PUCIT.BS 2022 - IICT Chapter 01 - Introduction to the World of Technology.pdf

Week 01 - Introduction to the World of Technology GE-161 Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies Department of Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore  Learning Objectives 1. Explain why it is essential to learn...

Week 01 - Introduction to the World of Technology GE-161 Introduction to Information and Communication Technologies Department of Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore  Learning Objectives 1. Explain why it is essential to learn about computers today and discuss several ways computers are integrated into our business and personal lives. 2. Define a computer and describe its primary operations. 3. List some important milestones in computer evolution. 4. Identify the major parts of a personal computer, including input, processing, output, storage, and communications hardware. 5. Define software and understand how it is used to instruct the computer what to do.  Learning Objectives 6. List the six basic types of computers, giving at least one example of each type of computer and stating what that computer might be used for. 7. Explain what a network, the Internet, and the World Wide Web are, as well as how computers, people, and Web pages are identified on the Internet. 8. Describe how to access a Web page and navigate through a Web site. 9. Discuss the societal impact of computers, including some benefits and risks related to their prominence in our society.  Overview This chapter covers: – What computers are, how they work, and how they are used – Computer terminology – An overview of the history of computers – The basic types of computers in use today – An overview of networks and the Internet – Societal impacts of computers  Computers in Your Life Why learn about computers? – Pervasive computing Also known as ubiquitous computing Computers have become an integral part of our lives – Basic computer literacy Knowing about and understanding computers and their uses is an essential skill today for everyone  Computers in Your Life Before 1980 – Computers were large, expensive and very few people had access to them – Computers were mostly used for high-volume processing tasks Microcomputers in the early 80s – Inexpensive personal computers has increased use dramatically Today – More than 80% of US households include a computer and most use computers at work – Electronic devices are converging into single units with multiple capabilities  Computers in the Home Computers used for a variety of tasks: – Looking up information and news – Exchanging e-mail – Shopping and paying bills – Watching TV and videos – Downloading music and movies – Organizing digital photographs – Playing games – Telecommuting  Computers in the Home Convergence – The computer has become the central part of home entertainment – Dual-mode mobile phones Wireless networking – Computers can be used in nearly any location Smart appliances – Traditional appliances with built-in computer or communication technology Smart homes – Household tasks are monitored and controlled by a main computer in the house  Computers in the Home REFERENCE Retrieving information, obtaining news, viewing recipes, shopping online, and exchanging e-mail are PRODUCTIVITY popular reference activities. Online banking and shopping, editing and managing digital photos and home videos, creating and editing work-related ENTERTAINMENT documents, and paying bills are Watching online TV and movies, common productivity tasks. viewing photos and videos, playing games, and viewing Web content are popular entertainment activities.  Computers in Education Many students today have access to computers either in a classroom or a computer lab Colleges and universities are even more integrated – Wireless hotspots allow usage of personal laptops to connect to the college network – Some colleges require a computer for enrollment Distance learning – Students participate from locations other than the traditional classroom setting using computers and Internet access  Computers in Education COMPUTER LABS AND CAMPUS WIRELESS DISTANCE LEARNING CLASSROOMS HOTSPOTS With distance learning, Computers and Internet access are Students can often access the students—such as these U.S. often available in the classroom Internet from anywhere on Army soldiers—can take classes and/or a computer lab for student campus to do research, check from home or wherever they use. e-mail, and more, via a campus happen to be at the moment. hotspot.  Computers on the Job Computers have become a universal on-the- job tool for decision-making, productivity, and communication – Used by all types of employees – Used for access control and other security measures – Use by service professionals is growing – Used extensively by the military – Employees in all lines of work need to continually refresh their computer skills  Computers on the Job DECISION MAKING PRODUCTIVITY OFF-SITE Computers are used to help Computers are used to COMMUNICATIONS make on-the-job decisions. perform on-the-job tasks Portable devices are efficiently and accurately. used to record data, access data, or communicate with others.  Computers on the Go Computers are encountered in nearly every aspect of daily life – Consumer kiosks – ATM transactions – POS systems at retail stores – Self-checkout systems – Portable computers or mobile devices – M-commerce systems – GPS systems Computers on the Go MOBILE DEVICES MOBILE PAYMENT SYSTEMS Enable individuals to remain in Allow individuals to pay for touch with others and to access purchases using a smartphone Internet resources while on the go. or other device. CONSUMER KIOSKS WEARABLE DEVICES Are widely available to view Enable individuals to easily conference or gift registry view smartphone information, print photographs, messages or their fitness order products or services, and activities while on the go. more What Is a Computer and What Does It Do? Computer: A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed – Computers follow instructions, called programs, which determine the tasks the computer will perform Basic operations – Input: Entering data into the computer – Processing: Performing operations on the data – Output: Presenting the results – Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use – Communications: Sending or receiving data What Is a Computer and What Does It Do?  