Industrial Data Communication Q Cards PDF

Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 S i mpl...

Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 S i mpl e x, H a l f - D u pl e x, F u l l - D u pl e x. Si mpl ex: One - W a y C o mmu ni c a t i o n I denti f y and expl ai n the di f f erent types of T ransmi ssi on M odes uti l i sed i n H al f -D upl ex: N o n- S i mu l t a ne o u s , T w o - W a y C o mmu ni c a t i o n communi cati on systems. As part of your answer, provi de an exampl e of a F ul l -D upl ex: S i mu l t a ne o u s , T w o - W a y C o mmu ni c a t i o n communi cati on system that uses the associ ated T ransmi ssi on M ode. E xampl es: Si mpl ex: T e l e vi s i o n/ R a d i o B ro a d c a s t i ng. H al f -D upl ex: W a l k i e - T a l k i e / R a d i o t e l e ph o ne. F ul l -D upl ex: T e l e ph o ne , I nt e rne t. B ro a d c a s t , U ni c a s t , M u l t i c a s t Broadcast: D a t a D e l i ve re d t o Al l D e vi c e s C o nne c t e d t o a I denti f y and expl ai n the di f f erent types of Routi ng Capabi l i ti es uti l i sed i n N e t w o rk communi cati on systems. As part of your answer, provi de an exampl e of a Uni cast: D a t a D e l i ve re d t o a S i ng l e D e vi c e C o nne c t e d t o a communi cati on system that uses the associ ated Routi ng Capabi l i ty. N e t w o rk (U s i ng a n Ad d re s s T h a t U ni q u e l y I d e nt i f i e s t h e D e s t i na t i o n D e vi c e ) M ul ti cast: D a t a D e l i ve re d t o M u l t i pl e D e vi c e s C o nne c t e d t o a N e t w o rk (U s i ng a n Ad d re s s T h a t i s S h a re d b y t h e S e t o f D e s t i na t i o n D e vi c e s ) E xampl es: Source codi ng i nvol ves encodi ng data i nto bi nary f orm, and opti onal l y, compressi ng Broadcast: T e l e vi s i o n/ R a d i o B ro a d c a s t i ng Uni cast: T e l e ph o ne , “Source Codi ng may i nvol ve the removal of redundant data f rom a stream of bi nary data so that i t uti l i ses l ess bi ts than standardi sed encodi ng schemes (by removi ng I nt e rne t. data, whi l e channel codi ng i nvol ves the addi ti on of redundant data.”. E xpl ai n redundant data). Channel Codi ng i ntroduces addi ti onal redundant data; however, M ul ti cast: L i mi t e d P ra c t i c a l U s e s – D e vi c e E nu me ra t i o n i n L AN thi s statement. the addi ti onal data i ntroduced i s uti l i sed excl usi vel y f or error detecti on N e t w o rk s , I nf o rma t i o n E xc h a ng e P ro t o c o l s i n R o u t i ng. purposes. · Once data has reached the desti nati on network, the Address Resol uti on Protocol (ARP) i s used to del i ver data to the i ntended reci pi ent · Where the Sender and Reci pi ent are al ready contai ned wi thi n the same N etwork, E xpl ai n how the Address Resol uti on Protocol (ARP) operates. the Sender sends an ARP Request to al l devi ces on the network · Where the Sender and Reci pi ent are contai ned wi thi n di f f erent N etworks, the Router wi th responsi bi l i ty f or the N etwork to whi ch the Reci pi ent i s connected i ssues an ARP Request to al l devi ces on that network · An ARP Request i s a Broadcast Packet that i s used to map an I P Address to a M AC Address · I f a D evi ce recei ves an ARP Request associ ated wi th an I P Address other than i ts own, i t i gnores the request Pri vate I P Address Space ref ers to the set of I P Addresses that have been reserved · I f a D evi ce recei ves an ARP Request associ ated wi th i ts own I P Address, i t E xpl ai n what i s meant by ‘Pri vate I P Address Space’. f or use wi thi n Pri vate N etworks and/or Local Area N etworks. N etworks that responds wi th i ts M AC Address uti l i se Pri vate