Purposive Communication PDF

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 3.​ Symbols Midterms ​ In Palta’s definition, symbol is Lesson 1: Basics of Communication represented by language and in Ober and Ne...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 3.​ Symbols Midterms ​ In Palta’s definition, symbol is Lesson 1: Basics of Communication represented by language and in Ober and Newman’s, it is indicated 4 KEY TERMS (Wood, 2012) by spoken or written words and facial expressions, gestures and 1.​ Process voice qualities. For others, it is embedded in the term message. ​ Process implies continuity. In the ​ All these suggest the use of symbols context of communication, one never in communication. When people stops from communicating as it is an communicate, they rely on symbols ongoing activity. It is a dynamic as it – a concrete representation of continually changes. Communication something abstract. is never static. ​ Communication is considered a 4.​ Meanings process because it is an activity in itself. It is not an object that you can ​ At the heart of communication is just simply perceive using one of meaning. It can be viewed as an your senses. But it is an activity in “end” in itself. This means that when which you participate. (Pearson et. people communicate, they attach al., 2011) meaning to the symbols they use (either verbal or non-verbal) with the 2.​ System intent that the person/s they are communicating with share the same ​ Wood (2012) defined system as meaning as intended. interrelated parts that affect one ​ Communication has two levels of another. It is a collection not of meaning: content level and random parts, but of organized relationship level (Wood, 2014; wholes. For instance, in classroom Pinker, 2008; Watzlawick, Beavin & communication, each student of the Jackson, 1967) class is part of the system. ​ Communication is likewise affected by the larger system within which it operates. For example, culture is considered a large system. ​ Thus, to effectively communicate and interpret the message, it is important to understand the system (culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliation and others) within which communication takes place. Communication: 4. Feedback: It is the receiver’s verbal and -​ continuous activity (process) that non-verbal response to the source’s operates within a certain context message. (system) in which people exchanged 5. Code: It is a systematic arrangement of words, gestures, and other verbal symbols used to create meanings in the and nonverbal (symbols) behavior to mind of another person. create and understand information 6. Encoding and Decoding: Encoding is or messages (meaning). defined as the process of translating an idea or thought into a code. On the other hand, Harold Laswell (1948) decoding is the process of assigning -​ a political scientist, produced a set of meaning to an idea or a thought. questions to conveniently describe 7. Noise or Barrier: In the context of what comprises communication. The communication, noise refers to any following are the questions and their interference in the encoding and decoding corresponding components of processes which affect the clarity and communication. understanding of a message. Elements of Communication THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS -​ Pearson et al. (2011) provided more comprehensive components of 1.​ Linear Model: Also called the communication which include transmission model. A linear model people, messages, codes, channels, assumes that communication is feedback, encoding and decoding transmitted in a straightforward and noise or barrier. manner from a sender to a receiver. This clearly reflects that Comprehensive Components of communication is a one-way Communication process. ​ Laswell’s model: In this model, 1.People: They are the ones involved in the communication flows in one direction communication process. They have the from the sender (who?) with the roles of being the source who initiates a message (says what?) which is sent message and the receiver as the intended via a certain medium (in what target of the message. channel?) towards the receiver to 2.Message: This is the verbal and bring about a certain result (with non-verbal form of idea, thought, or feeling what effect?). that one intends to communicate to another person or group of people. Verbal message pertains to the language one utters while non-verbal message refers to gestures, body movements, sign languages, and facial expressions that carry with them their own meaning. 3. Channel: it refers to the means with which the message is delivered. ​ Shannon-Weaver’s Model -​ It depicts communication as varying (not constant) and dynamic (not static). -​ The outer lines in the model indicate that communication occurs within systems that influence what and how people communicate. The system may include culture, context, and family background. 2.​ Interactive Model: In this model, -​ Finally, the model does not the personal fields of experience, label one as the sender and whether shared or not by the the other as the receiver. communicators are very important. Instead, are communicators According to Schramm, the who actively, equally, and communicators’ fields of experience simultaneously participate in explain why misunderstanding the communication process. occurs. Schramm pointed out that when there are more overlaps in the In sum, the transactional model is a model communicator’s fields of experience in which people interact with and through (meaning they share the same symbols over time to share and create experience), the better they meaning. understand each other. