GEPCM01X Language Supplemental 2024-2025 PDF

GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 Writing is derivative of speech LANGUAGE SUPPLEMENTAL...

GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 Writing is derivative of speech LANGUAGE SUPPLEMENTAL ★ Writing systems are always based upon Language change is normal systems of oral language which of Speakers of all languages employ a necessity develop first. range of styles and set of sub dialects ★ Of all the world’s languages, only about 5 percent have developed indigenous or jargons writing system. ★ Casual Style - depends on LANGUAGE social groupings ★ share understandings and meanings ★ Language - can only be called if it has a which are not complete enough to be system of rules (also known as grammar), called intimate a sound system, (phonology) and a ★ reserved for friend and insiders vocabulary (lexicon). ★ Formal Style - lectures, sermons, ★ purely human and non-instinctive method television newscasts, and the like. of communicating ideas, emotions, and ★ Jargons - Each speaker uses a number of desires (Sapir, 1921) jargons based upon his or her affiliation ★ system of arbitrary and vocal symbol with certain groups (Finocchiaro, 1965) ★ each have a job-related jargon into which they can shift when the situation demands it 5 Domains Language Language operates by rules ★ Phonology - rules of speech sounds, how phonemes are used ★ Every speaker of a language is unique; no one sounds exactly like everyone else. The ★ Morphology - rules of word structure, how language differs from region to region morphemes are used between social, occupational, and ethnic ★ Syntax - rules of sentence structure groups, and even from one speech situation to the next. ★ Semantics - rules relating to the meaning of language ★ Pragmatics - rules that occur within social situations 1  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 languages need to communicate but do ★ There are more than 7,100 languages in not share a common language the world today. ○ Chavacano in the Philippines and Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu Philippine Languages ★ Creole - pidgin that becomes the first language of the children, or the mother ★ There are 183 languages in thePhilippines tongue of a certain community ★ One national language ○ Gullah and the Patwa, is a creole in Jamaica ★ 2 official languages or lingua franca ★ 12 are declared official auxiliary languages Official Auxiliary Languages ★ 35 of these languages are considered endangered (31 threatened, 4 shifting), ★ Auxiliary language - particular ★ 11 are on the brink of extinction language, spoken in certain places, which ★ 2 are extinct supports or helps the national and/or official languages in their assigned functions Language Variety or Dialect ★ Dialect - not a language that is not distinct from a national language, but ★ A regional, stylistic, or social variety of a rather a variety of a language spoken in a language characterized by its own particular area of a country phonological, syntactic, and lexical ○ Tagalog is a language with several properties distinct varieties, such as Southern ★ Also called “lects”, these refer to the Tagalog (Laguna, Batangas) and different variants of a language that can Bulacan Tagalog ★ Minority Dialect - marker of identity, be sufficiently delimited from one another usually alongside a standard variety, by in terms of social, historical, or geo-spatial the members of a particular minority factors, thus forming language clusters ethnic group. ○ Sinama of the Badjaos in the Language varieties may also be grouped: Philippines and the ★ Pidgin - a new language that develops London-Jamaican variety in into situations where speakers of different Britain 2  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 ★ Intimate - reserved for special occasions, Language Register usually between only two people and often in private ★ Language Register - characterized by the ○ inside jokes between two high school friends or sweet nothing way a speaker uses language differently in whispered to your “special different social circumstances someone.” ★ Formal - used in professional, academic, Communication Principles and Ethics or legal settings where communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, ★ Communication - process of exchanging and restrained to specific rules verbal and or nonverbal information ○ research paper, government ○ To inform documents, business letters, and ○ To persuade in business presentations ○ To entertain ★ Frozen - historic language that is intended to remain unchanged Types of Communication ○ Philippine Constitution and the Holy Bible ○ Lord’s prayer, wedding vows ★ Verbal Communication - exchange of information through face to face, audio, ★ Consultative - conversations when and or video call or conferencing, lectures, people are speaking with someone who meetings, radio and television has specialized knowledge or is offering ★ Nonverbal Communication - use of the advice following to convey or emphasize a ○research paper, government message of information documents, business letters, and in business presentations ○ Voice – tone, speech rate, pitch, ★ Casual - when communicating with pauses friends, close acquaintances, colleagues, ○ Body language – facial expression, gestures, postures, and eye and family members contact ○ Birthday parties or family ○ Personal space or distance - area of gatherings space and distance that a person from a different culture, personality, age, sex and status adopts and puts for another person 3  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 ★ Written Communication - texts or words ★ Context - situation or environment in encoded or transmitted through memos, which communication takes place letters, reports, on-line chats, short ★ Barriers - factors that may affect the message service or SMS, electronic mail communication process or email, journals, and other ○ Noise, culture, status, past ★ Visual Communication - images, graphs, experiences, language use charts, logos, maps and other illustrations Types of Communication to convey information and/ or messages according to Context Communication Process ★ Intrapersonal Communication - talking to oneself, called as self-talk or inner monologue or dialogue ○ To boost your confidence when you are nervous ○ to speak in front of audience ○ Latin prefix inter means between, among, and together ★ Extended Communication - use of electronic media ★ Source - speaker or sender of a message ○ behavior may be influenced by ★ Message - message, information, or ideas other people, and you may be from the source or speaker persuaded to take the views you ★ Encoding - process of transferring the hear ★ Organizational Communication - message organizational context (enterprise, ★ Channel - means to deliver a message corporation, partnership, institution) such as face-to-face conversations, ○ Formal - allow communication to telephone calls, etc take place via designated channels ★ Decoding - process of interpreting an of message flow encoded message ○ Informal - comes from unofficial channels of message flow ★ Receiver - recipient of the message ★ Feedback - reactions or responses of the Approaches in Organizational Communication: receiver to the message from the sender ★ Downward Communication - flows from upper to lower positions 4  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 ★ Upward Communication - from ★ Tips for People with a Spirited lower-level employees or subordinates to Communication Style higher-level managers, supervisors, or 1. Respect decisions and agenda that have been executives within organization agreed upon, as well as time limits during ★ Horizontal Communication - takes place meetings or any communicative situation. among people belonging to the same 2. Try to limit your sharing of personal anecdotes level from different departments or units that may take the discussion off-topic. ★ Crosswise approach - diagonal in nature 3. Make sure you are allowing others to as employees from different units working contribute their ideas and suggestions – and that at various levels to communicate with you are genuinely listening to them. each other 4. Be certain that any request you make is clear and that you convey the reason for such a ★ Intercultural Communication - request. Communication between or among people ★ Tips for People with a Considerate having different linguistics, religious, Communication Style social and professional background 1̀. Recognize that other people’s opinions about ○ Cultural understanding may help topics are separate from their opinions about you. avoid any misunderstanding, 2. Realize that not everyone is comfortable misinterpretation, and potential discussing personal topics with colleagues. conflicts 3. Allow others to open personal matters before asking questions of that nature. Communication Style Matrix by Dr. Eileen M. Russo 4. Respect your own opinion as you respect that of others’. 5. Recognize that you don’t have to be friends with everyone, but you should treat others – and be treated – professionally. ★ Tips for People with a Direct Communication Style 1. Make an effort to listen carefully to others. Avoid interrupting. 2. Allow time for ‘chatting’ at the beginning of a meeting. 5  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 3. Recognize that others may also feel the need facts and observations may also be to express themselves. helpful ○ Organization - usually planned in 4. Recognize that brainstorming can be effective order to ensure the systematic and is not a waste of time. flow of ideas and transition from 5. Take some time to show your appreciation for one point to another ○ Empathy - sender of the message others’ contributions. should be sensitive to the needs and interests of the receiver Processes and Principles of Effective ○ Flexibility - Effective Communication communicators know how to adapt to the varying needs and ★ Effective communication - dependent on expectations of their audience, how rich those ideas are, and how much of and modify the message or the way the message is sent to avoid those ideas are retained in the process misunderstanding or ★ Effective communication requires a misinterpretation certain level of connection between and Ethics In Communication among people, allowing a series of exchanges of thoughts and emotions, ★ Effective communication is ethical eventually leading to mutual communication. Communication is ethical understanding. only when it is genuine, open, cooperative ○ Clarity - pertains to both the and sensitive to one’s cultural and social message and the purpose why the beliefs and practices. If there is an intent message has to be sent, message should be clear by using to conceal the truth, or bring damage to appropriate language and any organization, group or individual communication channels person, communication is considered ○ Conciseness - message should be as brief as may be required unethical. Even in situations when there is depending on one’s purpose, no intent to harm, but damage to a certain especially in most modern group is inevitable because of the contexts in the business and message or the channel used to relay the academic fields where time is of the essence message, it is still