I D Address Space are accessi bl e/routabl e over the i nternet. · H avi ng been made aware of the Reci pi ents M AC Address, the Sender then addresses al l data to be del i vered to the associ ated M AC Address · F ol l owi ng thi s, the Sender f orwards the data to be del i vered to the nearest Layer 2 N etworki ng D evi ce (Swi tch/Bri dge). · I P F ragmentati on ref ers to the process of di vi di ng a T CP Segment i nto mul ti pl e I P Packets – as opposed to usi ng a si ngl e, non-f ragmented I P Packet. · Both the T CP and I P Protocol s have si z e l i mi tati ons associ ated wi th them. I n the context of I Pv4, expl ai n the concept of I P F ragmentati on and when i t i s · I n the case of the T CP Protocol , the maxi mum si z e of the D ata F i el d i s 65,536 uti l i sed. bytes (216 – 1). An addi ti onal 40-60 Bytes of D ata i s consumed by the T CP H eader. · I n the case of the I P Protocol , the maxi mum si z e of a si ngl e packet – i ncl udi ng the I P H eader [ 1 M ark] – i s 65,536 bytes (216 – 1). ·· Gi Bothventhe thatT the D ata CP and I PFProtocol i el d of an I P Packet s have si z e l iimi s used to associ tati ons encapsul atewiath ated T CP them. Segment – there exi sts the possi bi l i ty that a gi ven T CP Segment may · I n the case of the T CP Protocol , the maxi mum si z e of the D ata F i el d i s 65,536exceed the si z e l i(216 bytes mi tati on associ – 1). ated An addi wi th ti onal the I Bytes 40-60 Pv4 protocol of D ata. i s consumed by the T CP I n the context of I Pv4, what steps can be taken to prevent T CP Segments f rom ·HWhen eader.thi s si tuati on occurs, a T CP Segment i s f ragmented/subdi vi ded by the I P undergoi ng F ragmentati on by the I P Protocol ? Layer · I n theand transported case of the I P usi ng mul ti Protocol pl emaxi , the I P Packets mum si z ienof order a si to nglci e rcumvent packet – thi i ncls udi ng lthe i miItati on of the I Pv4 Protocol. P H eader – i s 65,536 bytes (216 – 1). · Gi ven that the D ata F i el d of an I P Packet i s used to encapsul ate a T CP Segment – there exi sts the possi bi l i ty that a gi ven T CP Segment may exceed the si z e lAddress ARP: i mi tati on associ Resol utiated wi th the on Protocol I sIaPv4 protocol Protocol. i n Computer N etworks to Used · When M ap a D thi s ce's evi occurs, a T CP Segment I P Address (Layer 3)i sTforagmented/subdi I ts M AC (M edi aviAccess ded by the I P) Address Control Layer and transported (Layer 2). usi ng mul ti pl e I P Packets i n order to ci rcumvent thi s l i mi tati on of the E xpl ai n the f uncti onal i ty provi ded by each of the f ol l owi ng computer network ITPv4 CP: Protocol. on Control Protocol I s a Connecti on-Ori ented Protocol. Used i n T ransmi ssi protocol s: ARP, T CP, UD P, D N S ·Computer I P F ragmentati on can N etworks f or be T heprevented Rel i abl eby conf i guri T ransmi ngof ssi on the D Si z e setti ng of a T CP ata. Segment UD i nD P: User l iatagram ne wi th the l i mi tati Protocol ons Is a associ ated Connecti onl ess wiProtocol th the I Pv4 Protocol. Used. i n Computer N etworks f or Best-E f f ort/Unrel i abl e T ransmi ssi on of D ata. D N S: D omai n N ame System I s a Protocol Used i n Computer N etworks to Resol ve H uman-Readabl e D omai n/D evi ce N ames T o I P Addresses.  Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 A Uni versal Logi c Gate i s a Logi c Gate that can be used to construct al l other E xpl ai n the term Uni versal Logi c Gate. Logi c Gates. Both N AN D and N OR are Uni versal Logi c Gates. · Wi th Combi nati onal Ci rcui ts, the Output Produced by the Ci rcui t I s a Pure F uncti on of T he Present I nput i nto T he Ci rcui t. A Pari ty Generator Ci rcui t I s an E xampl e of A Combi nati onal Ci rcui t. D i f f erenti ate between Combi nati onal Ci rcui ts and Sequenti al Ci rcui ts. · Wi th Sequenti al Ci rcui ts, the Output Produced D epends N ot Onl y on T he Present I nput, But Al so on T he H i story of T he I nput, i.e. the Ci rcui t H as M emory. A Paral l el -I n, Seri al -Out Shi f t Regi ster I s an E xampl e of a Sequenti al Ci rcui t. · A Cl ock Si gnal E xecutes at a F i xed I nterval and i s General l y Used to Control M ul ti pl e Ci rcui ts. D i f f erenti ate between a Cl ock Si gnal and an E nabl e Si gnal. · An E nabl e Si gnal E xecutes on an as N eeded Basi s And I s Used to Control I ndi vi dual Ci rcui ts. · Gated Latch Ci rcui ts are Uti l i sed i n T he Context of Asynchronous Ci rcui ts and Onl y Store D ata When the E nabl e Si gnal Associ ated wi th the Gated Latch Ci rcui t D i f f erenti ate between a Gated Latch Ci rcui t and a F l i p-F l op Ci rcui t. I s E xecuted. · F l i p-F l op Ci rcui ts are Uti l i sed i n T he Context of Synchronous Ci rcui ts And Onl y Store D ata When the Cl ock Si gnal I s E xecuted. · I n T he Context of a JK F l i p-F l op Ci rcui t, Supporti ng I nput J = 1 and I nput K = 1 I s Chal l engi ng. · I n Order to Support thi s F uncti onal i ty, T he D urati on of T he Cl ock Si gnal “I n the context of a JK F l i p F l op Ci rcui t, supporti ng J = 1 and K = 1 i s Requi res Caref ul Conf i gurati on. chal l engi ng.”. E xpl ai n thi s statement. · T he Cl ock Si gnal D urati on M ust Be Just Long E nough to Al l ow the Val ue Currentl y Stored i n T he F l i p-F l op Ci rcui t to T oggl e, i.e. T o T ransi ti on f rom Q = 0 And ¬Q = 1 T o Q = 1 And ¬Q = 0 (Or vi ce versa). · I f T he Cl ock Si gnal D urati on I s T oo Short, T he T oggl e Wi l l N ot Be Perf ormed. · I f T he Cl ock Si gnal D urati on I s T oo Long, T he T oggl e F uncti on Wi l l Become Caught i n A Permanent Loop Whereby the Val ues of Q And ¬Q Are Constantl y Both the Preset and Cl ear I nputs are used to i ni ti al i se Latch and F l i p-F l op I nterchangi ng Back and F orth (E ven Af ter the Cl ock Cycl e I s N o Longer E xecuti ng) Ci rcui ts to a consi stent, i ni ti al state. T he Cl ear i nput i s used to i ni ti al i se the E xpl ai n the rol e of the Preset and Cl ear i nputs commonl y uti l i sed i n Latch and – Causi ng the F l i p-F l op Ci rcui t to Become Unstabl e. val ue stored wi thi n the ci rcui t to Z ero, whi l e the Preset i nput i s used to F l i p-F l op Ci rcui ts. · T hi s T i mi ng Rel ated I ssue Can Be Overcome Usi ng a M aster-Sl ave JK F l i p-F l op, i ni ti al i se the val ue stored wi thi n the ci rcui t to One. Both i nputs are typi cal l y Al bei t A M aster-Sl ave F l i p-F l op Requi res Si gni f i cantl y M ore Logi c Gates. asynchronous and take precedence over any val ues i nputted vi a synchronous i nputs. Usi ng I E E E Standard Graphi cal Symbol s f or Logi cal F uncti ons, desi gn a ci rcui t that detects the negati ve edge of a Cl ock Si gnal. Gi ven a Cl ock Si gnal that governs the set of ci rcui ts shown i n bel ow, determi ne the mi ni mum durati on of the Cl ock Si gnal. Gi ven the set of Ci rcui t 1 – Ci rcui t 3, the mi ni mum durati on of the associ ated · Si gnal N ame: Propagati on D el ay Cl ock Si gnal shoul d be >14ns, i.e. M argi nal l y Greater T han E xecuti on T i me · Ci rcui t 1: 5ns. Associ ated wi th T he Ci rcui t wi th T he Longest Runni ng T i me (Ci rcui t 3). · Ci rcui t 2: 7ns. · Ci rcui t 3: 14ns.  Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 · I n UT F -32, each character i s encoded usi ng a f i xed-l ength 32-Bi t val ue. · I n total , the Uni code E ncodi ng Standard supports approx. 