Purposive Communication Models PDF

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION MODULE 1 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION 6. Cbeh nv- Nonverbal behavioral cues 7. Cbeh v- Verbal behavioral cues...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION MODULE 1 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION 6. Cbeh nv- Nonverbal behavioral cues 7. Cbeh v- Verbal behavioral cues LINEAR COMMUNICATION 8. M- message One-way process of communication Sender INTERACTIVE MODEL Encoding (Convergence model) Sender to receiver, vice versa Decoding Message SCRAMM’S MODEL Channel (William Scramm- father of mass communication) Receiver Field experience- things that influences the understanding Noise of message LASSWELL’S MODEL 1. (Field Experience)- source, encoder (Harold D. Laswell, 1948) most influential communication 2. Signal model 3. (Field Experience)- decoder, destination 1. Who- sender 2. Says what- message EUGENE’S MODEL 3. Channel- medium Circular, no beginning & end 4. To whom- receiver 5. With what effect- feedback FUNCTION, NATURE & PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION ARISTOTLE Communication- process of sharing & conveying First & earliest linear model information 1. Speaker 2. Message NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 3. Audience 1. Communication is a process 4. Effect 2. It occurs between two or more people 3. Expressed through VERBAL & NON-VERBAL BERLO’S SMCR MODEL communication (David Berlo, 1949) 1. Source- attitudes, knowledge ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION 2. Message- content, treatment 1. Speaker- source of information 3. Channel- main senses (hearing, tasting) 2. Message 4. Receiver- attitude, knowledge 3. Encoding- process of converting message 4. Channel- medium/means TRANSACTIONAL MODEL 5. Decoding- process of interpreting message Two-way communication (Interpersonal communication) 6. Receiver 7. Feedback- response SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL 8. Context- environment takes place (Warren Weaver & Claude Shannon, 1948) Exchange of 9. Barrier- factors affecting communication message between sender & receiver Telephone model- concept of noise FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Information source 1. Control- function to control behavior 2. Transmitter 2. Social interaction- allow individual to interact Noise- signal 3. Motivation- encourage people to live 3. Receiver 4. Emotional expression- express feelings 4. Destination 5. Information dissemination- convey information 5. Feedback BARLUND’S MODEL TYPES OF COMMUNICATION (Dean Barlund, 1970) circular, multi-layered feedback system ACCORDING TO MODE 1. P- person 1. Verbal communication- spoken/written 2. D- decoding KISS- keep it simple 3. E- encoding 2 Types: 4. Cpu- Public cues a. Oral communication- spoken words 5. Cpr- Private cues b. Written communication-written/symbols sign 1  N.N.M 2. Non-Verbal communication- action/gestures COMMUNICATION W/IN & ACROSS CULTURES 3. Visual communication- visual image/symbol KINDS OF RESPONSES 1. Avoiding- refuse to comply in culture according ACCORDING TO CONTEXT to principles that differ from us 1. Interpersonal communication- 2 or more people 2. Accommodating- accept different ethical 2. Intrapersonal communication- in own mind system 3. Extended communication- use of electronic 3. Forcing- insist the way we believe is ethnically 4. Organizational communication- organizational proper context 4. Educating-Persuading- convince people why our a. Formal- positions in organization ethnical principle is more appropriate Downward- upper to lower 5. Negotiating-compromising- each party give up Upward- lower to upper something to settle Horizontal- same level, different 6. Collaboration-Problem Solving- work together to department face problem Crosswise- different levels b. Informal- (grapevine) unofficial channel GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL message flow COMPETENCE Organizational culture- expected commitment Intercultural Competence- ability to function effectively 5. Intercultural communication- people having across culture differences 1. Widen your field of experience by making new contacts ACCORDING TO PURPOSE & STYLE 2. Learn about history & the experience & 1. Formal communication- use of formal language aspiration of people from different culture 2. Informal communication- ordinary conversation 3. Examine yourself for possible stereotypes 4. Look at the world from someone else’s way of ETHICAL PRINCIPLES looking at & thinking about something, not just yours Ethics of communication- how ones governed by ones 5. Work on becoming more self-confident moral & how this in turns affect the way we communicate 6. Appreciate cultural similarities & differences 7. Acknowledge the essential equality & value of all GLOBALIZATION cultures Spread of products, technology, information & jobs 8. Be sensitive & interpret cultural styles of across national borders & cultures