Data vs. Information Data – Raw, unorganized facts – Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video Information – Data that has been processed into a meaningful form Information processing – Converting data into information  Computers Then and Now The computer as we know it is a fairly recent invention The history of computers is often referred to in terms of generations Each new generation is characterized by a major technological development Precomputers and early computers (before 1946) – Abacus, slide rule, mechanical calculator – Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter  Computers Then and Now PRECOMPUTERS AND EARLY COMPUTERS Dr. Herman Hollerith’s Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter is an example of an early computing device. It was used to process the 1890 U.S. Census data.  Computers Then and Now First-generation computers (1946-1957) – Enormous and powered by vacuum tubes – Used a great deal of electricity, and generated a lot of heat – ENIAC and UNIVAC Second-generation computers (1958-1963) – Used transistors – Computers were smaller, more powerful, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable – Punch cards and magnetic tape were used to input and store data  Computers Then and Now FIRST-GENERATION COMPUTERS First-generation computers, such as ENIAC shown here, were large and bulky, used vacuum tubes, and had to be physically wired and reset in order to run programs.  Computers Then and Now SECOND-GENERATION COMPUTERS Second-generation computers, such as the IBM 1401 mainframe shown here, used transistors instead of vacuum tubes so they were smaller, faster, and more reliable than first-generation computers.  Computers Then and Now Third-generation computers (1964-1970) – Used integrated circuits (ICs) – Keyboards and monitors introduced Fourth-generation computers (1971-present) – Use microprocessors – IBM PC, Apple Macintosh – Use keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers – Use magnetic disks, flash memory, and optical disks for storage – Computer networks, wireless technologies, Internet introduced  Computers Then and Now THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS Third-generation computers used integrated circuits, which allowed the introduction of smaller  Computers Then and Now FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS Fourth-generation computers, such as the original IBM PC shown here, are based on  Computers Then and Now Fifth-generation (now and the future) – Infancy stage – No precise classification – May be based on artificial intelligence (AI) – Likely use voice and touch input – May be based on optical computers and utilize nanotechnology  Computers Then and Now FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS Some aspects of fifth-generation computers, such as the natural language input and artificial intelligence used by the IBM Watson computer shown competing on Jeopardy! here, already exist.  Hardware Hardware: The physical parts of a computer – Internal hardware Located inside the main box (system unit) of the computer – External hardware Located outside the system unit Connect to the computer via a wired or wireless connection – There is hardware associated with all five computer operations Hardware  Hardware Input devices – Used to input data into the computer – Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones, joysticks, touchpads, touch screens, fingerprint readers, etc. Processing devices – Perform calculations and control computer’s operation – Central processing unit (CPU) and memory Output devices – Present results to the user – Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.  Hardware Storage devices – Used to store data on or access data from storage media – Hard drives, CD/DVD discs and drives, USB flash drives, etc. Communications devices – Allow users to communicate with others and to electronically access remote information – Modems, network adapters, etc. Hardware  Software Software: The programs or instructions used to tell the computer hardware what to do – System software: Operating system starts up the computer and controls its operation Without OS computer cannot function Boots the computer and launches programs at the user’s direction Most use a GUI to interact with the user via windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc. Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc. Software  Application Software Application software: Performs specific tasks or applications – Creating letters, budgets, etc. – Managing inventory and customer databases – Editing photographs – Scheduling appointments – Viewing Web pages – Sending and receiving e-mail – Recording / playing CDs/DVDs – Designing homes – Playing games Application Software Computer Users and Professionals Computer users (end users): People who use a computer to obtain information Computer professionals include: – Programmers – Systems analysts – Computer operations personnel – Security specialists  Quick Quiz 1. Which of the following was not a first generation computer? a. IBM PC b. UNIVAC c. ENIAC 2. True or False: A window displayed when the computer needs more information from the user is called a dialog box. 3. Speakers are an example of a(n) _____________ device. Answers: 1) a; 2) True; 3) output  Computers to Fit Every Need Six basic categories of computers: – Embedded computers – Mobile devices – Personal computers – Midrange servers – Mainframe computers – Supercomputers  Embedded Computers Embedded into a product and designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that product Cannot be used as general-purpose computers Often embedded into: – Household appliances – Thermostats – Sewing machines – A/V equipment – Cars Figure 1-12 Google’s self-driving car prototype.  Mobile Devices Mobile device: A very small device with some type of built-in computing or Internet capability Typically based on mobile phones Typically have small screens and keyboards Examples: – Smartphones – Handheld gaming devices – Portable digital media players Figure 1-13 Mobile devices.  Personal Computers (PCs) A small computer designed to be used by one person at a time – Also called a microcomputer – Range in size Desktop computers: Fit on or next to a desk – Can use tower case, desktop case, or all-in-one – Can be PC-compatible or Macintosh – Not designed to be portable  Portable Computers Laptop computers: Typically use clamshell design Tablet computers: Can be slate tablets or convertible tablets Netbooks: Small notebooks; rapidly growing type of PC Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPCs): Handheld computers  Thin Clients and Internet Appliances Thin client or network computer (NC): Device designed to access a network for processing and data storage – Lower cost, increased security, and easier maintenance – Limited or no local storage – Not able to function as a computer if the network is down Internet appliance: Specialized network computer designed for Internet access and/or e-mail exchange – Often set-top boxes – Can include Internet-enabled gaming consoles  Thin Clients and Internet Appliances THIN CLIENTS CHROMEBOOK MOBILE SMART FRIDGES  Midrange Servers Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network – Users connect via a network with a The user connects to the computer, thin client, or dumb terminal server using a computer, thin client, or dumb terminal. – May consist of a collection of individual circuit boards called blades – Virtualization: Creating virtual environments (often used to share a server for increased efficiency) The server is typically stored in a nearby closet or other out-of-the way place.  