1.1 mi l l i on characters. · T hi s number of characters supported by the Uni code E ncodi ng Standard can i n “Wi th respect to storage overhead, UT F -32 i s an i nef f i ci ent text encodi ng f act be encoded usi ng a total of 21 Bi ts, i.e. CE I L(Log2 1.1 M i l l i on) = 21, as scheme.”. E xpl ai n thi s statement. opposed to 32 Bi ts. · As such, UT F -32 i s i nef f i ci ent wi th respect to storage overhead as each i ndi vi dual character consumes a total of 11 redundant Bi ts. T he hi ghest f requency that i s audi bl e to the human ear i s approxi matel y 20,000 H z. Per the N yqvi st-Shannon Sampl i ng T heorem, the sampl i ng rate shoul d be “T he hi ghest audi o sampl i ng rate i n practi cal use i s 44,100 H z.”. E xpl ai n thi s greater than twi ce the maxi mum f requency of the si gnal bei ng captured; as such, a statement. sampl i ng rate of 40.1kH z i s commonl y used when sampl i ng audi o si gnal s i ntended f or human consumpti on. Bi t D epth: D enotes both the number of Bi ts used to encode each sampl e, as wel l as the number of di screte val ues that are represented di gi tal l y (f rom the overal l I n the context of Pul se Code M odul ati on, expl ai n the f ol l owi ng terms: range of val ues associ ated wi th the ori gi nal anal ogue si gnal ), i.e. 2Bi ts. · Bi t D epth. Quanti z ati on: Ref ers to the process of mappi ng a sampl ed anal ogue val ue to a · Quanti z ati on. di screte di gi tal val ue. I n practi ce, thi s typi cal l y i nvol ves roundi ng the val ue of · Quanti z ati on E rror. the anal ogue si gnal up or down to the nearest di screte val ue (or Quanti z ati on Level ). Quanti z ati on E rror: F ormal name f or errors/di screpanci es that ari se duri ng the quanti z ati on process, Lossy Compressi on i nvoli.e. veserrors i ntroduced di scardi ng or omito ttithe di gi tal ng data si gnaltoasreduce i n order resul t overal of l mappisingz e. data and roundi Lossy ng. Compressi on i s a one-way f uncti on that i s i rreversi bl e – the data di scarded/omi tted cannot be recovered at a l ater poi nt. Lossy Compressi on i s D i f f erenti ate between Lossy Compressi on and Lossl ess Compressi on. wi del y uti l i sed duri ng transmi ssi on and storage of audi o and i mage-based data, as wel l as when converti ng anal ogue si gnal s i nto di gi tal f rom. Lossl ess data compressi on i nvol ves encodi ng data i n a more space ef f i ci ent manner than what i s achi evabl e usi ng standardi sed data encodi ng schemes. T hi s i nvol ves the devel opment of an encodi ng scheme that i s uni que to the data bei ng compressed. T he detai l s of thi s encodi ng scheme are speci f i ed i n a data structure cal l ed a Compressi on D i cti T onary. he E ven T hi Pari s i s appended ty Ci rcui t ito s ithe denti compressed cal wi th Usi ng I E E E Standard Graphi cal Symbol s f or Logi cal F uncti ons, desi gn a ci rcui t data and i s requi red i n order to decompress the excepti the data on that at the a l ater N OTpoi Gate nt. Lossl on the ess that generates an Odd/E ven Pari ty Bi t f or a 3-Bi t Word [ 5 M arks]. data conversi on i s reversi bl e and can ri be ght used si de wiof ththe data ci rcui of any t i stype. removed. · E thernet: o E rrors are detected usi ng the Cycl i c Redundancy Check al gori thm. o Al l f i el ds wi thi n the F rame are consi dered as part of the error detecti on process. E xpl ai n how errors are handl ed wi thi n the T CP/I P stack. o E ach Layer 2 network devi ces that an E thernet F rames transi ts through checks the F rame f or the presences of E rrors. o F rames f ound to contai n E rrors are di scarded by the devi ce