Purposive Communication Reviewer PDF

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION REVIEWER CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, KEY PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION: PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS (The Interpersonal Communication is—...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION REVIEWER CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, KEY PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION: PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS (The Interpersonal Communication is— inescapable, irreversible, complicated, and ❖Communication contextual) - process of creating and sharing meaning by using verbal and nonverbal symbols in varied CONTEXTS IN COMMUNICATION: contexts. - It is derived from the Latin word a. Psychological context – it is who you ‘’communicare’’ which means to share or to are, and what you as a sender or receiver make ideas common. bring to the interaction – your needs, desires, values, beliefs, personality, and so on. PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION b. Relational context – concerns your a. Source - the source is the sender of the reactions to the other person based on message. It begins with an idea that a sender relationships. wants to communicate. c. Situational context – deals with the b. Message – the message contains the idea the psycho-social “where” you are communicating. sender wants to convey to the receiver. d. Environmental context – which has to do c. Encoding – is the process of converting your with the physical “where” you are idea or thoughts of the information into verbal or communicating. nonverbal symbols. e. Cultural context – which includes all the d. Channel – is the manner in which your message learned behaviors and rules that affect the or information is conveyed or transmitted. Some interaction. Bodily movement, facial examples of channels are face-to-face expression, gesture, distance, and eye contact conversation, telephone call, video conference, or vary in different cultures. written. f. Social Norms - refers to the stated rules or e. Decoding - this is the receiver’s mental unstated norms that guide communication. processing of your message into the meaning suggested by the verbal or nonverbal symbols. COMMUNICATION MODELS f. Receiver – the person or group of people who 1. Transmission Model will get your message. - describes communication as a linear, one-way process in which a sender g. Feedback - is the receiver’s response or intentionally transmits a message to a reaction to your message. Feedback may be receiver positive or negative. It is important that we craft our messages carefully so we can achieve our desired feedback. h. Context – is the situation in which communication takes place. 1. Environment - Location, time and temperature 2. The relationship between the communicators 3. Their respective cultural backgrounds and experiences 4. the topic/subject of their communication 2. Interaction Model - a process in which participants alternate 2. Individual Dignity – preserve the dignity of positions as sender and receiver and generate others by not embarrassing them even if their meaning by sending messages and receiving ideas or beliefs are different from theirs. feedback within physical and psychological# context. 3. Accuracy – make sure that you provide correct information. Avoid spreading fake information. Check your facts before disseminating them. 4. Access to information – make sure that others have access to information. Do not use information to gain leverage against others. 5. Accountability – you have a responsibility for the consequences of your communication. 6. Audience – As an audience or a receiver of 3. Transaction Model information, you also have ethical - describes communication as a process in responsibilities. which communicators generate social realities (shared meaning, practices, and experiences of 7. Relative truth – respect the point of view of groups) within social, relational, and cultural others. Remember we do not have the same contexts. In short, we don’t communicate about realities. our realities; communication helps to construct our realities. 8. End vs. Means – the ends do not justify the means. We have to understand that no matter how ideal or good the results (end) we would like to achieve, it becomes unethical and, therefore, unacceptable if our means are immoral or illegal 9. Use of power – A bigger responsibility for the outcome lies on the shoulders of the person who is more powerful or who is in the position of authority. 10. Rights vs. responsibilities – In practicing MORAL vs. ETHICS our rights, we have to be responsible for others. In practicing our rights, we may be violating or ❖ Morals disrespecting the rights of others. - something that’s personal and normative - It is considered a personal code. Morals are our own set of rules, so others are neither CHAPTER 2: COMMUNICATION AND expected nor required to follow them. GLOBALIZATION ❖ Ethics ❖ GLOBALIZATION - the standards of “good and bad” - the increasing economic, political, and distinguished by a certain community or cultural integration and interdependence of social setting. diverse cultures. - Ethics are rules accepted and approved by - According to Thomas Friedman, author society, so they are imposed upon of The world is Flat: A Brief History of the everyone. TwentyFirst Century (2005), the process of globalization which he calls the “flattening” of the ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION: world is achieved through globalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and political 1. Mutuality - pay attention to the needs of liberalization. others, as well as yours. ❖ CULTURE “masculine” or “feminine” exists in the workforce - the learned and shared behavior of a or a family organization. community of interacting human beings. A system of beliefs, assumptions, and values Masculinity, according to Hofstede, refers to the shared by a group of people. degree of traditionally “masculine” values—assertiveness, materialism, and a lack of concern for others—that prevail in a society. In comparison, femininity emphasizes “feminine” values—a concern for others, for relationships, and for the quality of life. 3. Group Allegiance - A bipolar characteristic, also, of an individual and group orientation exists. In an individual orientation (individualism), an individual can change the standards of the culture, but in a group orientation CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE (collectivism), whose emphasis is on the group, 1. Cultures are learned, not innate. sacrificing everything for the group can change the 2. Cultures are shared. culture. 3. Cultures are multifaceted. 4. Cultures are dynamic. 