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION 3.​ Transactional Model: This model was adapted from Wood (1997) in 1.​ Communication is transactional - response to the failure of the It is a two-way process which interactive model to portray the involves an exchange. When the dynamism of human communication. message is sent, a reply is ​ Key features: expected. -​ It has a time element which 2.​ Communication is inevitable – It is influences how people impossible not to communicate. The communicate. For instance, moment you wake up, you already freshman college students start communicating by merely are more reserved at the thinking of how your day will look start of the semester since like. they are still getting to know 3.​ Communication is goal oriented - their classmates. This will When you communicate, you have change overtime as they goals in mind. You do not just say become more comfortable something or write a message on a with their classmates due to piece of paper for no reason at all. their frequent interaction. Your goal can be persuading, entertaining, informing or expressing  one's feelings, ideas or emotions; to build and maintain relationships and ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION to influence others are some of the purposes of communication. Ethical consideration in communication 4.​ Communication's various levels - shapes how you communicate. Ethics deals There are various levels of with one's judgment of rightness or communication: intrapersonal, wrongness, appropriateness or interpersonal, small group and public inappropriateness of a course of action or or mass. The intrapersonal level decision. It is a set of moral principles refers to the communication that guiding the society to maintain social order. occurs when we do “self-talk” or Below are some guidelines for becoming an engage in self reflection. ethical communicator. 5.​ Communication is complex – You may perceive communication as 1. Ethical communicators are honest. In simply sending a text message, communicating your thoughts, ideas and talking over the phone, or using feelings, you must be truthful. Good hand gestures. However, communicators never lie and deceive other communication is so complex that it people. entails a lot of processes which can 2. Ethical communicators are aware of occur simultaneously or the consequences of their thoughts and successively. Likewise, there are actions. You need to think before you implications and considerations communicate whether it is in the spoken or which are perceived consciously or written form. Delete, communicate can ruin unconsciously. your reputation. Thus, you need to take 6.​ Communication can be learned – accountability for what you are doing and Despite the complexity of what you are saying. communication, it is still a skill which can be learned. Lesson 2: Communication in 7.​ Communication is relational – In Multicultural Context any communication setting, aside from sharing meaning, the process Communication Contexts of how meaning is created also 1.​ Physical context: pertains to the echoes two vital aspects of the environment where communication relationships of the communicators: takes place. It involves tangible immediacy and control. factors which can be easily 8.​ Communication is guided by perceived by the senses, such as culture – Culture may be defined as temperature, humidity, odor, lighting, a system of knowledge shared by a and noise level, among others. relatively large group of people. The 2.​ Personal context: the background system includes shared beliefs, of both the sender and the receiver values, symbols and behaviors. of the message. It includes their education, religion, socio- economic status, marital status, and beliefs  that greatly influence what and how ​ To increase awareness and to they communicate. develop competence in 3.​ Social context: the kind of communicating in a multicultural relationship that exists between the setting, it is essential to unlock some sender and the receiver. Over the cultural dimensions, provide years, most communication occurs examples, and explain how they in a virtual environment (e.g., email, affect communication as adapted by Facebook, Messenger, etc.) Verderber et al. (2015) from the consequently influencing the way early works of Edward T. Hall, and messages are sent, received and more recently, by Gerard Hendrik perceived. (Geert) Hofstede. 4.​ Psychological context: includes the emotions and feelings of the CULTURAL DIMENSIONS participants in the communication process. It involves their opinions, 1.​ The first dimension distinguishes judgments, prejudices, attitudes and collectivism from individualism. perception towards each other, collectivist culture values teamwork which can play part in the and collaboration while transmission of messages. Individualistic culture puts premium 5.​ Cultural context: one of the vital on self and personal fulfillment. considerations in communication. It 2.​ The second cultural dimension is includes the sets of beliefs, value context which has two categories: systems, guiding principles, and high and low. High-context culture assumptions based on one's race, uses subtle non-verbal behaviors ethnicity, age, gender, sexual and implicit information to convey orientation, gender identity and meaning while Low-context culture religion within which communication views explicit words as a way to happens. convey messages. 3.