that detected the error. o Responsi bi l i ty f or re-transmi tti ng di scarded F rames i s del egated to hi gher- lAevel Basiprotocol s such c Li ne Codi ng as T CP. Al gori thm D enote a Pattern of Vol tage, Current, Or Photons ·Used I P: to Represent D i gi tal D ata. o espi D E rrors teare T hedetected usi ng theLiI nternet N ame, E xtended ne CodesChecksum D o N ot al gori D ef thm. i ne H ow D ata Shoul d Be o Onl y f i el dsas Represented wiAthi Singnal the.Packet I nstead,HTeader hey Mare odiconsi f y D dered ata – Befas part ore I of the error t Gets E ncoded D i f f erenti ate between a Basi c Li ne Code and an E xtended Li ne Code. detecti i nto A Sion process. gnal. T hi s M odi f i ed D ata Can Be T hen Be E ncoded and T ransmi tted o Usi ng a Basi c3Linetwork E ach Layer ne Code devi cesthm. Al gori that an I Pv4 Packet transi ts through checks the Packet By f ort,the D ef aul presences M ost ofneE Codi Basi c Li rrors. ng Al gori thms Produce a F l atl i ne Si gnal When o Packets T ransmi f ound tti ng LongtoSequences contai n E rrors of Biare narydi0’s scarded And Biby the nary devi ce that detected the 1’s. error. T he Use of Long, F l atl i ne Si gnal s M akes the Process of D ecodi ng A Si gnal Gi ve the f ol l owi ng modul ati on and encodi ng techni ques, i denti f y whether each i s o Responsi Parti cul ar bi l i tyl engi Chal f or re-transmi tti ng ng F or Recei di–scarded vers Wi th T F rames i mi i s del ng And egatedated Ji tter-Rel to hiEgher- rrors associ ated wi th A) Anal og D ata or D i gi tal D ata or B) Anal og Si gnal s or D i gi tal l evel protocol s odul such as on: T CP. Bei · Fng requency Commonpl M ace.ati Anal og D ata [ 1 M ark] ; Anal og Si gnal. Si gnal s: ·TT·heCP: PulChanges se Code MM adeodul byati E xtended on: Anal og Li ne D ata; CodiDng i giAltal gori Sithms gnal ,Di.e. o NBi otnary Reduce D i gi tal the. · F requency M odul ati on. o Li·Ekel rrors Phase are i hood Shidetected of f t Any KeyiTng: usi i mi ngng D i gi Relthe IDnternet talated ata; D Checksum E rrors i screte Analalog F rom Occurri gori Sithm. ng Wi thi gnal , in.e. T he M -ary Si gnal D i gi I tsel tal.f · Pul se Code M odul ati on. o Al l f i el ds wi thi n the T CP Segment are consi dered as part – ·Rather, Uni pol arT hey N RZ Reduce I : D i giTtal heDLiata; kel iDhood i gi tal T hat Si gnal Such. E rrors Wiof l l the Resul error t I ndetecti T he on · Phase Shi f t Keyi ng. process. Reci pi ent M i si nterpreti ng T he Si gnal Recei ved, By E nsuri ng T hat T he Si gnal · Uni pol ar N RZ I. o Onl y the Reci pi ent T ransmi tted D oes N otexami nesnsthe Contai T CP Segment E xcessi vel y, Longf or F lthe atl ipresences of E rrors. ne Sequences. o Segments f ound to contai n E rrors are di scarded by the Reci pi ent. o T he Sender resends a gi ven T CP Segment i n the event that the Reci pi ent does  Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 B a s e b a nd i ssui tabl e f or l ocal networks and short di stances, where a si ngl esi gnal occupi es the enti re bandwi dth. E xpl ai n the di f f erencebetween Baseband T ransmi ssi on and Broadband B ro a d b a nd i si deal f or l ong-di stance and hi gh-speed communi cati ons, usi ng T ransmi ssi on. theenti re f requency range and enabl i ng mul ti pl e si gnal s to share the same medi umsi mul taneousl y. Ana l o g s i g na l s are conti nuous and can take any val ue i n a range. T hey are sui ted f orrepresenti ng real -worl d phenomena that natural l y vary over ti me (e.g., E xpl ai n the di f f erencebetween a di gi tal si gnal and an anal ogue si gnal. As part of soundwaves, l i ght i ntensi ty). your answer,i l l ustrate the wavef orms that are