IoT Short-range Communication Technology

```markdown ## 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### Comparison of ZigBee Communication Technology **UNIT 05** | Mode | ZigBee Pro...

```markdown ## 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### Comparison of ZigBee Communication Technology **UNIT 05** | Mode | ZigBee Pro | ZigBee RF4CE | ZigBee IP | | ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Explanation | After the announcement of the ZigBee 2006 specification in 2006, announced the ZigBee Pro specification in 2007. ZigBee Pro is fully compatible with ZigBee 2006 devices | In 2009, the ZigBee Alliance and RF4CE Consortium defined a simple stack for star topology as a specification for remote control of home appliances. 2.4GHz frequency band and 128bit AES encryption technology are used. There are two profiles on this stack: ZRC and ZID | The stack was released in 2013 to accommodate the Smart Energy Profile 2.0, an application profile for energy management. An open standard announced as a complete wireless mesh networking solution based on IPv6 that connects low-power devices directly to the Internet. GLOWPAN, RPL, TLS, DTLS are included to IETF relevant standardization results | | First application profile | ZigBee Home Automation (ZHA) |N/A | N/A <br> ## 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### Z-Wave Overview **UNIT 05** Z-Wave is a low power communication technology for home automation, monitoring, and control. Z-Wave was developed in 2005 by the Z-Wave Alliance, Headed by ZenSys. It Operates in the 908.42 MHz (us) and surrounding frequency and registered in ITU-T aslayer 1 and Layer 2 standards (6.9959) for sub 1 GHz narrowband wireless devices. Z-Wave devices are compatible with products from other vendors when they are on the same network. The Z-Wave devices can communicate at distances of up to 30 meters even with walls. #### Z-Wave protocol stack An image shows the Z-Wave layer which is used in communication purposes, the image contains the following layers: * Application frame * Transport frame * PHY/MAC frame ##### Application frame includes: Header, Cmd.class, Command, Parameter #1, Parameter #2 and Parameter #N ##### Transport frame includes: Header, Data length, Data, Checksum. Variation of transport frame includes Routed (destid, Hop Cnt, dest#1, Rept#1 and Payload) and Multicast/Singlecast (ID Mask, dest ID, dest#2, Rept#2 and Payload) ##### PHY/MAC frame Includes: Preamble, Sof, Byte 1 to Byte N, Eof <br> ## 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### Wireless HART Overview **UNIT 05** * Wireless communication standard for process measurement and control * Operates in IEEE 802.15.4 based 2.4GHz ISM band An image shows the WirelessHART product where signals from a sensor are captured by WirelessHART adpater. Another image shows the WirelessHART Diagram, there exits HART- devices which transmit data to an adapter and they are finally transmitted through the wirelessHART network. ## 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### ISA100a Overview **UNIT 05** * Based on IEEE 802.15.4, operates in 2.4GHz ISM band * Encryption using 128bit AES encryption and key * Mesh Network Topology Support * Compatible with existing HART device software/hardware * IISA is a not-for-profit organization established in 1945 with the aim of building a universal network compatible with various industrial network protocols (HART, Profibus, Modus & Foundation Fieldbus). An image shows the ISA100 product where data from a sensor is captured by the ISA-100 adapter. Another image shows the ISA100 diagram, there exits legacy HART devices which transmit data to the ISA100 wireless device network. <br> ## 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### Comparison of the WirelessHART Standard and the ISA100.11A Standard **UNIT 05** Ensure the same performance. Differences between the two standards appear in existing infrastructure integration. Need to install large wireless infrastructure. Transmission power is limited to 10mW | Category | Wireless HART | ISA100.11a | | --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------ | | Application layer | HART based | Open type | | Transport layer | TCP based block transmission | UDP | | Network layer | WirelessHART based on IEEE 802.15.4, ISA100.11a comparison | IPv6 + Mesh Routing | | Datalink layer | HART-based address scheme + mesh routing (dualization support) | CSMA/CA, C-hopping | | Physical layer | Prioritized-TDMA, C-hopping. IEEE802.15.4 + FHSS / AFH | IEEE802.15.4 | | Frequency band | 2.4 GHz ISM/20-250 Kbps | 2.4 GHz ISM/20-250 Kbps | ### Unit 5. IoT network * 5.1 Icl Network Overview * 5.2 Jol Short-range Communication technology * 5.3. LPWA * 5.4. 