Communication - Second Quarter - Applied Social Sciences PDF

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES 12 Second Quarter Communication 1.3 Message - This may be the most crucial element of - the two-way process of reaching mutual...

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES 12 Second Quarter Communication 1.3 Message - This may be the most crucial element of - the two-way process of reaching mutual effective communication. This is the subject matter of the understanding communication. - meaning-making system that follows the goal of conveying the intended message Communication as 1.4 Context - This refers to the environment where a discipline communication takes place. (time, event, and attitude of the 1. Goals of Communication sender and receiver) 1.1 To inform. providing information for use in decision 1.5 Feedback - This describes the receiver’s response or making, but is not necessarily advocating a course of reaction to the sender’s message. action. 1.2 To request. asking for a specific action from the 1.6. Noise - This is any factor that inhibits the conveyance receiver of a message. It may be internal or external. 1.3 To persuade. reinforce or change a receiver’s belief about a topic and, possibly, act on the belief. 1.7 Effect - This is the consequence or result of 1.4 To build relationships. have the simple goal of communication. It could be (a) Cognitive or a consequence building good-will between person and the receiver. that takes place in the receiver’s intelligence, (b) Affective, or a consequence occurred in the emotions of a person, 2. Scope of Communication and (C) behavioral or the change in the receiver’s behavior 1.1 In personal life. Communication is very much or actions due to communication. related to human life. 1.2 In social life. As a medium of expression and way 2. The Levels of Communication of connecting and building relationships with others 1.3 In the state affairs. Communication takes place as 2.1 Intrapersonal Communication – This takes place a way to make diplomatic relationships and expressing within a single person common sentiments for the common good. 1.4 In business. It serves as a channel to transmit 2.2. Interpersonal Communication – occurs on a one-to- orders from the heads down to the subordinates or a one basis usually in an informal, unstructured setting. way to express the opinions, suggestions or feedback 2.3 Public Communication – This involves a large group of clients or subordinates. with a primarily one-way monologue style generating only minimal feedback. 3. Principles of Effective Communication 2.4 Small Group Communication – three or more 1. Principle of Clarity in Ideas participants. 2. Principle of Appropriate Language. 3. Principle of Attention. The purpose of communication 2.5 Mass Communication – more public form of communication between an entity and a large and diverse is that the receiver of information should clearly understand audience, mediated by some form of technology. its meaning. 4. Principle of Consistency. It means communication should be in accordance with the policies laid down for it. Roles and Functions of Communicators and 5. Principle of Adequacy. The information sent to the Journalists receiver should be sufficient and complete in every respect. 1. Gather and present information in written/spoken form. 2. Sub-editors: Format stories for specific publications. 6. Principle of Proper Time. Late messages are 3. Photographers: Capture images to illustrate stories. meaningless and the use of communication is ended. 4. Feature news writer, usually give background to the 7. Principle of Informality. Formal communication has a news. prominent place among the channels of communication but 5. The journalist retains the right to offer a critique where informal communication is not less important. appropriate and ensures that all voices are heard. 8. Principle of Feedback. It is essential for the sender of 6. Act as mediator or translator between the public and the message that he/she should know about the success of policymaking elites. The journalist becomes the middleman. the message. 7. Serve as watchdogs on government, businesses and 9. Principle of Proper Medium. it is necessary not only to other actors, enabling people to make informed have clarity of ideas, consistency and completeness but decisions on the issues of the time. also to make proper choice of medium to use. Functions of Journalism 1. The Basic elements of Communication 1. Information This function includes all reports, news and 1.1 Sender - person who intends to convey the message happenings concerning the daily life. It does not include 1.2 Receiver - This is the party to whom the sender any information involving or concerning the pursuit of transmits the message. leisure. 2. Interpretation of News - In theater and performing arts, graduates can work as Modern journalism must interpret and explain performing artists, script writer, producer, director, arts complex news to help the public understand administrator, costume designer, theater critic, makeup economics, science and other specialized fields. artist, stage manager, casting director, etc. 3. Entertainment - In communication in government and politics-related, Journalism serves as both an informer and communication graduates can work as public entertainer, offering fiction, comics, sports, reviews and information officer, speech writer, legislative assistant, hobby content to engage audiences and indirectly campaign director, research specialist, program convey information. coordinator, negotiator, lobbyist, press secretary, and 4. Advertising elected officer. The press's commercial function promotes products and services through advertising, often Specializations of Communication Arts including public service messages. 