commonl y associ ated wi th both. D i g i t a l s i g na l s are di screte and represent data i n a bi nary f ormat (0s and 1s). T heyare more sui ted f or modern communi cati on systems, where noi se resi stance andpreci si on are key. T hi s statement hi ghl i ghts thechal l enges and l i mi tati ons i n communi cati on systems, where si gnal s are sentthrough a medi um (l i ke ai r, cabl es, or opti cal “N o communi cati on channel i si deal as the modul ated si gnal undergoes vari ous f i bers) to reach the recei ver.T hese channel s are not perf ect, and vari ous f actors f orms of degradati on duri ng transmi ssi on.”. E xpl ai n thi s statement. cause the transmi ttedsi gnal to degrade or di stort, l eadi ng to a l oss of si gnal qual i ty andpotenti al l y af f ecti ng the i nf ormati on bei ng transmi tted. E xampl es of such f actorsi ncl ude noi se, di storti on, i nterf erence and ti me del ay Ri ng T opol ogy Structure: D evi ces f orm a ci rcul ar l oop, each connected to two others. E xpl ai n each of thef ol l owi ng Physi cal T opol ogi es:o Ri ng T opol ogy. D ata F l ow: Uni di recti onal or bi di recti onal around the ri ng. o M esh T opol ogy. Advantages: Si mpl e, ef f i ci ent f or smal l networks. o Star T opol ogy. D i sadvantages: A f ai l ure i n any part can di srupt the enti re network. 2. M esh T opol ogy Structure: E very devi ce i s connected to every other devi ce. D ata F l ow: M ul ti pl e paths f or data, ensuri ng redundancy. Advantages: H i ghl y rel i abl e, f aul t-tol erant. At whi ch Layer of the OSI M odel does each of the f ol l owi ng N etwork D evi ces D i sadvantages: E xpensi ve and compl ex due to many connecti ons. operate: · Swi tch: Layer 2 (D ata Li nk) 3. Star T opol ogy o Swi tch · Router: Layer 3 (N etwork) Structure: Al l devi ces connect to a central hub or swi tch. o Router · Repeater: Layer 1 (Physi cal ) D ata F l ow: D evi ces communi cate through the central devi ce. o Repeater · Bri dge: Layer 2 (D ata Li nk) Advantages: E asy to i nstal l , scal abl e, f aul t i sol ati on. o Bri dge · H ub:Layer 1 (Physi cal ) D i sadvantages: H ub f ai l ure di srupts the whol e network. o H ub N etworkAddress T ransl ati on (N AT ) i s a process used i n networki ng where pri vate I P addresses i n a l ocal network are mapped to a si ngl e publ i c I P address when accessi ng the i nternet,and vi ce versa. E xpl ai n how N etwork AddressT ransl ati on (N AT ) works. H ow N AT Works: Pri vate to Publ i c T ransl ati on: When a devi ce i n the pri vate network sends data to the i nternet, N AT modi f i es the source I P address of the outgoi ng packets to the router's publ i c I P address. D a t a e nc a ps u l a t i o n i s the process of packagi ng data wi th the necessary Publ i c to headers Pri vate Tmes (andsometi ransltrai atilon: ers)When as i t the response moves comes down the back l ayers of to thethe OSIrouter, N ATP or T CP/I transl ates model thel ayer.E ach desti nati on adds i tsI own P address speci f i(the c i nfpubl i c on ormati I P)toback to thealcorrespondi the data, l owi ng f or ng E xpl ai n the concept of D ataE ncapsul ati on and how i t i s used i n the OSI and pri vate I P of the propercommuni devi cati ce that requested on between the data. devi ces across a network.I t Al l owsdata to be T CP/I P N etwork M odel s. correctl y routed, processed, and del i vered. Port E achNl umberi ayerperfng: N AT orms keeps a speci f i track of on c f uncti whi ch pri vate (addressi ng,Ierror P used whi ch checki ng,port f l owon the ) control publorepassi bef i c I P (cal l ed data ng the PAT or PortorAddress down T ransl.ati on), al l owi ng mul ti pl e devi ces to up the model share the same publ i c I P but sti l l mai ntai n uni que connecti ons. OSI M odel :E ncapsul ati on happens f rom Layer 7 (Appl i cati on) down to Layer 1(Physi cal ). E ach l ayer adds i ts respecti ve header to the data. T hi s statement ref ers to the M axi mumT ransmi ssi on Uni t (M T U) of an E thernet f rame. T he E thernet standardspeci f i es 1500 bytes as the maxi mum payl oad si z e to “T he payl oad of an E thernetF rame i s commonl y restri cted to 1500 bytes.”