Psychology Test 5 PDF

Chapter 11 -- Personality - Psychodynamic perspective (1880s -- 1950s) \| Descend from S. Freud Emphasizes unconscious processes Dynamic struggle of opposing inner forces. - Freud's Psychanalytic Theory - Levels of awareness - Conscious -- What we are awar...

Chapter 11 -- Personality - Psychodynamic perspective (1880s -- 1950s) \| Descend from S. Freud Emphasizes unconscious processes Dynamic struggle of opposing inner forces. - Freud's Psychanalytic Theory - Levels of awareness - Conscious -- What we are aware of - Preconscious -- Info that we can access if we concentrate. - Unconscious -- Deep beneath the surface of awareness - Contains biological urges, wishes, desires, etc. (Sex, aggression) - Structures of the mind - ID -- Fully unconscious - Pleasure principle - Satisfy urges or needs immediately! - No control (DO IT NOW) - Ego (1-2 years) -- Fully conscious - Reality Principe -- what's practical/realistic - Superego (7-8 years) - Moral guardian - Morals -- simplistic - Mostly unconscious -- black/white - Right v wrong - Good v bad - Defense Mechanism -- largely unconscious coping technique Anxiety and guilt - Repression -- Holding distressing thoughts and feelings down in unconscious. - "Shell shock" in WWI - Rationalization -- Creating false but believable excuses for bad behavior. - Unhealthy = addicts - Projection -- Put our own thoughts + feelings onto another person. - "Crush" Stalker - Displacement -- Take our anger out on an individual/thing on a surrogate target (who doesn't deserve it) - Unhealthy Abuse - Psychosexual stages -- 5 stages, each stage has a different "sexual" focus -- pleasure, conflict to resolve, resolution or [fixation] -- stay psychologically in earlier stages. - Oval (0-1 years) - Sexual focus -- mouth and eating - Conflict -- feeding (mom + baby) - Mother resolution - Fixation -- over/underfeeding oval fixation (smoking, overeating, nail-biting/chewing) - Anal (1-3 years) - Sexual focus -- bowel movement (pooping) - Conflict -- potty training (parents + child) - Resolution Child + parents - Anal fixation - Retentiveness - Expulsiveness - Phallic (3-5 years) -- **Boys** - Sexual focus -- Genitals -- stimulation - Conflict -- Oedipal complex (boys fantasizes about being with their mother and getting rid of his father) - Resolution = Identrifrecation -- w/ masculine - Fixation -- Sexual disfunction Transvestism and homosexuality - Elektra complex (girls) - Girls fantasizes dad, getting rid of mother. - Resolution -- Identrifrecation Feminine - Fixation -- SD -- Transvertism and Lesbianism - Latency (6 years old -- puberty) - No sexual focus and conflict due to sexual interaction with same sex - Genital (Puberty -- adulthood) - Sexual focus -- Opposite sex relationships - Genital stimulation, intercourse, etc. - No conflict - Carl Jung (1875 -- 1961) -- Analytical theory - Unconscious (2 parts) - Personal -- Freud's unconscious - Collective unconscious -- Contains images, thoughts from our collective past (all of humanity (shared)) - All powerful creator - Young hero - Wicked villain - Wizard of Oz - Erik Erikson -- Developmental psychology - Alfred Adler -- Inferiority complex - Behavioral perspective (1920s -- 1960s) - John B Watson -- Behaviorism - Scientific method -- observe and measure. - Personality -- No stages Gradually develops with experience. - Behavior - Skinner's Theory ("mechanistic") - Reinforcement history -- Behaviors become typical of us through reinforcement. - Response Tendencies (RT) -- Stable patterns of responding through reinforcement - Humanistic Perspective (1940s -- 1980s) - Human potential - Optimistic = Positive/Pessimistic = Negative - "Theself" -- self-concept - Carl Rogers (1905-1987) -- Self-centered theory - Self-concept -- A person's belief about who they are and their unique capabilities and qualities. - Self-esteem -- A person's feelings about their worth (worthy of love) - Positive regard ("Love") -- Parent providing it to children. - Unconditional -- Love no matter what. - Conditional -- Love is provided in certain conditions. - Biological/Trait Perspective (1980's -- Today) - Traits -- characteristics of an individual which are generally stable over time - "Big 5" personality factors (McCrae + Costa (1985)) - Openness (to experience) - Conscientiousness - Extraversion/Introversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism (emotional stability) - Behavioral genetics - Study of how genetics affect behavior (traits + personality) - Predisposition -- Genetics predispose us to have certain traits - Twin Studies - Identical (Egg splits into two) (100% same genes) - 70-75% same traits if they're in the same environment - 50-60% same traits if they're in different environment - Fraternal (30-40% same genes) - 50-60% same traits if they're in the same environment - 25-30% same traits if they're in different environment - Genetics 70% - Environment 30% - Modern definitions - Consistency -- Stability of traits over time - Distinctiveness -- Unique qualities that often appear in times of crisis. - ***[AN INDIVIDUAL'S UNIQUE COMBINATION OF CONSISTENT BEHAVIORAL TRAITS]*** Chapter 12 -- Social Psychology Definition -- How our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by our social interactions. **Individuals -- Scientific method and experimentation** - Impression Formation (Social interactions) -- Developing impressions or opinions about a person. First impressions tend to last. - Preconceptions - Stereotypes -- tendency to characterize all members of a group to have something in common. - Heuristics -- Mental shortcuts - Representativeness heuristics - Self-fulfilling prophecy -- Expectations that help bring about the outcome that is expected. - Attributions -- Explanations about the cause of behavior - Dispositional (person) \[internal\] -- Personality -- "don't know." - Situational \[external\] -- Situation - Actor-observer bias/effect -- Observer Dispositional attribution - Self-serving bias -- Take credit for success and blame failure on outside cause. - Prejudice -- Attitude about a person, issue, or group. - Discrimination -unfair or biased treatment of people based on their perceived membership in a group (or category) - In-group/out-group -- Positive characteristic to IG, negative characteristic to OG.