1. Media Arts focuses on the study of history, combines 5. Education theoretical studies of media and culture with hands-on Newspapers educate and inform the public through training in film, video, new media and sound production. editorials, columns and in-depth explanations, helping readers understand complex issues. 2. Advertising focuses on promoting products/services by 6. News Function communicating their value to potential customers, driving journalism's primary function is providing accurate, sales and revenue. timely news on various topics, including government, 3. Corporate Communication involves strategic internal politics, foreign affairs, business, education and local and external messaging to achieve business excellence, events. 7. Opinion for Motives facilitating information exchange with stakeholders. Journalism influences readers' opinions through 4. Marketing Management combines business studies editorials, articles and special features, guiding and and communication, teaching tools to plan and execute shaping public perspective on various issues. marketing strategies, including digital content creation and 8. Guidance campaign planning. Journalism aims to influence public opinion through various media, including editorials, articles, cartoons 5. Media Production develops creative and technical skills and columns. in film, video, sound, radio and news media, addressing the evolving media landscape. Areas of Specialization of Communicators and Journalists 6. Multimedia Arts are designed to provide a broad-based education exploring specific applications of digital Communicators and journalists can work in a number of technologies in various individual media which constitute areas of specialization: speech writing and taking minutes multimedia. of a meeting; advertising, marketing, and sales; communication education; electronic media, radio- 7. Theater Arts and Media Education focuses on creating television, and broadcasting; public relations; journalism; original works for theater, digital media and events, theater, performing arts, and dramatic arts; public blending classic and modern techniques for diverse cultural communication and opinion management; and international contexts. relations management and negotiations. Rights, Responsibilities and Accountabilities of Career Opportunities for Communicators and Communicators and Journalists Journalists ‘citizen journalist’ with the help of various social - Advertising and marketing specialists media platforms. Accountability means the fact of being - Communication educators can work as college or responsible for what you do and able to give a satisfactory university professors, and may also serve as speech reason for it. communication 1. The Declaration of Duties (of Journalists) - Broadcasting careers can include opportunities to work a. To respect truth whatever be the consequence to as broadcasting station manager, director of himself/herself; broadcasting, film and tape librarian b. To defend freedom of information, comment and - In journalism, one can work as a reporter, editor, criticism; newscaster, author, acquisition editor, interviewer, etc. c. To report only on facts, not to suppress essential - In public relations, one can work as publicity manager, information nor alter texts and documents; advertising manager, marketing specialist, press agent, d. Not to use unfair methods to obtain news, photographs lobbyist, corporate public affairs specialist, account or documents; executives, media planner, creative director, audience e. To restrict himself/herself to the respect of privacy; analyst, news writer, public opinion researcher, etc. 2 f. To observe professional secrecy and not to divulge the 9. Journalists must only accept tasks aligning with their source of information obtained in confidence; profession's integrity and dignity, invoking the g. Never to refuse the profession of a journalist with that "conscience clause" when duties conflict with their of advertisements salesman; personal values. h. To resist every pressure and to accept editorial orders only from the responsible persons of the editorial staff. Some malpractices and violations of the Code of Ethics of Journalists/ Communicators in the Philippine setting. 