. T CP/I P M odel :T hi s model f ol l ows a si mi l ar process wi th f our l ayers. ensure compati bi l i ty acrossdi f f erent network devi ces and to avoi d i ssues wi th E xpl ai n thi s statement. network perf ormance. I f thepayl oad exceeds 1500 bytes, the data must be spl i t across mul ti pl e f rames (aprocess known as f ragmentati on).  Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 T hi s statement ref ersto the al l ocati on of I P addresses wi thi n a subnet, where certai n addresses arereserved f or speci al purposes. “T he f i rst and l ast I Paddress wi thi n each network are not usabl e.”. E xpl ai n thi s F i rst I P Address (N etwork Address): T he f i rst address i n a subnet represents the statement. network address i tsel f. I t i s used to i denti f y the network rather than a speci f i c devi ce. I t cannot be assi gned to any devi ce because i t i s reserved f or def i ni ng the subnet. Last I P Address (Broadcast Address): T he l ast address i n a subnet i s the broadcast address. T hi s address i s used to send data to al l devi ces wi thi n the network T hi s means si mul that taneousl repeaters y. I t and cannot hubsoperate be assi gned at atobasi a devi c l evel ce, as ofi data t i s meant transmi f orssi on “Repeaters and H ubs are noti ntel l i gent networki ng devi ces.”. E xpl ai n thi s broadcasti wi thout thengabi tolal i tyl to hosts makedeci wi thi n si theonsnetwork. or manage traf f i c. T hey are si mpl e devi ces statement. that l ack the i ntel l i genceto anal yz e or manage network traf f i c, unl i ke swi tches or routers that can makedata-f orwardi ng deci si ons based on addresses. T CP: Rel i abl e,connecti on-ori ented, sl ower due to overhead, and used f or appl i cati ons needi ngdata i ntegri ty (e.g., web browsi ng, f i l e transf ers). Compare and contrast the T CPand UD P protocol s. UD P: Unrel i abl e, connecti onl ess,f aster due to l ow overhead, and used f or real - ti me appl i cati ons (e.g., vi deostreami ng, VoI P). Logi cal ports are cruci al f or enabl i ng ef f i ci ent and organi z ed data exchange E xpl ai n the rol e of Logi cal Sockets/Ports i n the operati on of a computer network. betweenappl i cati ons over a network, al l owi ng mul ti pl e appl i cati ons to share the samenetwork connecti on wi thout i nterf erence. SynchronousCi rcui ts: Use acl ock to synchroni z e operati ons, provi di ng rel i abi l i ty and predi ctabi l i ty. D i f f erenti ate betweenSynchronous Ci rcui ts and Asynchronous Ci rcui ts. AsynchronousCi rcui ts: Operatewi thout a cl ock, rel yi ng on si gnal changes, whi ch can make them si mpl er butpotenti al l y l ess rel i abl e. LatchCi rcui t:Level -tri ggered, si mpl er, changes state i mmedi atel y when the enabl e si gnal i sacti ve. D i f f erenti ate between aLatch Ci rcui t and a F l i p-F l op Ci rcui t. F l i p-F l opCi rcui t:E dge-tri ggered, more rel i abl e f or synchroni z ati on, used i n cl ocked orsynchronous systems. Latches respond to the l evel of theenabl e si gnal and can change output conti nuousl y when acti ve. Latches areLevel -T ri ggered Storage E l ements whi l e F l i p-F l ops are E dge T ri ggered StorageE l