​ The third cultural dimension is COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE chronemics which pertains to the concept of time among cultures. It ​ A more holistic understanding of includes monochronic and communication necessitates polychronic cultures. Monochronic knowledge of culture and cultures advocate punctuality, timely appreciating cultural diversities. completion of tasks, and ​ As defined, culture is a set of unique accomplishment of one task at a and shared beliefs, values, and time. A polychronic culture has a norms that guide a certain group of more fluid and flexible concept of people on how to think, behave, and time. act. 4.​ The fourth cultural dimension is ​ Communication and culture are termed as uncertainty avoidance intertwined. In fact, they are which refers to the need to foresee inseparable. Culture influences what what is going to happen. and how you communicate. Low-uncertainty avoidance culture is  tolerant of unpredictable and valued in waiting for the outcomes of uncontrollable situations. It usually actions. Short-term orientation maintains as few rules as possible culture is characterized by being and allows for the spontaneity of very performance- driven. It responses to situations. emphasizes quick results, fulfillment High-uncertainty avoidance culture of social obligations, and efficient values precision and always revenue generation. Therefore, it attempts to anticipate risks to values rewards in the here and now. possibly reduce them. Long-term orientation culture is more 5.​ The fifth cultural dimension to be laid back in that it has more patience considered when communicating is in waiting for the outcomes of an the extent to how the equality or action. It values perseverance inequality of power is expected or towards the achievement of goals. accepted. This is referred to as power distance. Conversely, An understanding of these cultural high-power distance culture dimensions is integral to becoming an recognizes that unequal distribution effective intercultural communicator who is of power is normal. This type of competent in interacting and dealing with culture is evident in countries in the people and situations in multicultural and Middle East, and in Malaysia, diverse settings.As the adage says, Guatemala, Venezuela and “Ignorance of the law excuses no one.” The Singapore. Low-power distance same is true of cultural nuances and culture values equal distribution of differences. power. This is observed in the cultures of Austria, Finland, Lesson 3: VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL Denmark, Norway and USA. Though COMMUNICATION power exists, people from these cultures value democracy and Communication is not just confined to egalitarian behavior. speaking. It is actually possible without 6.​ The sixth cultural dimension pertains talking or uttering even a single word. For to gender-masculinity or femininity. instance, when you raise your eyebrow, you Masculine cultures advocate for are not saying anything but you are strict adherence to conventional conveying a message (either anger, gender roles and behaviors. In this irritation or disappointment). Thus, culture, masculine roles are more communication can either be verbal or valued than feminine roles. Feminine non-verbal. cultures, on the other hand, are based on the premise that men and Verbal communication uses spoken or women assume varieties of roles written words to communicate a message. and thus, are both valued regardless Alongside speaking, listening is an equally of their sex and gender. important skill for this type of 7.​ Finally, the last cultural dimension is communication to be successful. Non-verbal long term or short-term orientation communication is the use of body language, which refers to how patience is gestures, facial expressions, and even posture to communicate. Non-verbal For example, when speaking in a formal communication sets the tone of a setting, an English speaker is more likely to conversation, and can seriously undermine use features of prescribed grammar, like the message contained in your words if you pronouncing words ending in -ing with a are not careful to control it. For example, velar nasal instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. slouching and shrinking back in your chair “walking”, not “walkin”). Or she or he may during a business meeting may imply lack of choose more formal words (e.g. father vs. confidence or lack of interest in the meeting. dad, child vs. kid, and so on). She or he would also usually refrain from using Language is a set of arbitrary symbols contractions like “ain’t”. which create a possible combination of utterances primarily used for It may sound intuitive but the differences communication. It is arbitrary not because a between how one may talk on the street, symbol and the object or idea it represents with friends, during a job interview or when have a one-to-one correspondence. Rather, writing formal letters and emails are it is arbitrary because the users of the amazing, even though it is the same person language in a particular speech community speaking. have subconsciously or unconsciously agreed that a particular symbol or a word This is why a register is a language represents a particular idea or object. variation defined by use, not user. The Different speech communities use different same person may words for the same category. For instance, use more than one register depending on in the English language, the Americans use the context or social setting. the term “elevator” while