Purposive Communication PDF

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **Purposive Communication** - Involves writing, speaking, and presenting to diverse audiences for various purposes. - Intentional communication occurs within specific contexts. **Contexts** - Affects message transmission, semantics, channel selection, word...

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **Purposive Communication** - Involves writing, speaking, and presenting to diverse audiences for various purposes. - Intentional communication occurs within specific contexts. **Contexts** - Affects message transmission, semantics, channel selection, word choice, and delivery methods. **Includes:** 1. Settings or environment 2. Social relationships 3. Scenes (place, time, occasion) 4. Culture **Elements of Communication** **Source** - Originator of the idea (person/group). - Message quality is reliant on the source\'s credibility. - Must use language and grammar understood by the receiver. - Emphasis on articulation, word choice, and voice projection. - Importance of delivery style. **Message** - The information being communicated (what is said). **Five C\'s of Communication** 1. Courtesy: Polite language and tone. 2. Clarity: Correct usage, grammar, and delivery. 3. Conciseness: Brief and to the point. 4. Concreteness: Being specific and using examples. 5. Completeness: Addressing What, Who, When, Where, Why, and How. **Channel** - Medium for transmitting the message (how it's delivered). - Choice depends on availability, practicality, and impact on the receiver. **Receiver** - The recipient of the message (to whom it\'s directed). - Requires good listening and comprehension skills. **Feedback** - Response process (verbal or non-verbal). - Receivers actively respond to messages. **Types of Noise in Communication** - **Physical Noise**: External sounds that interfere with communication, like background noise from traffic or air conditioning. - **Psychological Noise**: Internal distractions such as stress or anxiety that affect the receiver\'s ability to focus. - **Semantic Noise**: Misunderstandings arising from differences in language or cultural interpretations. - **Physiological Noise**: - **Factual Noise**: The truth is omitted **Nonverbal Communication** **Forms of Nonverbal Communication** - **Kinesics/gestures**: The study of body movements, gestures, and facial expressions as forms of communication. - **Haptics**: The use of touch in communication, which can convey emotions and establish connections. - **Proxemics**: The study of personal space and how physical distance affects communication in different cultures. - **Facial Expressions**: Convey emotions and reactions, often involuntarily, and can enhance or contradict verbal messages. - **Posture**: The way a person holds their body can indicate confidence, openness, or defensiveness in communication. - **Dress and Appearance**: The way we dress and present ourselves can communicate messages about our personality, status, and even our intentions. A professional suit conveys a different message than casual attire. - **Olfactics**: This refers to the sense of smell and its role in communication. Scents can evoke memories, influence moods, and even affect our perceptions of others. - **Artifacts**: These are objects that we use to communicate. This includes things like jewelry, accessories, cars, and even the decor of our homes. These items can convey status, personality, and even cultural identity. - **Paralinguistics:** This refers to the vocal cues that accompany speech, such as tone of voice, pitch, volume, and speed of speech. These elements can significantly alter the meaning of words, even if the words themselves remain the same. - **Eye Gaze/eye to eye:** The way a person uses their eyes can communicate a great deal. Direct eye contact can show interest and engagement, while avoiding eye contact can suggest disinterest or dishonesty. The duration and intensity of eye contact also play a role in communication. **Purpose of Communication** - **To Inform**: Communication is often used to convey information, such as policy changes or project updates, ensuring that all team members are on the same page. - **To Request**: Employees may communicate to ask for help or clarification on tasks, which is crucial for maintaining workflow and productivity. - **To Persuade**: Communication can also aim to influence others\' opinions or actions, such as during negotiations or presentations. - **To Entertain**: Informal communication can serve to build relationships and lighten the mood within a team or group. - **To Confirm**: Communication is used to verify information or agreements, ensuring that all parties have a mutual understanding. - **To Argue:** This purpose of communication involves expressing disagreement or opposing viewpoints. It can be used to challenge assumptions, stimulate critical thinking, or work towards finding a solution. **Ethos:** Refers to the speaker\'s credibility and character, establishing trust and authority with the audience. It is built through expertise, experience, or moral