Q1 SocSci PDF

SOCIETY AND CULTURE Society - A group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory and participating in co...

SOCIETY AND CULTURE Society - A group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory and participating in common culture (Ian Robertson, 1981) - Has always been there and will always be there, affecting man and being affected by man - Man is born into society and dies in society - It is worth notetaking that being human is already given, but "becoming" humans occurs in the context of society. Natural Science Culture - Concerned with the phenomena and objects of - Include the group’s shared practices, values, nature and physical world beliefs, norms, and artifacts - involves comprehension, description, and prediction of natural phenomena using Sociology empirical and observational evidence - Human behavior is shaped by the groups to - some disciplines include astronomy, biology, which people belong (society) and by the physics, chemistry social interactions that takes place (culture) - Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, Isaac within those groups Newton, Charles Darwin, and Albert Einstein have contributed so much to the understanding Philosophy of the natural world. - from the Greek word philisophia (“love of wisdom”) - the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of Social Science reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of - a vast field that is concerned with human human existence society and the relationships among Plato (400 BCE) individuals within it - an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period - offer theories and concepts to understand man, of Ancient Greece community, society, and culture. - student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle - Anthropology, Archaeology, Economics, - authored a lot of philosophical works Geography, History, Law, Linguistics, often used stories, metaphors, and allegories to explain Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology. certain truths about politics, nature of man and our Origin of Social Science environment - In an attempt to explain the tripartite (consisting of - Ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, 3 parts) nature of the human soul (or psyche), he and Aristotle played a very significant role in writes the “Allegory of the Chariot” the growth of Social Science. They were the first to ask the questions “What is a human “Allegory of the Chariot” being?” “Who is a human being?” “What Oxborrow (2016) explained that the charioteer, makes up a society?”, “What is culture?” the white horse and the dark horse symbolize They were known for their wisdom and great the soul and its 3 key components or the wriitng tripartite soul: Importance of Social Science - It help us understand how human life progressed through time and how closely it is related to our lives. We will see how, as human beings, have gone through several stages in human development. Social Science also helps us to acquire the capacity to make interconnections between various subjects and relate it with our everyday life.  SOCIOLOGY - a field of study that uses a systematic pattern of investigation as well as, critical analysis in order to yield a substantial explanation about human social structure and activity especially human behavior and relationships Father of Sociology - Emile Durkheim Sociologists- deals with how a person interacts with the society - are also interested on how man interprets his surroundings through symbols - one of the perspectives of sociology that interprets the rational part has the highest aims, this is followed man is Symbolic Interactionism by the spirited part, and finally the appetitive part SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Chariot- needs to obtain harmony between the spirited - the center of this perspective is the symbol which is part(white horse) and appetitive part (dark horse) the basis of social life - the charioteer must understand the nature and desire Symbols – things to which we attach meanings, which of his two horses then suggests that humans are manipulators of symbols Plato did not believe that either of the horses are good or bad in themselves. Money, honor and Humans self-consciously give orientations to specific success for instance are not bad in themselves, yet objects or characters. Based on the theory, our they are tools to use. The challenge is we have to be behavior depends on how we define others and rational in our decisions. As Oxborrow (2016) puts ourselves with the “self” as the most important it “Our base desires and emotions make great objective of the interaction. servants, but awful masters” For Plato, the achievement of harmony in our soul *** The nature of man focuses on the self as the center is a precursor of pursuing any other endeavor in of social life and social reality to make sense of social life. situations. *** The charioteer represents reason, tasked with guiding ANTHROPOLOGY the soul towards truth and enlightenment. The two Anthropos meaning “human” and logos meaning horses symbolize different aspects of human nature: “science” one is noble and well-behaved, representing our SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY higher, rational impulses, while the other is unruly and - focuses on the study of the human being with an driven by base desires. ethnic perspective - deals with the cultural variations of practices of The charioteer’s challenge is to control both horses and ethnic groups keep the chariot on the right path, illustrating the - purpose of such practice, its origin, the existence of internal struggle between reason and desire within the similar practice in other ethic groups human soul. - The variation of cultural experiences à development of theories that would explain the nature of man The allegory emphasizes the importance of balance - one of the significant theories is the Gene-Culture and self-control in achieving a virtuous and fulfilling Coevolution life. GENE-CULTURE