the British use “lift” referring to the same thing – a type of Indeed, the term “register” was first used by vertical transportation that carries people or the linguist Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956, goods between floors of a building. To and popularized in the 1960s by a group of further understand these varieties and linguists who wanted to distinguish between registers of language, read the following language variations according to the user article: “It ain’t right, innit?” – About (“defined by variables like social language register in English by Shiar background, geography, sex and age”) and Youssef There is no difference in meaning. variations according to how and when the Both mean exactly the same thing. The only language is being used (“in the sense that difference is in the level of formality and each speaker has a range of varieties and ‘properness’. Linguists call this the language choices between them at different times”). register, sometimes also referred to as tenor, tone or style. Register should therefore be distinguished from other, identity-based types of language Put simply, a register is a variety of a variation, such as regional and age dialects, language used in a particular social setting, even though it often overlaps with them. It using certain words, phrases and should also be distinguished from jargon, contractions that are not normally used in which is technical terminology used for a other settings (or if they did, they may special activity or by a special group, such sound strange or out of place). as computer geeks, scientists, lawyers and so on. In a practical sense, the way you talk to your parents is different from the way you One of the most analysed areas where the talk to your teacher which is also entirely use of language is determined by the different from the way you converse with situation is the formality scale. The term your best friend. In talking to your teacher, “register” is often used as shorthand for you employ a more formal language formal/informal styles. But many would register, a more polite tone, and argue that this is a simplistic definition, well-thought-out words. On the other hand, because register is about more than just when you talk to your best friend, you use a formality, as we have already said. more informal language register, more casual and in a friendly tone. In one prominent model, Martin Joos (1961) describes five styles in spoken THREE TYPES OF REGISTERS English: frozen or static register, formal, consultative or participatory, casual and 1. Formal: This type of register is used in a intimate. professional context. It is highly structured, impersonal, and more serious in its tone, Foreign speakers may find it difficult – vocabulary, and grammar. It is common in especially if they are beginners – to switch the workplace, academe, business, trade between registers. This is called and other industries. Formal language is “code-switching” in linguistics. That is why usually employed when interacting with a they may sometimes sound like TV boss, facilitating a meeting, or attending presenters or politicians (i.e. very formal), formal gatherings such as conferences, even when speaking to close friends. Or seminars and the like. they may sound too informal, even rude, without intending to. 2. Informal: Informal language is casual, personal, and more intimate in its tone, The only solution to this is to familiarise sentence structure, and choice of words. yourself with the social and cultural This is appropriate when communicating associations of words and expressions – with people you know very well such as which is the basis of language registers. your family, relatives and friends. Informal register is used during informal gatherings Reading and listening to popular culture, such as family dinners, parties and other interacting with native speakers and so on informal encounters. and getting the register right will certainly get you higher marks in oral language tests 3. Neutral: This is a more factual and such Toefl or IELTS! non-emotional type of language register. This is mostly used in highly Language register refers to the level and business-oriented and technical contexts. style of spoken and written discourse The following is a further exploration of depending on the context you are in. It genres (text types), contexts, and language determines the vocabulary, tone, and features for each register. structure of your language.  Paralanguage: Use of Voice The voice should have intelligibility, variety and understandable patterns. Intelligibility pertains to the loudness of your voice, rate of your speech, pronunciation, and enunciation. Some people from other cultures tend to speak faster than others. For instance, most people in the USA speak between 100 and 200 words per minute. Variety refers to your pitch, force and pauses. If you vary these aspects of your voice, you can avoid monotony. Stress is the emphasis put on a certain syllable or word/s. Putting too much stress might be considered rude for some cultures; thus, it should be used judiciously and sparingly. Proxemics: Use of Space The technical term used to study how space and distance communicate is proxemics (Hall, 1968).There are three As categorized by Verderber et al. (2015), types: personal space, territorial space and non-verbal messages are grouped into four: acoustic space. a. Personal Space – This is the distance Kinesics: Use of Body one consciously maintains when interacting with others. The more intimate your The technical