integrity. **Pathos:** Focuses on the audience\'s emotions, aiming to evoke feelings such as empathy, fear, or excitement. **Logos:** Relies on logic and reason, presenting evidence, facts, and logical arguments to support claims. This approach is used to create clear arguments, address counterarguments, and provide supporting evidence. **Understanding Culture** - Culture shapes perspectives, interpretations, and self-expression. **Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Difference** Differences in: - Communication styles - Attitudes toward conflict - Decision-making styles - Approaches to knowledge **Codes Used in Communication** - **Verbal:** Words and voice. - **Non-Verbal:** Gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact, appearance, touch. **Multi-Cultural Communication:** Focuses on dynamics across cultures. **Local Multicultural:** Filipinos use non-verbal cues extensively and have a strong intuitive sense of implied meanings. **Multicultural vs. Intercultural** - **Multicultural:** Society with multiple cultural groups living alongside each other but not necessarily interacting. - **Intercultural:** Focuses on mutual exchange and relationship development. - **Cross-Cultural:** Compares cultures, often highlighting one as the norm. **Globalization** - Increasing interdependence of global economies, cultures, and populations through trade, technology, and information flow. - Influences global communication, enhancing business opportunities and reducing cultural barriers. **Blocks to Cultural Communication** a. **Ethnocentrism:** Viewing one\'s culture as superior. b. **Discrimination:** Unequal treatment based on minority status. c. **Stereotyping:** Generalizing individuals based on cultural assumptions. d. **Prejudice:** is a major barrier to cultural communication, involving the pre-judgment of individuals based on stereotypes and negative assumptions about their culture, ethnicity, or religion. e. **Cultural Blindness:** Ignoring cultural differences. f. **Cultural Imposition:** Belief that everyone should conform to the majority. g. **Tone Difference:** Formal tone may be perceived negatively in some cultures. **Allness** -- No one can know all or see all. Someone makes sweeping generalizations or claims to have complete knowledge about a topic, person, or group. **Static Evaluation** - mean any assessment or judgment that is made based on a fixed set of criteria or data, without considering any dynamic or changing factors. **Polychronic Culture** - prioritize relationships and flexibility over strict schedules. They view time as fluid and adaptable, allowing for interruptions and multitasking. **Monochronic Culture** - prioritize schedules, deadlines, and efficiency. They see time as linear and value punctuality and single tasking. **Language as Barriers** - **Vocabulary Equivalence** - Difficulty in finding direct word translations across languages. Nuances and emotional weight can differ (e.g., \"home\" in English vs. other languages). - **Idiomatic Equivalence** - have figurative meanings that differ from literal meanings. Cultural context is crucial for accurate translation (e.g., \"to kick the bucket\" may not translate effectively). - **Experiential Equivalence** - Challenges in communicating culturally specific experiences. Difficulty in conveying the nuances of cultural traditions (e.g., explaining a holiday celebration). - **Conceptual Equivalence** - Communication of concepts that vary in understanding across cultures. Awareness of differing meanings (e.g., \"freedom\") is essential for sensitive communication. **Type of speech acts** - **Locutionary Act:** The words themselves. - **Illocutionary Act:** The speaker\'s intended meaning. - **Perlocutionary Act:** The effect on the listener. **Methods of Speech Delivery** **Overview of Delivery Methods** - **Impromptu Speech**: A spontaneous form of delivery with little to no preparation, ideal for situations requiring quick responses. - **Extemporaneous Speech**: A planned but not memorized speech, allowing for a natural flow while referencing notes. - **Memorized Speech**: A speech that is fully committed to memory, providing a polished and confident delivery but can lack spontaneity. - **Manuscript Speech**: A speech that is read verbatim from a written document, ensuring accuracy but may come off as less engaging. **Conflict management styles in cultural contexts** - **Integrating:** Finds solutions that satisfy everyone\'s needs through open communication and compromise. Preferred in collaborative cultures. - **Compromising:** Each party gives something up for a mutually acceptable solution. Effective in cultures that avoid direct confrontation. - **Avoiding:** Withdraws from conflict or avoids confrontation. Can be effective for minor issues or high-risk situations but can lead to unresolved issues. Common in harmony-focused cultures. - **Obliging:** Gives in to the other party\'s demands. Useful when the issue is unimportant or maintaining a positive relationship is crucial. Prevalent in cultures with deference to authority. - **Dominating:** Uses power to force a