COEVOLUTION - Culture is shaped in part by biological mechanisms that directly affects the human mind by transmitting culture in a manner that transcends through generations - A natural environment is formed and transformed when a certain practice is passed on. - ***The nature of human person in relation to culture is the nature to pass on the knowledge of their community and eventually to the greater society. *** Both sociology and anthropology wttempt to understand the way of life as manifested in the interdependence of society and culture WHAT MAKES UP MAN IN SOCIETY? CAN WE AVOID POLITICS? One cannot avoid politics (Department of Political Man’s life is multidimensional (Bacungan, 1996). Man Science, 2014). Politics is everywhere, every decision lives in a world with multiple facets and dimensions we make in our life is politics. The conventional which eventually molds him. Eventually, man also wisdom of many areas of Political Science is that affects the environment. people act rationally to maximize their personal utility (Peters, 2004). MAN IS BY NATURE A POLITICAL ANIMAL - Aristotle, the Father of Political Science said that man naturally is a political animal. It seems Aristotle believes the man is just like the animals in some ways but is above them in one distinctive way - politics. - Humans are unique in joining together to make deliberative and governing bodies that seek to improve the ways of life. - humans have become more complex - the size and population is an indicator of the - It takes the method of politics to stay society evolutionary process of increasing differentiation of functioning so that everyone can flourish the maximum amount as possible. human population - This movement from small and homogenous to large - Politics for Aristotle is, therefore, the “master science” that refers to the activity through which and complex social forms is always influenced by several factors: the nature of people involved, effects humans try to improve their lives and build the of new environmental conditions, derived factors. Great Society. derived factors – new environments created by the IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE TO A evolution of the society HUMAN PERSON - A lot of people with diverse opinions may not The larger and more complex societies become, the completely agree with what you are fighting for. Thus, more their culture and structure shapes the Political Science prepares the individual to think more environment to which people and groups must clearly about oneself and one's relationship with adapt. others, to be more careful in one's judgments of the 1. How can you relate Sociology from unfamiliar, and to be more tolerant of diverse opinions thrown in one's path. Political Science aims to educate Anthropology in studying man? and develop the citizenry, the values of civic and political consciousness. “Man is the sole animal capable of working his way out of the merely animal state- his normal state is one appropriate to his consciousness, one that has to be created by himself”. PERSONALITY LG. 2.1 Defining Culture and Society - When people express their observations on what they see in others and base it from their individual Culture refers to common understanding and mutually characteristics, we refer it as their personality. shared interpretations of life beginning with a language - is defined as an individual’s consistent patterns of all understand, share belief systems and norms, feeling, thinking, and behaving. Personality is what collective practices and knowledge all in the realm of makes humans unique. “intersubjectivity” - personality matters because it guides behavior. Understanding personality is one of the core studies in Society refers to “inter-objective”, concrete, tangible, the field of Psychology. felt by the senses, appearances of human doings, such as, buildings, population, social groups, social PSYCHOLOGY organizations, social institutions, and tangible - “psyche” meaning life and “logos” meaning structures in the political and cultural realm. explanation - the scientific study of a person’s mind and bahavior “Culture is interpreted by the mind and is not - study of behavior by understanding its causes immediately visible and apparent. Society is perceived - certain characteristics can vary in response to tangibly with the five senses (Atmosfera et al., 2018)”. different situations You need society to become the bearer as well as the - helps us better understand psychological disorders creator of culture. You need culture to create society and behavioral outcomes of the people by reproducing the material conditions of society. For - our behavior is affected by more than one variable at example, you need a belief system such as a religion to a time, and these factors occur at different levels of our put up a church building, but you need a church situation building to propagate your religious practices and - people cannot explain human behaviors without membership factoring in different human experiences such as violence or depression, in terms of a single cause LG. 2.2 Components of Society - Psychologists don’t just measure personality, they 1. The population – people living in the society also measure the degree of complexity caused by the 2. Social groups and organizations – persons living controversy of nature versus nurture in society may be classified into different social NATURE VS. NURTURE groupings. A social group is where people share a To what extent do our genetic inheritance (heredity) culture and interact with each other. and our upbringing (environment) determine who we - family and kinship ties, peer groupings, are? What role does each play in our developmental neighborhood, barangay, school and religious changes throughout our life? affiliations - may follow certain norms, practice rituals In determining individual differences in behavior, the 3. Social Institutions – enduring organizations that ‘Nature versus Nurture’ debate is about identifying the exert a strong