ements”.E xpl ai n thi s statement. F l i p-F l ops respond to the edge of thecl ock si gnal , changi ng output onl y on the ri si ng or f al l i ng cl ock edge. T hi smakes f l i p-f l ops i deal f or synchroni z ed, sequenti al l ogi c ci rcui ts. Sampl i ngrate def i nes how f requentl yan anal og si gnal i s sampl ed. I n the context of Anal og toD i gi tal Conversi on, expl ai n the f ol l owi ng terms: · N yqui strate ensures you sampl e at l east twi ce the hi ghest f requency of the o Sampl i ng Rate. si gnal to avoi d l oss. o N yqvi st Rate. · Quanti z ati onmaps conti nuous val ues to di screte ones, and bi t depth determi nes o Quanti z ati on. thepreci si on of thi s mappi ng. o Bi t D epth. · Quanti z ati on error i s the di f f erencebetween the actual anal og si gnal and i ts o Quanti z ati on E rror. quanti z ed di gi tal approxi mati on.  Industriel data co municatio n Study this set o nline at: https://www.cram.co m/flashcards/industriel-data- co municatio n-14536 323 · RasterI mages: Pi xel -based, resol uti on-dependent, good f or detai l ed i mages l i kephotos. D i f f erenti ate between aRaster I mage and a Vector I mage. · Vector I mages: Path-based,resol uti on-i ndependent, i deal f or l ogos, graphi cs, and scal abl e desi gns. · Keyf rames are compl ete f rames that canbe decoded on thei r own and are used as ref erence poi nts. I n the context of vi deoencodi ng and vi deo compressi on, di f f erenti ate between a Keyf rame and anI nterf rame. · I nterf rames store onl y the changesf rom surroundi ng f rames and rel y on keyf rames f or f ul l decodi ng, al l owi ng f orgreater compressi on. A sel f -cl ocki ng si gnal i s a type of di gi tal si gnal that does not requi re an external cl ock to synchroni z ethe sender and recei ver. I nstead, the si gnal contai ns enough ti mi ngi nf ormati on embedded wi thi n i t so that the recei ver can extract the E xpl ai n what aSel f -Cl ocki ng Si gnal i s. As part of your answer, i denti f y two Li ne cl ockf rom the si gnal i tsel f to properl y i nterpret the data. Codi ngal gori thms that generate Sel f -Cl ocki ng Si gnal s. M anchester encodi ng and D i f f erenti al M anchester encodi ng are two common l i necodi ng methods that generate sel f -cl ocki ng si gnal s by embeddi ng transi ti onsi nto the data stream. Ampl i tudeLevel s: I n M -aryASK, the data i s encoded by varyi ng the ampl i tude of the carri er si gnal.I nstead of usi ng j ust two ampl i tude l evel s (as i n bi nary ASK), M - ary ASK uses M di sti nct ampl i tude l evel s to represent the data. E xpl ai n how M -ary E ncodi ngi s perf ormed usi ng Ampl i tude Shi f t Keyi ng. Symbol Representati on:E ach combi nati on of l og₂(M ) bi ts i s mapped to one of the M ampl i tudel evel s. F or exampl e, i n 4-ary ASK (M =4), each symbol represents 2bi ts (si nce l og₂(4) = 2). T ransmi ssi on: T he transmi tter sends a si nusoi dal si gnal wi th a speci f i c ampl i tude correspondi ng Quadrature Ampl to ione tude of M the odul M ati l evel on(QAM s. E ach ) i ssymbol a modul i sati transmi on scheme tted over thatacombi f i xed nes peri odAmpl both of ti i tudeM me, known odulas atithe on (AM symbol ) anddurati Phase on.M odul ati on (PM ) to transmi t data. E xpl ai n how QuadratureAmpl i tude M odul ati on (QAM ) operates. As part of your I tachi eves thi s by varyi ng the ampl i tude of two carri er si gnal s, whi ch are90 answer, i ncl ude aConstel l ati on D i agram. Si gnal Representati degrees out of phaseon:(hence F or exampl "quadrature"). e, i f M =4, T hi the s altransmi l ows ftted orthesitransmi gnal missi ghtonhave of f ourtipossi mul pl e bi blts e ampl per symbol i tudes,