name for the interpretation relationship with another person, the more that comes along with motions when that you allow him or her to be near your someone communicate is kinesics. personal space. However, when it’s a This includes gestures, movements, stranger that talks to you, you would keep posture, eye contact, facial expressions, your distance. and touch. You have to be careful when you b. Territorial Space – This is the physical employ these physical movements as they space which implies your sense of authority may imply a different meaning in other and ownership. At home, you may have cultures. For instance, too much bowing of your own rooms. You and your siblings Japanese may be laughed at, but it should usually have separate beds and closets. At not be the case because that is their way of work, employees have their own cubicles or expressing courtesy desks which also set them apart from others. You might have probably heard a remark “He/She is so territorial.” This ​ Mediated – it suggests that there are implies that the person puts premium on his other options by which one can or her privacy and exclusive ownership of communicate. territorial space. He or she does not want others to “invade” that space since it Related to globalization is diversity – the suggests taking over his or her territory and concept that endures respect, acceptance overpowering his or her supremacy (as in and understanding. It recognizes their age, the case of a boss to subordinates). gender, race, ethnicity, culture, c. Acoustic Space – This is the area where socio-economic status, educational the voice of the speaker is either heard or background and ideologies. not. Competent speakers take this into account and accordingly adjust their volume How people communicate has evolved and rate of speech to match the space or significantly over the years. The most make their voice audible. significant development in communication is the advent of smartphones and the Chronemics: Use of Time accessibility of the internet that has made As previously discussed, chronemics communication fast, accessible, virtual, and refers to how people perceive and value global. time. In a monochronic culture, “time is of the Communication has now become essence.” Thus, when you see people start “mediated.” This suggests that there are looking at their watch or at the clock every other options by which one can now and then in a classroom, it may mean communicate such as: that the class may already be running over time. It can also be a sign of lack of interest. Text messaging However, in a polychronic culture, people Video calling/conferencing usually consider the “luxury of time”, so Emailing waiting Chatting online is not an issue. In both cases, participants Posting on social media have to be sensitive and mindful of others’ schedule or use of time. Most people share the same views that technological advances in communication Lesson 4: Communication and have posed alarming concerns and issues Globalization in communication both at the local, political and global levels scale. ​ Globalization – a term that implies the growth of economic, political and In conclusion, as an effective communicator, cultural assimilation and you have to be aware of these issues. You interconnectedness of different should be able to make informed decisions cultures which result in the and influence other people to be ethical and integration of people across the responsible in the use of technology which globe. should serve as a platform to celebrate and respect diversity. Lesson 5: Communication for a Purpose It may adhere to technical jargon when needed or to suit the audience to which it is Purposive Communication directed. Specific work-relevant -​ communicating for various purposes communication skills have to be mastered to ensure that intended messages come Social Communication clear. -​ It involves interpersonal language exchange of thoughts and ideas with Lesson 6: Conveying Messages through common ends among people. Written Communication Technical Communication Written Communication: a form of -​ certain predictable patterns are communication which involves writing observed lending itself to the formal Three-Poled Frame: Adlous Huxle’s frame and professional manner. of reference where the essay is anchored. Opinion Essay: presents an argument with The basic rule in communication, whether in three reasons: to convince, influence and oral or written form, is to express and not to persuade. impress. In the 21st century, this is especially true since communication is a Mastering the basic structure in essay vital component in fostering productive writing is the foundation for effectively learning and working environments to get communicating through written materials. thing done in the shortest time possible. Whoever the audience and whatever the purpose, writing an essay to inform or Conventional ways of disseminating persuade entails the following steps: information have evolved into digitization, hence the emergence of digital ​ Decide on the topic communication in which ‘writers are almost ​ Prepare an outline or diagram of always everywhere. your ideas ​ Formulate a thesis statement Purposive communication is more than ​ Write the introduction just conveying intended messages for ​ Write the body human discourse. It is communicating for ​ Decide on the main points various purposes. It recognizes that the ​ Write the supporting ideas content of a message is reliant on a ​ Elaborate on the supporting ideas purpose in order to generate the