Mainframe Computers Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by several large organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data – Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities, large businesses, banks, government offices – Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the rest of the company computers via a network – Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers – Usually operate 24 hours a day – Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers  Mainframe Computers IBM Z Series - IBM New Mainframe Computer | EM360  Supercomputers Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful type of computer – Generally run one program at a time, as fast as possible – Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller computers, supercomputing cluster – Used for space exploration, missile guidance, satellites, weather forecast, oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites, decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.  Supercomputers The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer "Intrepid" at Argonne National Laboratory runs 164,000 processor cores using normal data center air conditioning, grouped in 40 racks/cabinets connected by a high-speed 3D torus network.  Quick Quiz 1. A tablet PC is an example of a(n) _____________. a. Desktop computer b. Portable PC c. Internet appliance 2. True or False: The terms mainframe computer and supercomputer are interchangeable; both refer to the largest, most powerful computers. 3. A smartphone is an example of a(n) _____________. Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) mobile device  Computer Networks and the Internet Computer network: A collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together. – Users can share hardware, software, and data – Users can communicate with each other Network servers: Manage resources on a network Clients: Access resources through the network server Computer networks exist in many sizes and types – Home networks – School and small business networks – Large corporate – Public wireless networks – The Internet Computers to Fit Every Need  What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web? Internet: The largest and most well-known computer network in the world Individuals connect to the Internet using an Internet service provider (ISP) World Wide Web: One resource (a vast collection of Web pages) available through the Internet – Web sites contain Web pages stored on Web servers – Web pages viewed using a Web browser (Internet Explorer, Chrome, Safari, Firefox, Opera, etc.) A wide variety of information is available through the Web What Are the Internet and the World Wide Web?  Accessing a Network or the Internet Need a modem or network adapter Some networks require a username and password Internet connections can be: – Direct (always-on) connections – Dial-up connections Internet addresses are used to access resources on the Internet – IP address: Numeric address that identifies computers (207.46.197.32) – Domain name: Text-based address that identifies computers (microsoft.com) – Uniform resource locator (URL): Identifies Web pages (http://twitter.com/jobs/index.html) – E-mail address: Identifies people for e-mail exchange ([email protected])  IP Addresses and Domain Names IP addresses are numeric and unique Domain names: Correspond to IP addresses – Top-level domains (TLDs) identifies type of organization or its location – Custom TLDs may soon be allowed  Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) URL: Uniquely identifies a Web page – Consists of: Protocol or standard being used Identification of the Web server Names of folders in which the Web page file is stored Web page’s filename Protocols: – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http://) is typically used to display Web pages (https:// is used for secure Web pages) – File Transfer Protocol (ftp://) is often used for file exchange Figure 1-23 A Web page URL.  E-Mail Addresses E-mail addresses consist of: – Username: A person’s identifying name for a particular domain – The @ symbol – Domain name for the computer that will be handling the person’s e-mail (mail server) Pronouncing Internet addresses  Surfing the Web Web browser: Used to display Web pages Browser starting or home page: The first page displayed when the browser is opened To navigate to a Web page, you can: – Type a URL in the Address bar – Click a hyperlink on a displayed Web page – Select a Favorite/Bookmark or page from the History list Surfing the Web  Searching the Web Search site: Web page that helps you find Web pages containing the information you are seeking – Typically search using keywords  E-Mail Electronic mail (e- mail): electronic messages exchanged between computers on a network – Can be conventional or Web-based – Can contain photos, attached files, etc.  Computers and Society The vast improvements in technology over the past decade have had a distinct impact on daily life, both at home and at work Many benefits of a computer-oriented society: – Ability to design products before construction leads to safer products – Earlier medical diagnoses – Devices that allow challenged people to perform job tasks – Documents e-mailed or faxed in moments – Download information, music, programs, movies, and more on demand  Computers and Society Computer-oriented society also has risks – Computer viruses and malware – Identity theft and phishing – Privacy issues Differences in online communications – Less formal than traditional – Netiquette – Emoticons The anonymity factor Information Integrity – Check your source, not all information on the Internet is accurate.  Quick Quiz 1. Index.html is an example of a(n) _____________. a. URL b. IP address c. Web page filename 2. True or False: All information published to Web pages is accurate. 3. In the e-mail address [email protected], abc.com is the _____________. Answers: 1) c; 2) False; 3) domain name  Summary Computers in Your Life What Is a Computer and What Does It Do Computers to Fit Every Need Computer Networks and the Internet Computers and Society