacillus 20 points 20 points 4. It is by far the most common host cell for recombinant DNA work. A. Pseudomonas B. Escherichia Coli C. Aspergillus D. Bacillus 25 points 25 points 5. It is a process in which packaged and non- packaged foods are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 100 °C, to eliminate pathogens and extend shelf life. A. Fermentation C. Segmentation B. Pasteurization D. Propagation TRUE or FALSE 1. Pseudomonas bacteria causes infection to blood, lungs (pneumonia) commonly after surgical operation. 2. E. Coli is a very versatile Gram-negative bacterium is used in many biotechnological processes. TRUE or FALSE 3. Bacillus Subtilis is a yeast is used in fermentations to produce chemicals. 4. Aspergillus is a type of filamentous fungus that has been used for genetic engineering in a few cases and which is also used to produce citric acid by fermentation. TRUE or FALSE 5. Clostridium Acetobutylicum is bacterium is used as a source of enzymes. Video Analysis Enumerate at least 3 important contributions of these microbes to humanity? What is the importance of these commonly used microbes in the evolution of biotechnology today?  MICROBES! Microbial biotechnology is a dynamic field; the origins of microbiology can be traced back to the pioneering research by scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in the 19th century. Within a few decades, increased knowledge of microorganisms and genetics made possible numerous important scientific and technological developments.  MICROBES! Important technologies in the field of microbial biotechnology include genetically engineering microorganisms for various purposes. The use of microbes in biotechnology has provided a wide range of products and services to a diverse number of industries. ASPERGILLUS A type of filamentous fungus that has been used for genetic engineering in a few cases and which is also used to produce citric acid by fermentation. Bacillus Subtilis This Gram-positive bacterium is widely used as a cloning host, especially for the expression of secreted proteins. Candida Utilis A yeast used in fermentations to produce chemicals Clostridium Acetobutylicum A bacterium used as a source of enzymes. Corynebacterium Glutamicum This is widely used in fermentation processes producing amino acids for food supplements. Escherichia Coli It is by far the most common host cell for recombinant DNA work. It is also used in fermentations to make many amino acids and other products since it grows on many very cheap fermentation substrates, grows fast, and can be manipulated genetically to accumulate many different chemicals. Penicillum A group of filamentous fungi used primarily to produce penicillin antibiotics. Pseudomonas A group of soil bacteria that contain some extremely diverse chemical abilities, which biotechnology has harnessed in bioremediation. Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Brewers’ and bakers’ yeast, and as such is probably the most widely exploited microorganism. Streptomycetes These Gram-positive bacteria are used to produce a range of chemicals, especially antibiotics. They have also been used as the host for genetic engineering. POSTER MAKING Theme: Importance of Microbes to Humans RUBRICS VITAL ROLE OF DNA, RNA, PROTEINS IN THE TRANSMISSION OF THE HEREDITARY TRAITS DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. RNA = Ribonucleic acid is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid are nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids = Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A major function of nucleic acids involves the storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins. Proteins = Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Heredity = also called inheritance or biological inheritance, is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring; either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents. The classical principles of genetics were deduced by Gregor Mendel in 1865, on the basis of the results of breeding experiments with peas. Mendel studied the inheritance of a number of well-defined traits, such as seed color, and was able to deduce general rules for their transmission. Inheritance talks about how these traits are passed down from one generation to the next. Segments of DNA, called genes, are responsible for distributing this information. Each gene has the instructions to make one protein. There can be multiple versions of a gene, and these versions are called alleles. For example, at the gene for eye color, you can have either a brown allele or a blue allele (note: this is an oversimplification). Each of your parents gave you one allele for each gene you have. Proteins are major components of cells that perform a wide variety of tasks- they perform chemical reactions, make pigments, and form your muscles, hair, and nails. The presence or absence of proteins creates your physical characteristics. Eye, skin, and hair colour all depend on pigment proteins being produced or not being produced. These proteins are produced by a gene that tells the cell how to make a protein. MUTATIONS IN DNA Dominant Traits A dominant trait is an inherited characteristic that appears in an offspring if it is contributed from a parent through a dominant allele. Traits, also known as phenotypes, may include features such as eye color, hair color, immunity or susceptibility to certain diseases and facial