influence on individuals on how to individual's innate attributes in contrast with the conduct themselves in society experiences from his or her environment where he or - family, school, church, government, market, she has been influenced. corporation 4. Social Systems- networks of social groups, tabula rasa – Latin phrase meaning “blank slate” organizations and social institutions that characterize - this philosophy posits that humans acquire all or most society in the large scale such as economic, political of their behavioral traits from "nurture" and cultural systems - when we were born in this world we are nothing, we 5. The natural and technological environment are empty slate and as we grow up we tend to acquire - are the natural resources available in each territory to experiences that make us who we are sustain itself, reproduce society, and pursue goals. LG. 2.3 Components of Culture Max Weber - “verstehen” - German word for mutual understanding - common inner agreement of people about life and society lifeworld or internal world space people share as common meanings or common interpretations of life in Both have an impact on the nature of man. Considering general that man as a "being" and "man as a member of - intersubjective element all society share which is society" is intertwined, from a psychological called culture perspective man can also be defined as a Émile Durkheim – society exists because people multidimensional share the same values and beliefs, which are reproduced and strengthened through collaborative action or rituals their dynamic interaction accounts of social reality’s George Herbert Mead – society as an exchange of movement, change and progress. gestures involving the use of symbols - the self emerges in society as a product of social experience 1. Symbols and Language – social reality is interpreted reality as it is based on the deciphering words and symbols. Language is the sum of the people’s symbols. It reflects a people’s worldview. This is the reason why Filipino language is important for progress because it contains the core and internal organization of our Filipino pride, identity and legacy as people. 2. Values and Beliefs – people support and encourage good values and decry and discourage bad values. They act as basis for beliefs about life in general and provides grounds for social interpretation of all In analyzing the interior and the exterior, we have phenomena. Values and beliefs are the motive force studied interior culture and exterior society just like a behind all human action in society. Religion and computer hardware and software parts. Other examples science reflect values and beliefs in society. are the interior mind and the exterior brain, the interior 3. Norms are Social Rules - bad behavior is story (meanings of words) and the exterior book (ink, sanctioned, and good behavior encouraged. Different paper, printed words). cultures have different values and beliefs which underlie norms, leading to different rules by which In analyzing the relationship between the individual humans can go on living harmoniously with society. and the collective, we can say that a person is whole in 4. Knowledge base - every culture has a knowledge itself but is also a part of the larger whole of collective base reflected in the material conditions of society. society. Likewise, individual psychology and During the Dark Ages people believed in myths and consciousness is a whole but at the same time a part of that the world was flat. This was reflected in their the larger whole of collective culture. agrarian lifeways and small-scale organization. When humans learned science and that the world was round, This is an integral and holistic explanation where each society became industrial and globally interconnected. is very much a part of each other and yet each is a whole in itself. LG. 2.4 Relationship of Man, Culture, and Society - the human being is a “becoming.” The human LG. 3.1 Relationship of Man, Culture, and Society interacts and develops only in the context of society An individual can become a member of society by the immersed in a cultural sea of interpretation. processes of enculturation and socialization. - human, society, and culture are inseparable as they create each other. Thus, social evolution and change is Enculturation – the practice by which an individual continuing in time. The social aspect of man makes it acquires the traditional content of a culture and possible for man to thrive and go on in living in integrates its practices and values. society. At the same time, it is man who makes the - process of novel change and inquiry which can be social in mutual reciprocity. This is the reason why distinguished in two phases: unconscious and Marx said “But the essence of man is no abstraction conscious. inherent in each single individual. In reality, man is an - the process of "becoming" a member of your ensemble of social relations” culture. It includes learning values, beliefs, norms, - for man to live harmoniously with society and and expectations of the place of origin. culture, he must know the dress code for every situation, the appropriate language, how to pay fare in Socialization – the procedure where a person learns to the jeepney, how to buy, the lifeways of society and live in his/her culture. It contributes to the progress of culture. Yet his very being and living in society brings the capacity to think, love, and communicate. minute changes as well. For example, when people - process through which society is maintained started to ask questions using the scientific method, the - Theories of Socialization: The Looking Glass-Self world has changed from Dark Ages to Modern society. by Charles Horton Cooley; Role Taking by George Herbert Mead; Development of Reasoning by Jean LG. 2.5 Synthesis and Integration of Man, Culture, Piaget; Development of Personality by Sigmund and Society Freud, Development of Personality by Lawrence - in the processes of society and culture, all these Kohlberg would