solution. Effective when there\'s a clear advantage or a need for quick decisions but can damage relationships. More common in assertive, direct cultures. **Messages can obscure distinction** - **Indiscrimination:** Overgeneralizing and failing to recognize individual differences, leading to stereotypes and prejudice. This prevents seeing individuals for who they are, rather than as members of a group. - **Polarization:** Viewing issues in extreme terms, ignoring nuances and the possibility of middle ground. This creates a \"us vs. them\" mentality, hindering constructive dialogue and compromise. - **Static Evaluation:** Holding onto outdated perceptions of people or situations, failing to acknowledge change or growth over time. This leads to inaccurate and unfair judgments. **Form of informal communication** - **Expediting:** This is about speeding up a process or getting information quickly. It often involves using informal channels to bypass formal procedures. - **Circumventing:** This means going around or avoiding formal channels or procedures. It can be used to get something done faster or to bypass obstacles. - **Contradicting:** This means disagreeing with or challenging something that has been said or done, often in a casual or informal way. - **Expanding:** This means adding to or elaborating on information that has already been shared, often in a casual or informal way. - **Supplementing:** This means adding information to or supporting what has already been shared, often in a casual or informal way. - **Confirming:** This means verifying or ensuring that information is accurate, often in a casual or informal way. **Interview** -- a two-party conversation in which at least one person has a specific, serious purpose - It is a formal encounter or conversation between two or more people, often undertaken to assess a candidate's qualifications, abilities, experiences, and appropriateness for a job or post. **Mentor** -- a person who acts as a guide, trainer, coach teaches you the rules of an organization that comes from the firsthand experience. **Pamphlets** -- prove to be especially valuable in scenarios where the mass media can only reach a portion of the population. **Press release** -- a written communication sent to media outlets, announcing news or events related to an organization. **Pamphlets** -- a small, often folded, printed sheet of paper that contains information or promotional material. **Multimodal Advocacy** -- refers to the use of multiple communication channels to promote a cause, idea, or initiative. **Aspects that need to consider in conducting interview** **Place** -- "Making sure that is free of distractions". **Time** -- "it ensures that they interview progresses smoothly and efficiently". **Purpose of the opening of an interview** - To build rapport and establish a positive tone **Aspects of Language** - **Language syntax** -- It\'s the rules that govern how words are arranged to form grammatically correct sentences. Think of it as the blueprint of a sentence. - **Language semantic** - It\'s the study of how words and sentences convey meaning, considering context and how meaning can shift depending on the situation. Think of it as the content and purpose of a sentence. **four key types of communication within an organization** - **Upward communication** -- Flows from lower levels of an organization to higher levels. - **Downward communication** -- Flows from higher levels of an organization to lower levels. - **Vertical communication** -- Encompasses both **upward** and **downward** communication. - **Horizontal communication** -- Flows between individuals or departments at the same level of an organization. **FOUR COMMUNICATION STYLES** - **Submissive style** - Prioritizes the needs of others over their own. - **Dominant Style** - Assertive, direct, and takes charge. - **Assertive Style** -- Communicates needs and opinions clearly and respectfully, while acknowledging others\' perspectives. - **Persuasive style** -- Focuses on influencing others to see their point of view, using logic, reasoning, and emotional appeals. **Four key aspects of the self** - **Moral self** -- Your sense of right and wrong, values, ethics, and principles that guide your behavior. - **Physical self** -- Your body image, physical abilities, and perception of your physical appearance. - **Emotional self** -- Your ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions. - **Intellectual self** -- Your curiosity, love of learning, critical thinking skills, and desire to understand the world. **Learning** -- It allows people to gather information about themselves, other people, past, beliefs, and attitude. **Communication as social context** -- the activity of producing, transmitting and receiving meaningful symbolic messages in an environment such as schools, church or any social gathering **Communication as a process** focuses on the steps involved in communication but doesn\'t emphasize the influence of the surrounding environment. **Communication as interaction** highlights the two-way nature of communication but doesn\'t specifically address the social