features such as dimples and freckles. In sexually reproducing species, each individual has two pairs of chromosomes; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and so 46 chromosomes in total. The chromosomes contain thousands of genes which code for the proteins that express and control all of the biochemical and physical features of an organism; this set of genes is an organism’s genotype. Examples of Dominant Traits: Dark hair is dominant over blonde or red hair. Curly hair is dominant over straight hair. Baldness is a dominant trait. Having a widow’s peak (a V-shaped hairline) is dominant over having a straight hairline. Freckles, cleft chin and dimples are all examples of a dominant trait. Examples of Dominant Traits: Having almond-shaped eyes is a dominant trait whereas having round eyes is a feature controlled by recessive alleles. The trait of detached earlobes, as opposed to attached earlobes, is dominant. Right-handedness is dominant over left-handedness. The ability to roll the tongue is dominant over the inability to do so. Examples of Dominant Traits: Astigmatism is dominant over normal vision. The presence of webbed fingers is a dominant trait. The development of 6 fingers instead of 5 is controlled by dominant alleles. Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes (however, eye color is controlled by more than one gene and is thus a polygenetic trait and cannot be explained by Mendelian genetics. People with green and hazel eyes have a mix of alleles for brown and blue eyes). RECESSIVE TRAITS A recessive trait is a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles, or forms of a gene. Traits are characteristics of organisms that can be observed; this includes physical characteristics such as hair and eye color, and also characteristics that may not be readily apparent, e.g. shape of blood cells. RECESSIVE TRAITS Every organism that organizes its DNA into chromosomes has two alleles for a trait, one from their mother and one from their father. Alleles can be dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles, so a recessive trait is only expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles for a gene. Examples of Recessive Traits: Many traits we observe in the people around us are examples of dominant and recessive traits. For example, having a straight hairline is recessive, while having a widow’s peak (a V-shaped hairline near the forehead) is dominant. Cleft chin, dimples, and freckles are similar examples; individuals with recessive alleles for a cleft chin, dimples, or freckles do not have these traits. Examples of Recessive Traits: Having round (as opposed to almond-shaped) eyes is recessive, along with inability to roll one’s tongue. Attached earlobes (as opposed to free) is also a recessive trait. Having blue eyes is recessive to brown eyes, but eye color is an example of a polygenic trait, a trait that is affected by more than one gene, so it cannot be explained via simple Mendelian inheritance. (Eye color being polygenic is why green and hazel eyes exist; a person with green or hazel eyes has some genes for brown eyes and some for blue eyes.) Examples of Recessive Traits: Some disorders are autosomal recessive, such as cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and sickle cell anemia. Autosomal means that they are caused by a recessive gene found in one of the chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome (i.e., not found on the X or Y chromosomes). Certain other disorders are X-linked recessive. They are found on the X chromosome and are more common in males, since males have only one X chromosome. Colorblindness, hemophilia, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy are examples of recessive X-linked disorders. Mutations in DNA: A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. Germ line mutations occur in the eggs and sperm and can be passed on to offspring, while somatic mutations occur in body cells and are not passed on. Mutations in DNA: Mutation has been the source of many Hollywood movies, but it's really a simple process of a mistake made in a DNA sequence as it's being copied. Some of that's just the background noise that DNA copying is not perfect, and we should be glad of that or evolution couldn't operate. Mutations in DNA: But mutation can also be induced by things like radiation or carcinogens in a way that can increase the risk of cancers or birth defects. But it's pretty simple; it's basically an induced misspelling of the DNA sequence. That's a mutation. Causes od DNA mutations: Mutations make the protein synthesis go wrong during translation or mistakes in DNA are present that result in abnormalities in bodies in the form of some diseases like sickle cell anaemia. So, the causes of mutation can be any of the below mentioned points Causes od DNA mutations:  Mutations can be inherited from parents to a child.  Mutations are spontaneous, e.g. - DNA replication errors (internal factor), environmental factors and completely random reasons.  External factors such as certain types of chemicals or excessive radiation also cause mutations to occur. Types of Mutation: Gene Mutations  DNA makes up genes and genes can code for proteins, influencing various traits. However, not all genes code for proteins and not all genes are turned on.  