5G Network <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### LPWA concept **UNIT 05** Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) is a technology used to send small amounts of data away at low power. Low power consumption design, low-cost terminal supply, low deployment cost, stable coverage, large-scale terminal access needs to be met as key requirements A Chart displays the data rate against Coverage spectrum * Gbps - Cellular N/W * Mbps - Short Range N/W * Kbps - LPWA (LoRa, Sigfox) * bps - Coverage ## 5.3. LPWA ### Necessity of LPWA **UNIT 05** IoT access technology is not suitable for short-range networks. * Short Range Network includes Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. * In the case of Bluetooth, only short-range connection is possible, and safety is low for communication between devices. * In case of Wi-Fi, access is possible only where the AP exists, and the access range is limited to the vicinity of the AP. * In the IoT, low power long distance (LPWA) communication is proposed to overcome the limitations of space and time. <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### LoRaWAN Concepts and Features **UNIT 05** Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the LPWA technologies and leads technology development in the LoRa Alliance, a multinational alliance. A/B/C type device is provided to select the type suitable for the situation. Improve battery retention and data rate with adaptive data rate (ADR) technology. Channel Hopping, Duty Cycle limited ## 5.3. LPWA ### LoRaWAN Class **UNIT 05** Use device class according to optimization type. * Class A: Power Consumption Optimization * Class B: Low Latency * Class C: Delay speed Optimization (high power consumption) A table shows the different attributes set for device class | Attribute | LoRa MAC | | ------------- | ------------ | | Class A | MAC options | | Class B (beacon) | MAC Modulation | | Class C (Continuous) | Modulation | | | EU | US | AS | | ------------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | Regional ISM band | 868 | 915 | 430 | <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### LoRaWAN topology configuration **UNIT 05** LoRaWAN topology configuration. Data transfer from network to device with an optimal path. No need for the hand-over process of the device. An image displays LoRaWAN topology configuration, there exits LoRa RF which acts as a medium between sensor devices to the application server. ## 5.3. LPWA ### LoRaWAN Protocol Stack **UNIT 05** The gateway only plays a role in forwarding and processes MAC layer messages of the terminal and the network server. It is easy to accept a large number of devices with a procedure. An image shows the protocol layer of LoRaWAN used from the sensor to a customer server. <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### LoRaWAN Message Format **UNIT 05** LoRaWAN specification defines a physical layer message that comprises a preamble, physical header (PHDR), a physical header Cyclic Redundancy Check (PHDR\_CRC), a physical payload (PHY Payload), and an error detection tail (CRC). PHDR and PHDR\_CRC fields have a combined total size of 20 bits. * Radio PHY layer includes Preamble, PHDR, PHDR CRC and PHY Payload. * Radio PHY structure (CRC is only available on uplink messages) where PHY Payload includes MHDR(1 byte), MACPayload, MIC(4bytes). Where MHDR is Join-Request/Join-Accept. * MACPayload structure includes FHIDR and FRMPayload where FRMPayload, FPort(1 byte). * FHDR structure includes DevAddr, FCtrl, FCnt, FOpts | | Value | Size | Unit | | ------------- | ----------- |------------ | ----------- | | Preamble | 8 or 16 | Variable | Symbols | | PHY Header | - | 1 | Byte | | PHY_HDR_CRC | - | 1 | Byte | | MAC Header | - | 1 | Byte| | MAC Payload | - | Variable | Bytes | | MIC(if any*) | - | 4 | Bytes | ## 5.3. LPWA ### SigFox Concept **UNIT 05** Sigfox is low-power, long-range communications service led by $1 per year per device using ISM Band. All data sent by the device is stored in Sigfox Cloud An image shows the Sigfox network where the data is transmitted from sensor nodes to Sigfox cloud via the Sigfox gateway through Secure IP connection. <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### SigFox Technical Features **UNIT 05** * Bidirectional communication, up to 12 bytes per message * 6 messages per hour, up to 140 messages per day * RF Band Width * DownLink: $600 kHz$ * UpLink: $100 kHz$ * Data Rate * DownLink: $600 bps$ * UpLink: $100 bps$ ## 5.3. LPWA ### NB-IoT Concept and features **UNIT 05** INB-IoT (Narrow Band IoT) is an LPWA technology that uses a bandwidth of 200 kHz that is narrower than existing mobile communication methods such as LTE and 3G. Long-distance low power communication technology specialized for a small amount of data communication between things, suitable for IoT service. A licensed band is used and various bands are provided depending on the operation mode. The existing LTE network can be used so the existing traffic can be taken care of