have to come into place to account for the social reality’s stability and equilibrium. At the same time Conformity - happens when members in a group choose the course Values of action that favors the majority - are abstract concepts of what is essential and As every member of the group is willing to accept a worthwhile proposal, consensus is most likely to happen in a - are the general ideas that individuals share about group. Consensus, however, does not imply that good or bad, right or wrong, desirable and undesirable, everybody likes the proposal or a project; it simply such as the Filipino value of close family ties implies the feeling of “living with the project.” As Beliefs such, everyone in the group must eventually come to - refer to a person’s conviction about a particular idea commit themselves to a decision, or the group suffers. and their perception of reality that includes the primitive ideas of the universe. Deviance - also include the scientist’s empirical view of the - any behavior that the members of a social group world defined as violating the established social norms. - belief in the spirits, belief in gravity, and belief in life - there must be an audience to determine whether an after death act is deviant or not Norms Deviance refers to: - serve as guidelines that people are supposed to follow - all violations of social rules, o matter of the as they interact with one another seriousness - are the standards of how our society considers what - any acts of behavior which violates the norms of is proper, moral, legal, and ethical that are secured society, no matter how minor it is by sanctions if violations are made - any act to which individuals respond negatively - empower individuals to expect how others interpret - any act or behavior which can not necessarily be them and express their reactions through their words wrong, yet the people judge it negatively and actions It isn’t the act itself, but the reactions to the act, Theories of Enculturation that make something deviant. 1. Configurationalism by Ruth Benedict - considered cultures as integrated wholes configured Socialization and enculturation are two inter-related differently, making them different from other cultures. concepts. Socialization is generally utilized in the - observed North America (have resource-rich sector of sociology that deals with how individuals environment)and the Zuni of the southwest internalize the behavior of a group. On the other hand, America (agriculturists) enculturation is principally tackled in culture and anthropology in which the younger members of society Different cultures have different environments à learn and adopt the manners of living. To be a full different worldviews member of society, individuals should learn the way to use, whether formally or informally, the patterns of the notion of cultural evolution is scientific. The cultural behavior. Enculturation is the product of the objective of psychology was to understand the method of socialization. people’s inner mind and appreciate the existence of Positive consequences can also be derived from different worldviews as there are different cultures. deviancy. It can serve as warning security for some imperfections or faults. It can ensure the safety of 2. Cultural Conditioning by Margaret Mead some persons and minimize social strain. Society may - it is cultural conditioning and not biological changes react to deviancy by imposing sanctions or a system of related to adolescence, which would make the stage rewards and punishment to ensure that norms are stressful or not followed. - examples of enculturation: - Filipino parents are teaching their children how to There are pros and cons in both conformity and be hospitable. deviance, but there are exceptions in some cases. - A Filipino child is innocently copying his parents Conformity serves the best interest of the group when or grandparents’ worshiping, the way of eating, every member personally takes the majority choice. socializing, greeting, etc. The exception, however, happens when members choose an option that the group has not adequately L.G. 3.3 SOCIALIZATION evaluated. Unfortunately, such action may cause a - process where a person learns to live in his/her tragic decision. On the other hand, it’s usually awful culture for group members to conform to the majority choice - it influences one’s capacity to think, against their better judgment. But during emergencies, communicate, act or make judgement. a rule rather an exception should be observed when a group must reach a decision to fully serve its function - Because of socialization that people is and disregarding the aforementioned conditions. accustomed to social groups and as a result sustains the existence of that group. - This is to ensure that the child would act 5. Mass Media appropriately when dealing with other people. - Includes social media, tv. Radio, video Punishment, rewards, reinforcements are ways to streaming sites, internet, newspaper, ensure that an acceptable behaviour in the society publications and even billboards is adapted by an individual. 6. Workplace - Where most young adults or adults spend Functions of Socialization much of their time, gives them a sense of 1. Learn language fulfilment or stagnation. 