Therefore, when a mutation in DNA occurs, it means a change in one or more DNA bases takes place, and then different proteins are produced which affect an organism’s traits. Types of Mutation: Gene Mutations Germline mutation: A change in a gene that occurs in a parent’s reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that affects the genetic makeup of their child (hereditary). Somatic mutation: A change in a gene that occurs after conception in the developing embryo that may become a baby. These occur in all cells in the developing body — except the sperm and egg. Somatic mutations can’t pass from parents to their children (hereditary) because traits are passed only from the sperm and egg. Types of Mutation: Chromosomal Mutations  When mutations occur at the level of chromosome, it is called chromosomal mutation. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein, are highly organized and have lots of genes on them. The human chromosome number is 46; 23 from an egg cell and 23 from a sperm cell. Similarly, fruit fly has 8 chromosomes, 4 come from an egg cell and 4 comes from the sperm cell. Genetic Disorders: Sickle Cell Disease  Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder. It is marked by flawed hemoglobin. That’s the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body. So, sickle cell disease interferes with the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. Genetic Disorders: Cystic Fibrosis  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-threatening disease that affects many organs. It causes changes in the electrolyte transport system causing cells to absorb too much sodium and water. CF is characterized by problems with the glands that make sweat and mucus. Symptoms start in childhood. On average, people with CF live into their mid to late 30. Genetic Disorders: Huntington’s Disease  Huntington disease is a brain disorder in which brain cells, or neurons, in certain areas of your brain start to break down. As the neurons degenerate, the disease can lead to emotional disturbances, loss of intellectual abilities, and uncontrolled movements. POEM Make 4 line, 3 stanza poem about DNA Mutations GENETIC DISEASES Sickle Cell Disease  Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder. It is marked by flawed hemoglobin. That’s the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body. So, sickle cell disease interferes with the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. GENETIC DISEASES Cystic Fibrosis  Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-threatening disease that affects many organs. It causes changes in the electrolyte transport system causing cells to absorb too much sodium and water. CF is characterized by problems with the glands that make sweat and mucus. Symptoms start in childhood. On average, people with CF live into their mid to late 30. GENETIC DISEASES Huntington’s Disease  Huntington disease is a brain disorder in which brain cells, or neurons, in certain areas of your brain start to break down. As the neurons degenerate, the disease can lead to emotional disturbances, loss of intellectual abilities, and uncontrolled movements. GENETIC DISEASES Down Syndrome  Down syndrome is a genetic disorder. Most babies are born with 23 pairs of chromosomes within each cell for a total of 46. A chromosome is a structure that contains genes, which are made up of your DNA. Genes determine how a fetus develops in the uterus and after birth. The majority of babies with Down syndrome are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21, with three copies of the chromosome instead of the usual two. GENETIC DISEASES Fragile X Syndrome Fragile X syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell syndrome, is an inherited condition that causes developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, learning and behavioral issues, physical abnormalities, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or autism spectrum disorder, among other problems. It’s the most common form of inherited intellectual and developmental disability (IDD). FXS is named fragile X syndrome because, when looked at through a microscope, part of the X chromosome looks “broken” or “fragile.” GENETIC DISEASES Muscular Dystrophy Muscular dystrophy refers to a group of more than 30 inherited (genetic) diseases that cause muscle weakness. These conditions are a type of myopathy, a disease of the skeletal muscles. Over time, muscles shrink and become weaker, affecting your ability to walk and perform daily activities like brushing your teeth. The disease also can affect your heart and lungs. Some forms of muscular dystrophy are apparent at birth or develop during childhood. Some forms develop later during adulthood. Currently, there isn’t a cure. GENETIC DISEASES Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of conditions that affect the connective tissues in the body. These tissues include cartilage, bone, fat and blood. They support organs and other tissues throughout the body. Doctors classify Ehlers-Danlos syndrome into 13 types based on their most notable features and the parts of the body where symptoms appear. People with the most common type have symptoms including very loose joints and fragile skin that tears easily. INFORMATION BROCHURE CREATE A SIMPLE INFO-BROCHURE ABOUT GENETIC DISORDERS. YOUR GROUP CAN CHOOSE 2 GENETIC DISORDER (ASIDE FROM WHAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED) BROCHURE INCLUSIONS INFORMATION ABOUT THE DISEASE HOW MANY CASES HERE IN THE PHILIPPINES (PERCENTAGE) TREATMENT/MANAGEMENT