context. **70%** of human beings spend in daily time communication 1. **ARTS APPRECIATION** **Painting** -- Application of color/pigment to surfaces (paper, wood, canvas, metal) using mixed paint in a binder. **Sculpture** -- Three-dimensional artwork created through carving, modeling, assembling, or casting with various media; can be free-standing or in relief. **Architecture** -- Art and science of designing and constructing buildings and environmental features. **Line** -- Basic element of art defined as a visible path traced by a moving point. **Triadic Color** -- A set of three colors forming a triangle on the color wheel. **Primary Colors** -- Blue, Red, Yellow **Secondary Colors** -- Orange, Green, Violet. **Analogous Color Harmony** -- Uses 3 to 4 neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures. **Visual Rhythm** -- Characterized by the repetition of a single motif. **Tempera** -- Fast-drying painting medium made from pigment mixed with a glutinous material (usually egg yolk). **Acrylic** -- Quick-drying synthetic medium in contemporary painting favored for ease of use and versatility. **Cubism** -- Non-representational or non-figurative imagery in Western art; may involve distortion or simplification of forms. **Lamberto Hechanova** -- Notable Philippine sculptor known for \"Crucifix\". **Solomon Saprid** -- Notable Philippine sculptor known for \"Tikbalang\". **Abdulmari Imao** -- Notable Philippine sculptor known for \"Sarimanok\"; national artist for visual arts. **Juan Arellano** -- Architectural designer of the Manila Metropolitan Theatre. **Tomas Mapua** -- first Filipino registered architect; built Philippine General Hospital and DLSU La Salle building. **Antonio Toledo** -- Architectural designer of the Manila City Hall. **Cambodia** -- Known for Angkor Wat. **Origami** -- Art of paper folding, originated from Japanese art style in the 17th century. **Wayang Kulit** -- Traditional shadow play from Indonesian art style. **White** -- Resulting color from combining all primary-colored lights. **Complementary Color Harmony** -- Using yellow and violet in painting. **Architect\'s Goal** -- To meet the needs, satisfaction, and demand of men. **Assemblage** -- Additive technique in sculpting involving putting different objects or scraps together. **Carlos Francisco** -- Painter/muralist from Angono, Rizal, known as \"Botong\". **Casting** -- Process used to create identically produced small figurines for sale. **Brush and Ink** -- Instruments/media popularized in Chinese painting. **Surrealism** -- Western art movement inspired by the subconscious mind. **Gothic** -- Art period focused on architecture, emphasizing the power of God through cathedrals. **Napoleon Abueva** -- Father of modern sculpture, skilled in various materials. **RA NO. 10066** -- Act for the protection and conservation of national cultural heritage. **Ibanag** -- Dominant ethnic group in Cagayan province, mainly lowland farmers. **Salakot** -- Woven Hats for Sun Protection, Tribal people and farmers in Bontoc wear traditional straw hats. **Paete, Laguna** -- is known as the \"Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines.\" **Vigan City** -- is referred to as the \"Intramuros of the North\" for its preserved Spanish colonial architecture. **Folk Drama - Komedya/Moro-Moro** -- Originated in the 17th century, typically performed during **All Saints Day**. **Artist\'s Expression** -- The finished product of an artist\'s creativity is referred to as **Art**. **Ritual Dance in Cordillera** -- The **Caniao** dance symbolizes triumph and hopes for a good harvest. **Father of Spanish Zarsuela -- Severino Reyes** is recognized as the father of Spanish Zarsuela in the Philippines. **Poetry** -- is a significant form of literary art. **Poem** -- is categorized as a literary art, not a performing art. **Color** -- is the most important element in visual arts. **Composer of National Anthem** -- **Julian Felipe** composed the music for \"Lupang Hinirang,\" with lyrics by **José Palma**. **Painting** -- is considered a form of fine art. **Subtractive sculpture** -- Removing material to create a form (like carving). **Additive sculpture** -- Building up a form by adding materials (like modeling clay or welding). **Band** -- A musical ensemble primarily using wind instruments. **Rondalla** -- A traditional Filipino ensemble featuring stringed instruments. **Dance** -- Using rhythmic movements to express ideas and emotions. **Dancer** -- The most important element, embodying the movements and story. **Costume** -- The attire worn by dancers, enhancing the presentation. **Dance as exercise** -- Requiring physical coordination and strength. **Dance as a social activity** -- Bringing people together for shared experiences. **Dance as a religious function** -- Used for worship and ceremonies. **Tinikling** -- Dancing around rhythmically moving bamboo poles. **Pandanggo sa Ilaw** -- Balancing lit candles on glasses while dancing. **Make-up artist** -- Applies make-up to actors, altering their appearance. **Story** -- The foundation of a play, providing the narrative and themes.