easily. <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### NB-IoT Standard **UNIT 05** Release 13 includes two standards: LTE-M and NB LTE-M * LTE-M is classified as Cat. 1, Cat. D, Cat M, and NB-IoT An image compares 5MHZ with 25 x 180kHZ and displays 180kHZ for 12 x 15kHZ subcarriers (OFDMA downlink). Another image compares 14MHZ with 6 x 180kHZ (Cat. M) and shows 200kHZ with 1 x 180kHZ (NB-IoT) ## 5.3. LPWA ### NB-IoT Operation Mode **UNIT 05** Three modes: in-band, guard-band, stand-alone * In-band mode allocates some of the resources in the LTE band to NB-IoT * Guard-band mode utilizes the guard frequency band of LTE. NB-IoT carriers are placed as close as possible to the edges subcarrier of LTE * Standalone mode operates by separately assigning some carriers in the GSM An image displays the operation mode of the NB-IoT system. GSM system shows the standalone mode LTE system shows in-band and guard-band mode <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### NB-IoT In-band Frequency UNIT 05 **Downlink** * Use the same RB as LTE * Integer multiple of 15kHz between LTE and subcarrier * The center frequency of the anchor carrier is near an integer multiple of 100 kHz **Uplink** An image displays the uplink frequency which considers channel bandwidth and LTE transmission bandwidth. * Use the same RB as LTE * Generally RB #0-3, #47-49 are used as control channel (PUCCH) * LTE and the subcarrier are an integer multiple of 16 kHz * NB-IoT terminal must satisfy LTE out of band emission specification at a position far off by a certain offset frequency from NB-IoT band boundary for mutual coexistence with LTE ## 5.3. LPWA ### Usable Area **UNIT 05** LPWA is a network suitable for low frequency communication and low-cost data services such as the transmission of on/off, numbers and coordinates. The main functions applicable are Metering, Tracking, Monitoring & Control. * Metering: Energy/gas/water usage and energy usage data of building and factories * Tracking: Collecting and managing the location data of vehicles, people/objects, and valuable assets * Monitoring & Control: Monitor and control the condition and environment of manufacturing, public, and commercial facilities <br> ## 5.3. LPWA ### Implementation technology comparison **UNIT 05** LTE-M/NB-IoT outperforms competing technologies in global standards, speed, quality, coverage, security, and roaming. | Category | LTE-M (Cat.1) | NB-IoT(Cat.M2) | LoRa | | ------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Standardization | 3GPP Rel.8 (Standardized completed) | 3GPP Rel.13 ('16. June Standardized completed) | Non-standard | | Commercial | First half of 2016 (Commercialization completed) | April 2017 (Commercialization expected) | Second half of 2016 | | Speed | (DN) $10Mbps/(UP) 5Mbps$ | (DN) $200kbps/(UP) 144kbps$ | (DN) $5.5kbps/(UP) 300bps-5.5kbps$ | | Bidirectional | Impassible | Bidirectional transmission with DRX* support More than 99% | Impossible | | Frequency band (QoS guaranteed) | License band (LTE frequency) | License band (LTE frequency) | Unlicensed Band ($917-923.5MHz$) | | Battery Life | 10 years with PSM | 10 years with PSM | 10 years | | Cell coverage | $1-2km$ | $15km$ | $11km$ | | Coverage | National network (LTE Coverage) | National network (LTE Coverage 1.2) | Specific area service(16.000 meals, as of the end of 2016) | | Service Success Rate (Quality) | Create diverse ecosystems due to the chipset/module | Terminal control is impossible due to communication, a handful of companies focused on module SemTech | 26%-88%(Based on distance) | Terminal ecosystem | Creates diverse ecosystems due to chipset/module | | | | Security | Provides LTE 3-level security Subscriber authentication, NAS Security (UE to MME integrity check and encryption), AS Security (UE NB integrity check, and encryption) |Accepted roaming only for LoRa Alliance | | Global roaming | Easily evolve technology with global standards, accommodate global roaming | Fixed Center, Walking Mobility Support | Mobility | Supports both low speed and high speed | |Impassible Protocol | TCP-IP (HTTP)UDP (COAP) | | Call function (bandover) | Support | Impossible | Unit 5. IoT network 5. 1 lof Network Overview 6. 2 Jol Slunct-range C'emmmunication technology 7. 3 LPWA 8. 4. 