considered unethical. ○ Completeness - message should still be complete and accurate, background information should be Intercultural Communication given to provide better context; 6  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 ★ Culture - learned patterns of perception, ★ Individualism - most important unit in values, and behaviors, shared by a group society and a person’s right to privacy of people, that are dynamic and prevails over group consideration heterogeneous ★ Collectivism - group interest takes precedence over the individual, and MULTI CROSS- INTER CULTURAL CULTURAL CULTURAL people rely on their groups (family/work/religious, etc.) for all matter we live some comprehen- alongside reaching sive of support each other across mutuality, boundaries reciprocity and equality a society that deals with the deep contains comparison of understand- several different ing and cultural or cultures respect for all ethnic groups cultures High vs. Low Context ★ High Context - mostly non-verbal and there are well-defined social protocols ★ leave much of the message unspecified to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the lines interpretation of what is actually said ★ Low Context - verbal messaging contains Cross-Cultural Communication most of the information Typologies ★ admiration for people that can speak up and express themselves Individualism v. Collectivism Sequential vs. Synchronic 7  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 ★ Sequential - Business people give full very powerful tool in light of digital and attention to one agenda item after multicultural communication another ★ if it uses two or more communication ○ North America, English, German, modes to make meaning Swedish and Dutch ○ Paper (books, comics, posters, ★ Synchronic - viewed as a sort of circle, brochures) with the past, present, and future all ○ Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web pages, interrelated ○ social media, animation, film, video ○ South America, Southern Europe games) and Asia ○ Live (performance or an event) Affective vs. Neutral ○ Transmedia (A story is told using ★ Affective - people show their feelings multiple delivery channels through plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, a combination of platforms, such as comics, film, and video games scowling, and sometimes crying, shouting, all working as part of the same or walking out of the room story with the same message ○ “I feel the same way” ★ Infographics - uses words and images to ★ Neutral - do not telegraph their feelings communicate a clear message but keep them carefully controlled and ★ a powerful way to illustrate complex subdued topics, making it more appealing and ○ “I agree with your thoughts on effective for communication than a dense this.” written report ★ does not mean that people in neutral ★ Semiotics - study of signs and symbols cultures are cold or unfeeling, but in the and their use or interpretation. course of normal business activities, Four main qualities for an effective neutral cultures are more careful to message: monitor the amount of emotion they ★ Simplicity - core message must have a display clear and simple focus; to ensure clarity Evaluating Messages and Images of and simplicity is to express the core Different Text Types message in a single sentence. ○ Is my purpose evident? ★ Multimodality - new concept in the ○ Is my core message clear? general academic setting but can be a ○ The purpose of a message will be either to inform, to persuade, or to 8  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 entertain. Knowing the purpose Extreme 1: The goal of national or will guide us in the choice of information to include, and in its regional identity organization ★ Specificity ★ People use a regional variety of English ○ Is my language specific? with its specific grammar, structure and ○ Is my language concrete rather vocabulary to affirm their own national or than abstract? ○ Are there connotative meanings to ethnic identity. the words I have chosen? If so, do ○ Only Filipinos use the terms these emotional associations serve “senatoriable”, “congressman”, or go against my purpose? “chancing”, and “bedspacer”, ○ Am I using words which have among others, and use these when additional meanings and could communicating with other Filipino perhaps be misconstrued? ★ Structure - how ideas should be logically organized and easy to follow ○ Does my message even have a structure? ○ Is there a more effective way to arrange my ideas? ○ Every message should include an Extreme 2: The goal of intelligibility. introduction, body, and conclusion. ★ Stickiness - how much an idea stays around in our culture and commands our ★ Users of a regional variety should ideally attention still be readily understood by users of English everywhere else in the world to fully participate in the use of English as an World Englishes international language. ○ Users of Filipino English have to ★ World Englishes (WE) - a concept that understand that they have to use refers to the different ways by which users “bin” instead of “trash can” or “lift” instead of “elevator” when in a from around the world communicate in country using British English) English Kirkpatrick (2007) proposes a scale with two extremes: 9  GEPCM01X Taroskrt1 Ms. Elaine M. Masangya | 1ST TERM | 2024 - 2025 ○ Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, The Rise of New Media and idk, jk, af, nvm, tmi, tldr, ftw, g!) Technology Aids in Communication ○ Emoticons/ Emojis ○ Expressive Punctuations ★ Social Media Use - Social media has ○ Hello? VS Hello?!? ○ No. VS No? VS No!!! undoubtedly altered the world operates ○