4. Task Commitment 5. Cultural identities are overlapping. - In high-context cultures (Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and the Mediterranean), feelings and ADAPTATION TO NEW CULTURES: thoughts are not explicitly expressed; instead, one has to read between the lines and interpret 1. Cultural Integration – is a form of cultural meaning from one’s general understanding. Two exchange in which one group assumes the such high-context cultures are South Korea and beliefs, practices, and rituals of another Arab cultures. In such cultures, key information is group without sacrificing the characteristics embedded in the context rather than made explicit. of its own culture. HOW WE RESPOND TO CULTURAL 2. Cultural Assimilation – occurs when DIFFERENCES: members of one cultural group adopt the language, practices, and beliefs of another 1. Avoiding group, often losing aspects of their traditional 2. Accommodating culture in the process. 3. Forcing 4. Educating=Persuading 3. Multiculturalism – cultural diversity is 5. Negotiating=Compromising encouraged and valued as beneficial to 6. Collaboration=Problem Solving society. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL 4. Cultural Accommodation - refers to the COMMUNICATION : process by which individuals may take on values and beliefs of the host culture and 1. Ethnocentrism - refers to the belief that a accommodate them in the public sphere person’s culture (his “in-group” culture) is much while maintaining the parent culture in the better than any other group’s culture (an private sphere. “out-group”) culture, and the tendency for that person is to judge any of the out-group culture by NATURE OF COMMON CULTURAL using the norms of his “in-group” culture. PRACTICES : 2. Stereotypes are generalized negative traits 1. Leadership - The key characteristics of assigned to a group of people leadership is power and influence – the right to manipulate the outcome of health, welfare, 3. Prejudices is an unfair thought, belief, or feeling and critical decisions and protection of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality, gender, sexual, orientation 2. Work Productivity - A bipolar (marked by opposite extremes) characteristics of being 4. Assumed similarities is a baseless, ❖ Lexifier - A lexifier is the language that unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences provides the basis for the majority of where they exist. contact languages' vocabulary, or lexicon. 5. Anxiety is the fear or apprehension associated with either real or anticipated communication with people from another cultural group. CHAPTER 3: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS “Language, more than anything else, is the heart of the culture,” (Stevenson, as cited in Lee, 2017) ❖ Register Two major varieties or dialects of English: - variations according to use. - refers to particular varieties or styles of AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH speaking and writing which vary in their (They differ in vocabulary, pronunciation, and degrees of formality depending on the topic spelling) (what), purpose (why), context (where), and audience (who) Examples : American - British (Vocabulary) Elevator - Lift TYPE OF REGISTERS: Apartment - Flat Eggplant - Aubergine a. Very Formal, Frozen, or Static Register Drugstore - Chemist’s - This register is “frozen” in time and content Garbage Can - Dust Bin because it rarely or never changes poetry, The Lord’s Prayer, laws, marriage Examples : American - British (Spelling) vows, insurance policies Center - Centre Liter - Litre b. Formal or Regulated Registers Theater - Theatre - This is the formal and impersonal language, Color - Colour which is one-way in nature and used in Humor - Humour formal situations. books, news reports, magazine or journal The varieties of English used by three articles, business letters, official speeches, identified concentric circles of societies: and sermons. Inner Circle: England, USA, Canada, c. Neutral, Professional or Consultative Australia, and New Zealand Registers - This is the normal style of speaking between Outer Circle: (former colonies) India, Africa, people who use mutually accepted Nigeria, Pakistan, Malaysia, Singapore, language that conforms to formal societal Philippines, and Bangladesh standards. teacher and students, superior and Expanding Circle: China, Japan, Germany, subordinate, doctor and patient, and lawyer Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Korea, and and client. Taiwan d. Informal, Group, or Casual Register ❖ Lingua Franca - a language that is adopted - This is the informal language between friends as a common language between speakers and peers, which uses slang, vulgarities, whose native languages are different. and colloquialism. conversations, chats and emails, blogs, tweets, and personal letters. e. Very informal, personal, or intimate THREE KINDS OF SIGN : register - This is the private, intimate language 1. Symbol - a sign where the relation reserved for family members or intimate people. between signifier and signified is arbitrary. interactions between husband and are signified by convention and they have to wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, be learned by people (ex. Language) siblings, and parent and child. 2. Icon - Iconic signs have to refer to what they stand for. These are the signs that CHAPTER 4: EVALUATING MESSAGES resemble what they represent. (ex. Picture AND IMAGES of a dog is an icon of dog) ❖ Message - refers to any recorded 3. Index - the ones that provide a direct link messages – writing, audio-recording, between the signifier and signified. Cause video recording that is physically and effect relationship (ex. dark clouds refer independent of its sender and receiver. to rain, smoke refers to fire or a skull is an indexical sign of death.) ❖ Text - an assemblage of signs (such as words, images, sounds, and/or gestures) constructed and interpreted DENOTATION vs. CONNOTATION with reference to the conventions ❖ Denotation - the literal, dictionary ❖ Medium - used in a variety of ways. It definition of a word. It's the objective may include such broad categories as meaning. speech and writing or print and ❖ Connotation - the emotional or broadcasting, or relate to specific suggestive meaning associated with technical forms within the mass media. a word, beyond its literal definition. ❖ Semiosis - is concerned with everything that can be taken as a sign. In a semiotic sense, signs take the form of words, images, sounds, gestures, and objects. ❖ Language - Heart of the Culture Signs consist of signifiers (sounds and images) and signifieds (concepts); “the sign is the whole that results from the association of the signifier and the signified.” ❖ Signifier - Physical form of a Sign ❖ Signified - Concept that signifier refers to