2. The Declaration of Rights a. Spread of Fake News or False information in a. Journalists claim free access to all information various Social Media Platforms sources, and the right to freely inquire on all events created to deliberately misinform or deceive conditioning public life. readers. b. Journalists have the right to refuse assignments b. Defamation/Libel/Slander. contradicting their publication's policy or contract. hurts someone's reputation, also called defamation c. Journalists cannot be forced to express opinions or of character. libel - writing and published, slander - act against their convictions or conscience. spoken. Defamation is considered to be a civil wrong. d. The editorial staff must be informed of key decisions c. Cyber Libel affecting the organization and consulted on staffing information and communication technologies. changes. d. Plagiarism e. Journalists are entitled to individual employment It means to steal and pass off as one's own. to use contracts ensuring job security, fair wages and without crediting the source. economic independence. e. Use of Insensitive, Discriminatory and Hate Speeches term hate speech is understood as any kind of Code of Ethics communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that A code of ethics guides professionals to conduct attacks or uses discriminatory language business honestly and with integrity, outlining mission, f. AC-DC (Attack-Collect-Defend-Collect) values, ethical principles and standards. reporter attacks a person in order to collect money from that person’s rival or enemy. The same journalist Self-Regulation then defends the person originally attacked, also for a fee. Self-regulation means managing one's emotions, g. ATM journalism thoughts, and behaviors to act in alignment with long-term reporters receive discreet and regular payoffs values and goals, producing positive outcomes. through their ATM accounts. Journalist’s Code of Ethics as adopted by the National h. Blood money Union of Journalists of the Philippines: A payoff before publication to ensure that a story or a critical article is killed, or else slanted to favor 1. Journalists must accurately report facts, avoiding whoever is paying. distortion, omission or suppression of truth, and promptly correct errors while presenting balanced perspectives. Characteristics of Clientele and Audiences of 2. I shall not violate confidential information on material Communication given me in the exercise of my calling. 3. Journalists must obtain news and information fairly and Effective communication requires considering honestly, identifying themselves as press audience characteristics like age, education, social representatives when conducting interviews for position, language and job type. publication. 4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely 1.1 Social Position. It is the STATUS that a person enjoys affect a private reputation unless the public interest in a communication context. justifies it. 1.2 Education level. An audience that has limited 5. Journalists must avoid conflicts of interest and not knowledge may find it difficult to use written materials; with accept gifts or favors that compromise their such an audience, oral presentations may be more professional integrity. effective. 6. Journalists must avoid ridiculing or demeaning individuals based on their sex, creed, religion, politics, 1.3 Age range. It can affect choice of communication culture or ethnicity. format or distribution. 7. I shall presume persons accused of crime to be 1.4 Race and Ethnicity. It is an important consideration in innocent until proven otherwise. communication particularly in deciding on graphics, topics 8. I shall not take unfair advantage of a fellow journalist. and photos. 3 1.5 Primary language. It has considered if the message is to be effective. 1.6 Job type. Access to the information and materials may be limited if the client or audience belongs to the marginalized group. Different types of Audiences 1.1 Neutral Audience. This refers to people who are directly or indirectly interested or don’t want to invest in the ideas (or message). 1.2 Hostile Audiences. These are the people who are strong in disagreement with the idea (or message). A person who finds it difficult to favor a plan. 1.3 Uninformed Audiences. These are people who are unfamiliar with the topic of the discussion that is taking place at the moment. 1.4 Business Audiences. They usually do not have the patience to sit through the speaker’s storytelling. Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Communication. 1. The Individual as Client of Communication  Perception: Veloso's understanding of reality was distorted due to unexpected circumstances.  Inference: Incomplete information led to misinterpretation of her situation.  Language: Veloso couldn't understand Bahasa, limiting her expression and comprehension.  Status: Her low social standing hindered her credibility and respect in court. 2. The Group and Organization as Client of Communication Groups and organizations tend to have communication needs that are specific to them. In the Veloso case, groups and organizations may be identified as family and friends, migrant organizations, the legal team, media and the Philippine government. 3. The Community as Client Communication When a community is the client of communication, the message has to be responsive to the need and the channel has to be appropriate, and the subject to be communicated has to be relevant to the community. Clients in communication need to be addressed based on their needs. To achieve a successful communication the client or audience must be understood. The clients will be at the receiving end so it is very much important to consider them whether the client type is Individual, Group or Community. Most of these data can be acquired through submission of the target audience’s curriculum vitae prior to the scheduled communication activity. Having a background knowledge about who the speaker is going to communicate with will serve as guide into what kind of presentation or approach will be the most effective to get the message through to the audience. 4