2. Enter a network of social relationships - where a person is able to take part in 3. learn norms and culture organizations and institutions with their 4. learn goals and ambitions of the culture own values, culture and practices 5. learn technological skills needed for culture Socialization is a crucial part of society and its 6. learn about the territory of the culture culture. It is through socialization that an individual adapts to be a member of the group or Key parts of socialization: community s/he belongs in. Socialization is context, content and process, and results essentially a representation of the whole process of learning throughout one’s life from infancy to a. Context old age. This is very central in shaping our - include culture, language, social behaviour, beliefs, values, and judgements. structures, historyand generation time b. Content and process - Constitute how socialization is being done Development of Reasoning by Jean Piaget c. Results ((1896-1980) is a Swiss psychologist who studied - the outcome of socialization as to how a mental development and how we learn to reason) person would think or behave after going - observed that when children are given an through socialization intelligence test, they often offer similar wrong - For instance, for children, socialization is answers à conducted an experiment testing very important to help them control their children of diff ages on problems to solve biological and emotional impulses and consider the welfare of others before - concluded that children go through a natural themselves. process as they develop their reasoning ability Agents of Socialization - “operational” à refers to “reasoning skills” 1. Family - The home shapes the core values and the development of our ability to reason goes experiences of an individual. It is our through four stages: parents, siblings, and relatives who 1. sensorimotor stage (birth to about age 2) influence our preferences. - we learn about our environment through 2. Peer Group our senses - It is in the peer groups that children share experiences of people their age. Peers are Conformity very influential and can have a very strong is a change of behavior or belief as a result of real effect on one’s self-identity. or imagined group pressure 3. School - teaches the students academic knowledge An individual conforms if he or she selects to act and skill in a socially acceptable manner - it is also at school that children learn how to conduct properly in an acceptable manner. Types of Conformity - also helps children have a broader perspective of the world outside the home 1. Compliance 4. Church Even with the existence of social pressure, - Church and religion provides an avenue of everyone can still act freely despite private shaping our sense of right and wrong, our disagreements. This also refers to behaviors that judgement of what is moral or not and our are motivated by gaining compensations/rewards concept about God. or avoiding punishments b. Wish to evade punishments like being rejected or ridiculed or even gain Shortest effect because people usually comply to rewards We are anxious about how gain rewards or avoid punishment. While rewards society thinks of us and its outcomes. and punishments help us learn certain behaviors, c. Groups create barriers to independent this method of influence is limited. It only works behavior through several factors: as long as the rewards or punishments are present, 1. Fear of Disapproval- Members risk unless the person finds other reasons to continue rejection if they stray too far from group the behavior. norms. the vital part is power that influences through 2. Lack of Apparent Alternatives- People may rewards and punishments. not realize they have options other than conforming. 2. Identification unlike compliance, we continue behaving in 3. Fear of Disruption- Individuals worry that certain ways when those actions feel rewarding. exercising their freedom could hinder the We follow behaviors that are common and group's goals. accepted by the group because it helps us build good relationships. This makes us gradually take 4. Limited Communication- When group on the opinions and values of others in a moderate members lack information about manner. For example, someone might act in ways nonconforming actions, it leads to rigid expected of them, like behaving a certain way as a thinking. son, to fit in and maintain good relationships. Constant rewards or punishments are not 5. Lack of Obligation- Some members feel necessary for identification. This can change if that their contributions won't affect the group's people you care about share different beliefs. The success or failure, so they avoid taking desire to be correct can also influence initiative. identification. A key factor is the attractiveness of the person you 6. Sense of Powerlessness- If individuals want to identify with. When you identify with believe they can’t influence the situation, someone, you aim to be like them, often adopting they’re less likely to try anything new, their views and beliefs. resulting in stagnation. Why do individuals conform to the 3. Internalization or acceptance standards of a group? To begin with, Our actions and beliefs can be shaped by social members in a group must conform to make pressure. This is the strongest and most lasting decisions. Conformity happens when the response to social influence. We accept others' members select an activity that the most ideas because we want to be correct. When we favours. For example, a consensus in a group believe the person influencing us is trustworthy may be required first before an action is and has good judgment, we are more likely to taken—which is a norm in the group. This adopt their beliefs. agreement in the group happens when every Driven by a strong desire to be correct, which member is willing to adopt a proposal. The doesn't depend on constant observation. agreement does not suggest that each member The credibility of the person being followed is of the group sympathizes to the proposal; it crucial in this process, as it encourages individuals just simply means that they all think that the to take their beliefs and actions more seriously. proposal can be lived with. Each member in the group should eventually conform to these Why conform? decisions, if not, the group will remain a. Informational Influence stalemated (Pavitt, 1998). Other people's behavior can persuade us that our unique judgment is wrong. We tend to Conformity is also important in reaching a believe that the group's actions offer useful decision within a group. For instance, three information and may help us make better persons met in a school canteen and consider decisions. themselves a group who are tasked to plan for  a school