5G Network <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Overview **UNIT 05** Background of 5G mobile communication emergence Globally ~20 billion IoT devices. are expected by 2021, excluding smartphones and tablet PCs (by McKinsey) * Full-fledged high-quality multimedia service and IoT service expansion. * Explosive increase in smart devices and exponential growth of wireless data traffic * 5G is optimized for IoT. Stable and excellent response speed without interruption and speed delay ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Overview **UNIT 05** Image displays a flow diagram of traditional mobile network to 5G optimized mobile network Traditional Mobile network flows from Mobile, Set-top box to DTV Optimized 5G network with improved technology ### ISG key requirements | | 4G(IMT-Advanced) | 5G(IMT-2020) | | ----------------------------- | ---------------- | ----------------------------- | | Peak data rate | 1Gbps | 20Gbps | | User experienced data rate | 100-1000Mbps | 100-1000 times more capacity than 4G | | Spectrum efficiency | 46 | *100 | | | | Mobility | 350km/h | 500km/h | | Latency | 10ms | 1ms | | Connection density | 100K/Km2 | 1Million/Km2 | | Energy efficiency | 0.1Mbps/m² | 46*100 | | Area traffic capacity | - | 10Mbps/m² | <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Characteristics **UNIT 05** 5G network major technology and service changes An image shows 5G mobile communication characteristics consisting of * ultra-wideband * massive MIMO * ultra-dense small cell * multi-RAT * 5G O6M ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Overview **UNIT 05** Mobile communication technology generation | | 1G | 2G | 3G | 4G | 5G | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | | 2011 | 2010 | 20 | | 25 | | | 14.4Kbps | 144Kbps |14.4Mbps | 75Mbps-1Gbps | 20Gbps and above | * Voice (analog) * Multimedia, video call, smartphone Voice, text (digital) * Mobile data, real-time video, smartphone spread voice and application *Autonomous vehicles, lol. 4th Industrial revolution | <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Overview **UNIT 05** **Expansion of the IoT: Massive IoT** An image displays sectors for communication over the transport & logistics, Agriculture, Utilities, Environment, Consumers, Industrial and Smart Cities network. ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Overview **UNIT 05** 5G and IoT service ecosystem An diagram shows the the 5G infrastructure consisting of different kinds of connection from device networking, 5G core network and 5G cellular network with various connections to devices for next-generation networking. <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Overview **UNIT 05** Service change by 5G mobile communication An image shows the different implementations such as * Holographic video transmission * Autonomous Vehicles * Virtual Reality service * Telemedicine * Network Robot ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Characteristics **UNIT 05** * Three characteristics of 5G mobile communication * Ultra-Wideband * High Reliability, Ultra Low Latency * Massive connection **eMBB**: enhanced Mobile Broadband URLLC: Ultra Reliable & Low Latency Communications MMTC: massive Machine-Type Communications <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Characteristics **UNIT 05** * eMBB**: enhanced Mobile-Broadband Download a 15GB UHD movie in less than six seconds! Cars running at 100 km/h receive stop signals with almost no delay! A table shows the value with high download speed |$15Gb$ video |500Mbps | $240$ sec | | ---- | -------- |-----------------| | Initial | 20Gbps | sec | * The initial phase of 5G Non-Standalone deployments focuses on eMBB, which provides greater data-bandwidth complemented by moderate latency improvements on both 5G NR and 4G LTE. This will help to develop today's mobile broadband use cases such as emerging AR/VR media and applications, UltraHD or 360-degree streaming video, and many more. ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Characteristics **UNIT 05** * URLLC**: Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications * Business and entertainment using 3D video call, virtual reality, and augmented reality (AR) are expected to become very active * Based on 100km/h driving An Image illustrates the reliability of wireless medium, displaying short time to receiver a signal from a transmission. <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Characteristics **UNIT 05** * mMTCl: massive Machine-Type Communications An image displays the amount of connection within 1km2 ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Technology Evolution Direction **UNIT 05** #### *Technical characteristics of 5G IoT* An image displays the 5G Mobile Communication Technology Evolution Direction i.e., Technical Characteristics as the convergence of the Massive IoT, mission critical control and enhanced Mobile Broadband sector. <br> ## 5.4. 5G Network ### 5G Mobile Communication Technology Evolution Direction **UNIT 05** From 1G to 5G, each generation of mobile technology has been designed to meet the needs of network operators and final consumers, passing through Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) innovations. Innovation 6G will contribute to fill the gap between beyond- * 2020 Societal and business demand, and what 5G (and this predecessors) can support A diagram shows the generation of Networks from 1G to 6G including technical specifications. A figure displays the evolution with disruptruptive technologies, cell-less networks. ```