desired ​ Write the conclusion outcome of communication. ​ Add information, when needed, upon editing and proofreading. Purposive communication is transactional communication. It involves METHODS OF PARAGRAPH social and technical communication. It is DEVELOPMENT social in nature for it involves the interpersonal exchange of thoughts and Definition– explains the meaning of a ideas with common ends among people. concept or an idea by showing the details, giving examples, describing, analyzing using symbols, antonyms and the like; explains technical terms and jargon to THE OPINION ESSAY prepare the intended reader for the topic to be discussed. The opinion essay presents an argument for the following reasons: Classification– breaks down information into parts in order to simplify a concept or to To convince others that one’s stand on an explain a series of things by discussing their issue is reasonable; individual parts. To influence others in their way of thinking; and Process– describes a series of connected To persuade others to change their views actions chronologically, in which the and take the desired action. outcome is a product, a natural phenomenon, a mechanical process, or an BUILDING BLOCKS OF FORMULATING effect of some kind. AN ARGUMENT Comparison and Contrast– discusses ​ Claim: Verifiable Statements or the reason of a state, condition, or a facts. Issues or faith or belief. phenomenon and its consequences or Matters of simple opinion or results. personal taste. ​ Reason: Must be supported by Narration– tells a story in the order of reasons that the audience will occurrence. accept. ​ Evidence: Support Facts, Statistics, THE ESSAY IN A THREE-FOLDED Examples, Authorities, Anecdote FRAME Case studies, Actual evidences ❑ Personal (autobiographical)– when a FORMULATING AN OPINION ESSAY writer utilizes autobiography to be able to describe what he wants to convey. 1.​ Introduction: Establish an argument that exists by discussing its ❑ Concrete-particular (objective background. Take a position (thesis). factual)– when a writer anchors his 2.​ Body: Provide evidence/s to defend judgments and perceptions on relevant and your position. Refute the position factual data. with evidence paragraphs. 3.​ Conclusion: Restate your position in ❑ Abstract-universal– when a writer relies terms of the argument defended or on better abstractions than on personal refuted. experiences or facts. Lesson 7: Expressing oneself through MAJOR REASONS WHY AN ESSAY IS Oral Communication WRITTEN A “sight between” and a “view between” two ❖ To inform, to explain and to persuade. or more interlocutors in oral communication is more than just a conversation. Oral best used when accepting awards, communication is the functional exchange introducing speakers, or making of ideas and thoughts that aims to be announcements; for speakers interactive. This type of communication trained and practiced to memorize requires the mastery of speaking and long passages of text; for presenting listening skills. It is necessary that in the the same ideas a number of times process of oral communication, a two-way (e.g., preachers and teachers). flow of information and ideas is facilitated. ​ Impromptu speech –This is TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO delivered with little or no preparation, PURPOSE usually about a topic that the speaker knows well. It is “thinking on Expository or Informative– meant to one’s feet” or “speaking off the cuff” explain or describe facts, truths, and (Beebe and Beebe, 2013) for it is principles to educate audiences. Methods usually presented with no guide used in informing include definition, notes or outline and with only a little description, comparison and contrast, time of advance notice for narration and demonstration. preparation. Persuasive– designed to convince and ​ Extemporaneous speech – This is encourage listeners to reinforce, change, or researched and planned ahead of adopt attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, time but the exact wording is not convictions or values based on propositions scripted. It may make use of notes presented. The most effective or an outline for guidance on key organizational patterns used in persuasive ideas, structure and delivery cues. speeches are problem-solution, comparative advantages, cause-effect, Principles of Effective Speech Delivery reason- giving and motivated sequence. Articulation – producing clear and distinct Entertainment– delivered to provide fun, sounds laughter, or invite listeners to join in any Modulation – adequate volume of the celebration. voice accompanied by the appropriate pitch level and good voice quality. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO Facial expressions, gestures and DELIVERY movements – appropriateness and proper timing. ​ Reading from a manuscript – This Stage presence – naturalness, is the most formal type of delivery composure and confidence before the and the most effective to have the listeners. greatest control on how the speech Rapport with the audience – is worded. attentiveness to reactions or shifts in listening patterns; openness to questions ​ Memorized Speech – This is the raised. most challenging to get through. It is Silence – room for pauses and silence  Ten Commandments of Oral Communication 1. Believe in what you say 2. Believe in the people to whom you speak 3. Live what you say 4. Know when you say it 5. Know why you say it 6. Know how to say it 7. Have fun saying it 8. Show it as you say it 9. Say it so people can own it 10.Say it so people will do it