communication Global Village- world as a single community linked by BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION telecommunications 1. Ethnocentrism- own belief is much better, than (Herbert Marshall McLuhan, 1964) others Culture- patterns & shared behavior & beliefs of a group 2. Stereotypes & prejudices Stereotype- giving generalized negative CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE traits of other culture 1. Culture is Learned- (not inborn/inherit) it is Prejudice- unfair thought to person acquired knowledge through understanding because of its race, age etc. 2. Culture is Shared- people act w/other people 3. Assumed similarities- assume that all groups around them behave in the same way they do 3. Culture is Multi-faceted- (cultural universals) 4. Anxiety- fear or apprehension people are surrounded by cultural norms 5. Language barrier 4. Culture is Dynamic- culture constantly change 5. Cultural identities are overlapping- cultures IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON COMMUNICATION work together, while others clash 1. Technology provides us unlimited information 2. It creates opportunities for meeting new people ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES 3. Helps us keep in touch with family friends Cultural diversity- quality of diverse/ different culture anywhere in the world 4. Brings diversity to our new culture & our lives 1. Cultural Integration- exchanging of culture & 5. Foster better cooperation among different maintain their own cultural groups 2. Cultural Assimilation- fully adopting others 6. It isolates us culture 7. It can make us create second lives 3. Multiculturalism- having different culture 4. Cultural accommodation- adopting culture & ADDITIONAL NOTES maintaining parent culture Culture shock- feel unfamiliar way of life due to new 5. Separation- (outsiders) refuse to interact culture w/other culture 4 STAGES 1. Honeymoon phase- excited about the new surroundings 2  N.N.M 2. Negotiation phase- experience homesickness 2. ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE (ENL) Stereotype- help the mind of someone Non-native speakers learned English suffering from severe culture shock Outer circle: Philippines 3 Main types of reaction a. Rejecters- separate themselves from others 3. ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL) b. Adopters- embrace the new culture Non-native learned, but not usually used c. Cosmopolitan- adopt new culture, while Expanding circle: Japan, China, Korea keeping the original 3. Adjustment phase- 6 to 12 months usually LANGUAGE VARIETY begin to adopt Language variety- various form of language 4. Reverse culture shock- people adopt new culture, & hard to adopt the old culture 1. Dialect- the way people speak their native language LOCAL & GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN a. Regional dialect- spoken in particular MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS geographical area b. Sociolect- social group (income level) Multiculturalism- society that contains several cultural/ c. Ethnolect- spoken by specific ethnic group ethnic groups d. Idiolect- persons specific way of speaking Intercultural- effective communication that has different backgrounds 2. Accent- how people pronouns word 3. Creole- first language & mother tongue of FORMS OF INTERCULTURAL community 1. Inter-racial- communicating w/different races 4. Pidgin- different language communicates, but 2. Inter-ethnic- communicating w/different does not share common language ethnics 3. International- comm. w/representative from LANGUAGE REGISTERS different nations Language registers- particular way of using language 4. Intra-cultural- comm. Interacting w/members of same racial & ethnic group 1. Frozen- unchanged way (prayer) 2. Formal- professional (business present.) High-Context culture- tradition-linked communication adheres strongly to being indirect 3. Consultative- Offering advice 4. Casual- normal conversation Low-Context culture- works on straightforward 5. Intimate- 2 or more peoples relationship CULTURAL AWARENESS & SENSITIVITY Cultural Awareness- knowing that there are different BRITISH ENGLISH VS. AMERICAN ENGLISH culture British English- giving news of recent events Cultural Sensitivity- accepting differences w/out insisting (He just went home) that your own culture is better American English- simple past tense (He just gone home) VARIOUS CULTURAL & INTERCULTURAL MODE 1. Eye contact- act of looking into someone’s eye 2. Hand gestures 3. Greetings- bow, handshake ISSUES IN COMMUNICATION 1. Sexism- discrimination based on sex/gender Gender sensitivity- behavior that avoids discrimination 2. Racism- human divided into separate biological entities (races) POLITICAL CORRECTNESS Policies/measures to avoid offense or disadvantage VARIETIES & REGISTRERS OF SPOKEN & WRITTEN LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH 1. ENGLISH AS NATIVE LANGUAGE (ESL) Primary language of majority population Inner circle: USA, UK, Canada etc. 3