dance. Yet, they can’t seem to agree One method of social control is using negative on how they can operate. They eventually sat sanctions for deviant behaviors, which can together and contend whether to make a vote range from simple disapproval such as gossip or on topics or to select a leader and let the leader raising of eyebrows to severe consequences like have most of the power in decision making. If imprisonment. this remains unsolved, each member has to decide if he/she ought to compose a list of To encourage conformity, society also uses tasks, yet they won’t be able to reach a positive sanctions, which can include smiles or decision since no one knows whether they formal recognition and awards. These rewards are should vote on it. Thus, the group is incapable given to those who adhere to societal rules, values, of meeting anything since the members will and norms. not conform in any way (Pavitt, 1998). THEORIES OF DEVIANCE The factors that motivate individuals to join in 1. Differential Association Theory by Edwin groups can also push people to conform. The Sutherland (Theoretical Perspective: Symbolic motivating factors for conforming are the ff. Interactionism) (Pavitt, 1998): - Edwin Sutherland, suggests that we learn 1. to be accepted by other members of the deviance through exposure to various group deviant acts in our lives. For instance, a 2. to reach the goals that the group set son who sees his mother being abused by 3. to meet their personal goals which they can his father may be more likely to become an achieve by being a member of the group (e.g. abuser himself when he gets married. In being closer to another member who they like) essence, this theory states that observing 4. to appreciate taking part in group exercises deviant behavior increases the likelihood and guaranteeing the group's continuation of adopting similar behaviors. These factors may lead individuals to conform to a group. 2.Control Theory by Walter Reckless & Travis Lastly, there’s also an additional motivational Hirschi (Theoretical Perspective: reason that may lead to conformity. Functionalism) Individuals may conform if the group succeeds - Control theory views deviant behavior as a result in convincing or pressuring them to do so. of weak bonds between individuals and society, emphasizing the importance of adhering to social DEVIANCE norms. For example, children obey their parents - a person deviates if he or she acts in a socially out of respect and love. Hirschi (1969) argues that unacceptable way or is unfavored by the weak social bonds can lead to deviant behavior. majority. Walter Reckless (1973) identifies two control - behaviors that violate the established social systems that help prevent deviance: inner controls norms of a group. Whether a behavior is and outer controls. Inner controls involve the considered deviant depends on the social audience morality and values we internalize, including our that judges it. Since norms vary between societies, religious beliefs, conscience, and understanding of an action deemed deviant in one culture may be right and wrong, as well as our fear of punishment acceptable in another. and desire for integrity. Outer controls are the influences from others, such as family, friends, For instance, polygamy is considered moral and government, school, and church, that guide our legal in Muslim societies, but it is often seen as decisions to conform. improper and unacceptable in Christian societies. Human groups create a system of social control to 3. Labeling Theory by Howard Becker regulate behavior. (Theoretical Perspective: Symbolic Interactionism) There are two types of enforcers of social norms: - highlights the impact of stigma on formal and informal. Norms represent acceptable individuals. Society labels certain behaviors, values, and actions within society, behaviors as "deviant," which can lead shaping how individuals interact with one another. people to adopt that identity. According to this theory, being labeled can lead to  further deviant behavior, as individuals as corrupt and reject both its goals and may internalize the stigma. This labeling accepted methods. Unlike retreatists, who negatively affects a person's self-esteem, withdraw from society, rebels seek to self-image, and self-concept. create new goals and means for achieving them. Revolutionaries are an Stigma example of this type of individual. - occurs when society assigns a disapproving status to someone based on their deviant actions, often carrying a negative connotation. Components Primary Deviance- not an individual’s norm since committing deviant act are limited Ex: caught by police officers drinking and driving once Secondary Deviance: almost a norm or part of one’s life committing deviant acts Ex: habit of drinking or smoking 4. Strain theory by Rovert Merton (Theoretical Perspective Functionalism) - Merton believes that people are more likely to engage in deviant behavior when there is a gap between their cultural goals and their ability to achieve them. Strain theory, also known as anomie theory, refers to a situation where social norms are weak or unclear. Merton points out that conformists are those who successfully reach cultural goals by following accepted methods and conforming to societal norms. These are the individuals who choose socially acceptable paths. 4 components of deviant behavior Innovators: These individuals accept society's goals but use illegal means to achieve them. An example would be people who steal or rob to become wealthy. Ritualism: These individuals reject cultural goals but still use legitimate methods to pursue their work. Teachers are a prime example; even if their idealism is diminished or crushed, they continue to teach without seeking recognition or approval. Retreatism: These individuals reject both cultural goals and accepted methods for achieving them. Feeling drained and discouraged, they often turn to alcohol and drugs as a way to cope instead of pursuing success. Rebellion: These individuals view society